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Onoja BA, Adamu AM, Anyang AS, Oragwa AO, Omeiza GK, Olabode OH, Horwood PF. Detection and genetic characterization of orf virus from sheep and goats in Nigeria. Trop Anim Health Prod 2024; 56:77. [PMID: 38351341 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-024-03893-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Orf is a contagious, viral epitheliotropic disease of small ruminants. We investigated the molecular epidemiology of orf virus (ORFV) in breeds of small ruminants to determine the evolutionary diversity in Nigeria. Out of 54 small ruminants screened, the number of animals that were positive for ORFV in the three locations were 25. The distribution of positive animals by location were FCT 45.0% (n = 9/20), Oyo State 42.9% (6/14), and Plateau State 50.0% (n = 10/20). ORFV sequences from this study clustered with viruses detected in Taiwan, Iran, USA, and France. Our findings highlight the risk of transmission across geographic boundaries in Nigeria and West Africa, and reinforces the need for increased surveillance to prevent and control spread. Comprehensive characterization of ORFV in small ruminants as well as in humans in Nigeria is required to better elucidate the epidemiological dynamics and the virus evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Onoja
- Department of Virology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, 200005, Nigeria.
| | - A M Adamu
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Abuja, Abuja, 900105, Nigeria
| | - A S Anyang
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Abuja, Abuja, 900105, Nigeria
| | - A O Oragwa
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, University of Jos, Jos, 930003, Nigeria
| | - G K Omeiza
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Abuja, Abuja, 900105, Nigeria
| | - O H Olabode
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Abuja, Abuja, 900105, Nigeria
| | - P F Horwood
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
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Yu Y, Cui Y, Song B. The cooperation between orf virus and Staphylococcus aureus leads to intractable lesions in skin infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 13:1213694. [PMID: 38259972 PMCID: PMC10800892 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1213694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
A large amount of evidence shows that different kinds of microorganisms can jointly cope with environmental pressures including cell hosts. For example, in many cases, it has been found that secondary or mixed infection of animals caused by ORFV (an epitheliophilic Parapoxvirus) and bacteria (such as Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus) shows a mutual aid mode that indirectly leads to the deterioration of the disease. However, the lack of research on the co-pathogenic mechanism, including how to hijack and destroy the cell host in the pathological microenvironment, has hindered the in-depth understanding of the pathogenic process and consequences of this complex infection and the development of clinical treatment methods. Here, we summarized the current strategies of trapping cell hosts together, based on the previously defined ORFV-Host (O-H) system. The opportunistic invasion of S. aureus destroyed the delicate dynamic balance of the O-H, thus aggravating tissue damage through bacterial products (mediated by Agr), even causing sepsis or inducing cytokine storms. In fact, the virus products from its adaptive regulatory system (VARS) weaken the immune attacks and block molecular pathways, so that S. aureus can settle there more smoothly, and the toxins can penetrate into local tissues more quickly. This paper focuses on the main challenges faced by cell hosts in dealing with mixed infection, which provides a starting point for us to deal with this disease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhong Yu
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Yudong Cui
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Baifen Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Li S, Jing T, Zhu F, Chen Y, Yao X, Tang X, Zuo C, Liu M, Xie Y, Jiang Y, Wang Y, Li D, Li L, Gao S, Chen D, Zhao H, Ma W. Genetic Analysis of Orf Virus (ORFV) Strains Isolated from Goats in China: Insights into Epidemiological Characteristics and Evolutionary Patterns. Virus Res 2023; 334:199160. [PMID: 37402415 PMCID: PMC10410590 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Contagious ecthyma (CE) is an acute infectious zoonosis caused by orf virus (ORFV) that mainly infects sheep and goats and causes obvious lesions and low market value of livestock, resulting in huge economic losses for farmers. In this study, two strains of ORFV were isolated from Shaanxi Province and Yunnan Province in China, named FX and LX. The two ORFVs were located in the major clades of domestic strains respectively, and exhibited distinct sequence homology. We analyzed the genetic data of core genes (B2L, F1L, VIR, ORF109) and variable genes (GIF, ORF125 and vIL-10) of ORFV to investigate its epidemiological and evolutionary characteristics. The sequences from 2007 to 2018 constituted the majority of the viral population, predominantly concentrated in India and China. Most genes were clustered into SA00-like type and IA82-like type, and the hotspots in East and South Asia were identified in the ORFV transmission trajectories. For these genes, VIR had the highest substitution rate of 4.85 × 10-4, both VIR and vIL-10 suffered the positive selection pressure during ORFV evolution. Many motifs associated with viral survival were distributed among ORFVs. In addition, some possible viral epitopes have been predicted, which still require validation in vivo and in vitro. This work gives more insight into the prevalence and phylogenetic relationships of existing orf viruses and facilitate better vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofei Li
