1
|
Barbosa de Castro R, Badaró de Moraes JV, Costa Bressan G, de Souza Vasconcellos R, Silva-Júnior A, Lopes Rangel Fietto J. Antigens and their diagnostic performance for Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis: A critical review. Vet Parasitol 2021; 301:109638. [PMID: 34920304 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is the most aggressive and lethal form of leishmaniasis manifesting in dogs and represents a major public health concern. Although there are sufficiently sensitive molecular tools for CVL diagnosis, they are not accessible at the main points of disease dissemination, in which context serodiagnosis has been used as an alternative tool on the epidemiological control. As an attempt to develop more accurate immunodiagnostic assays, many antigens have been tested over the years, on different platforms. This review aimed to access studies reporting new antigens that can be applied for CVL serodiagnosis. Articles published from January of 2016 to March of 2021 were retrieved from Google Scholar, Science Direct, and PubMed, using "Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis" and "Serodiagnosis" as keywords. In total, 1527 articles were identified, of which 42 were selected based on exclusion factors. Sensitivity, specificity, sample size, and sample quality data were extracted by manual curation and analyzed. Of the selected articles, 26 contemplated ELISA, which enabled a more thorough comparison and a critical review of these studies. Soluble Leishmania Antigens (SLA) and the A2 protein were used as controls in 53.8 and 46.15 % of these articles, respectively, and were evaluated separately; their frequent use was questioned. Subsequently, articles that evaluated other assay platforms, such as immunochromatography, immunosensors, and others, were also reported and evaluated. Finally, data relative to validation studies of commercial kits were briefly discussed. Our results show that there are several antigens with great potential for the development of accurate diagnostic tools, but further testing is required. The critical analysis also brings insights that can be useful for more assertive diagnostic development of more robust tools for CVL serodiagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raissa Barbosa de Castro
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P. H. Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, CEP: 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - João Victor Badaró de Moraes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Av. P. H. Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, CEP: 36570-000, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Costa Bressan
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P. H. Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, CEP: 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Raphael de Souza Vasconcellos
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P. H. Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, CEP: 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Abelardo Silva-Júnior
- Departamento de Veterinária, Av. P. H. Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, CEP: 36570-000, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Juliana Lopes Rangel Fietto
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P. H. Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, CEP: 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Aparecida de Carvalho C, Mitsuyoshi Hiramoto R, Regina Meireles L, Franco de Andrade Júnior H. Serum antibodies blocked by glycan antigens in canine visceral leishmaniasis serology are mostly IgA immune complexes. Parasitology 2021; 148:1509-1515. [PMID: 34218828 PMCID: PMC11010178 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021001189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Immune complexes (ICs) are found in canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) and interfere with the serum detection of antibodies. Dissociation of these monovalent complexes by dissociative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) removes false-negative results and allows some characterization of antibodies and antigens. We studied the serology of dogs with suspected CVL in an endemic area, testing two Leishmania (Leishmania) [L. (L.)] infantum antigens. We analysed the presence of immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies specific to promastigote soluble extract (PSE) and low-molecular weight glycans (glycan–bovine serum albumin (BSA) complex – GBC) by conventional and dissociative ELISA. Our results showed a significant fraction of IgA ICs (46.5% for PSE and 47.6% for GBC), followed by IgG ICs (10% for PSE and 23.5% for GBC). IgM ICs were more frequent for PSE (22.7%). Hypergammaglobulinaemia in CVL would be related to the presence of IgA and IgG ICs, resulting in deficient elimination of these antibodies. Our data confirmed the presence of ICs that can generate false-negative results in conventional serology. The production of IgA antibodies and the high frequency of blockade by glycan antigens suggest the active participation of this immunoglobulin and its ICs in the immunopathology of CVL, indicating a new path for further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camila Aparecida de Carvalho
- Laboratório de Protozoologia – Instituto de Medicina Tropical da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Doutor Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 470, CEP 05403-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Patologia – Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Doutor Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 470, CEP 05403-000, São Paulo – SP, Brazil
| | - Roberto Mitsuyoshi Hiramoto
- Laboratório de Parasitoses Sistêmicas – Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Av. Dr Arnaldo, 355, CEP 01246-000, São Paulo – SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana Regina Meireles
- Laboratório de Protozoologia – Instituto de Medicina Tropical da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Doutor Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 470, CEP 05403-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Heitor Franco de Andrade Júnior
- Laboratório de Protozoologia – Instituto de Medicina Tropical da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Doutor Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 470, CEP 05403-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Patologia – Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Doutor Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 470, CEP 05403-000, São Paulo – SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|