- Veterinary Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Tian Jing
- Veterinary Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Fang Zhu
- Veterinary Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Yiming Chen
- Veterinary Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Xiaoting Yao
- Veterinary Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Xidian Tang
- Veterinary Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Chenxiang Zuo
- Veterinary Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Mingjie Liu
- Veterinary Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Yanfei Xie
- Veterinary Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Yuecai Jiang
- Veterinary Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- Veterinary Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Dengliang Li
- Veterinary Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Lulu Li
- Veterinary Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Shikong Gao
- Shenmu Animal Husbandry Development Center, Shenmu, Shaanxi Province 719399, China
| | - Dekun Chen
- Veterinary Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China.
| | - Huiying Zhao
- Veterinary Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China.
| | - Wentao Ma
- Veterinary Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China.
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Recent advances in diagnostic approaches for orf virus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:1515-1523. [PMID: 36723701 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12412-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV), the prototype species of the Parapoxvirus genus, is an important zoonotic virus, causing great economic losses in livestock production. At present, there are no effective drugs for orf treatment. Therefore, it is crucial to develop accurate and rapid diagnostic approaches for ORFV. Over decades, various diagnostic methods have been established, including conventional methods such as virus isolation and electron microscopy; serological methods such as virus neutralization test (VNT), immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay, immunofluorescence assay (IFA), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); and molecular methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), real-time PCR, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), and recombinase-aided amplification (RAA) assay. This review provides an overview of currently available diagnostic approaches for ORFV and discusses their advantages and limitations and future perspectives, which would be significantly helpful for ORFV early diagnosis and surveillance to prevent outbreak of orf. KEY POINTS: • Orf virus emerged and reemerged in past years • Rapid and efficient diagnostic approaches are needed and critical for ORFV detection • Novel and sensitive diagnostic methods are required for ORFV detection.
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Yu Y, Lian Z, Cui Y. The OH system: A panorama view of the PPV-host interaction. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 98:105220. [PMID: 35066165 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Poxviruses are a family of specialized cytoplasm-parasitic DNA viruses that replicate and assembly in virus factory. In Parapoxvirus (PPV) genus, with the orf virus (ORFV) as a representative species of this genus, their behaviors are significantly different from that of Orthopoxvirus, and the plots of viral practical solutions for evading host immunity are intricate and fascinating, particularly to anti-host and host's antiviral mechanisms. In order to protect the virus factory from immune elimination caused by infection, PPVs attempt to interfere with multiple stress levels of host, mainly by modulating innate immunity response (IIR) and adaptive immunity response (AIR). Given that temporarily constructed by virus infection, ORFV-HOST (OH) system accompanied by viral strategies is carefully managed in the virus factory, thus directing many life-critical events once undergoing the IIR and AIR. Evolutionarily, to reduce the risk of system destruction, ORFV have evolved into a mild-looking mode to avoid overstimulation. Moreover, the current version of development also focus on recognizing and hijacking more than eight antiviral security mechanisms of host cells, such as the 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS)/RNase L and PKR systems, the ubiquitin protease system (UPS), and so on. In summary, this review assessed inescapable pathways as mentioned above, through which viruses compete with their hosts strategically. The OH system provides a panoramic view and a powerful platform for us to study the PPV-Host interaction, as well as the corresponding implications on a great application potential in anti-virus design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhong Yu
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China.
| | - Zhengxing Lian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100039, PR China
| | - Yudong Cui
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
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