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Mujahid K, Rasheed MS, Sabir A, Nam J, Ramzan T, Ashraf W, Imran I. Cannabidiol as an immune modulator: A comprehensive review. Saudi Pharm J 2025; 33:11. [PMID: 40407987 PMCID: PMC12102056 DOI: 10.1007/s44446-025-00005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2025] [Accepted: 03/12/2025] [Indexed: 06/01/2025] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive phytocannabinoid derived from Cannabis sativa, has emerged as a promising therapeutic agent due to its diverse pharmacological properties, including potent anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and immunomodulatory effects. CBD modulates immune responses, including the regulation of T cell activity, induction of macrophage apoptosis, suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and modulation of signaling pathways involved in inflammation and immune homeostasis. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases to identify relevant preclinical and clinical studies on CBD's immunomodulatory effects. Preclinical and clinical studies demonstrate its efficacy in treating autoimmune diseases such as Type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease, along with its potential in neuropathic pain and cancer therapy. Recent advancements in nanotechnology-based delivery systems have further enhanced CBD's therapeutic potential by improving its solubility, bioavailability, and targeted delivery, enabling innovative approaches for wound healing, inflammation management, and cancer treatment. However, challenges such as variability in immune responses, limited long-term safety data, and potential drug-drug interactions persist. This review comprehensively examines CBD's pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and immunomodulatory mechanisms, highlighting its clinical potential, existing limitations, and future directions in advancing its integration into precision medicine and immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khizra Mujahid
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Muhammad Shahzaib Rasheed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddinaq , Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
- Institute of Research and Advanced Studies of Pharmacy (IRASP), Multan, Pakistan
| | - Azka Sabir
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddinaq , Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Jutaek Nam
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea.
| | - Talha Ramzan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddinaq , Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
- Institute of Research and Advanced Studies of Pharmacy (IRASP), Multan, Pakistan
| | - Waseem Ashraf
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddinaq , Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Imran Imran
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddinaq , Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.
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Suriyawongpongsa P, Niyom S, Wanapinit K, Vijarnsorn M, Roytrakul S, Ploypetch S. Effects of Cannabidiol Oil on Anesthetic Requirements in Cats: MAC Determination and Serum Profiling via Nanoscale Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Animals (Basel) 2025; 15:1393. [PMID: 40427271 PMCID: PMC12108486 DOI: 10.3390/ani15101393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2025] [Revised: 05/06/2025] [Accepted: 05/09/2025] [Indexed: 05/29/2025] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychotropic cannabinoid derived from Cannabis plants, is increasingly explored for its potential therapeutic applications in veterinary medicine. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of CBD oil on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane (MACiso) in cats. Sixteen healthy cats underwent isoflurane anesthesia, and the MACiso was determined using the tail-clamping technique both at baseline and 30 min after the administration of CBD oil (2 mg/kg) via a stomach tube. CBD administration resulted in a significant 11% reduction in the MACiso, from 1.77 ± 0.14% to 1.62 ± 0.21% (p < 0.001). Following CBD administration, heart and respiratory rates were elevated at the time of MACiso determination compared to baseline whereas other physiological parameters remained unchanged. Serum biochemical analysis conducted two weeks post administration revealed a significant decrease in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels while one cat exhibited a mild increase in alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Proteomic analysis identified 12 CBD-associated proteins in feline serum 30 min post administration, with CBDA and THCA synthases demonstrating significant upregulation. These findings indicate that CBD oil reduces anesthetic requirements in cats without inducing significant physiological disturbances. Further research is warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of CBD's anesthetic-sparing effects and its implications in veterinary anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panisara Suriyawongpongsa
- Veterinary Clinical Studies Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Graduated School, Kasetsart University, Nakorn Pathom 73140, Thailand;
| | - Sirirat Niyom
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Kannika Wanapinit
- Kasetsart University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Monchanok Vijarnsorn
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand;
| | - Sekkarin Ploypetch
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand;
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Elder HJ, Zamarripa CA, Klausner M, Wakshlag J, Davis R, Dresser B, Kjaer C, Weerts EM, Vandrey R, Spindle TR. The Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of a Hemp-Derived "Full-Spectrum" Oral Cannabinoid Product with a 1:1 Ratio of Cannabidiol to Cannabidiolic Acid and Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol to Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinolic Acid: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Within-Subjects Human Laboratory Study. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2025; 10:e299-e313. [PMID: 40040421 DOI: 10.1089/can.2024.0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2025] Open
Abstract
Aim: To examine the acute pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of a patented oral cannabinoid product containing a botanical hemp-derived "full-spectrum" extract with an approximate 1:1 ratio of cannabidiol (CBD) to cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA). Methods: Healthy adults (n = 15) ingested soft gels containing 0 (placebo), and approximately 1, 2, and 4 mg/kg of total cannabinoids (combination of CBD, CBDA, THC, THCA, and other minor cannabinoids) in an ascending-dose order in four experimental sessions separated by ≥1 week (the placebo condition occurred randomly within the dose sequence). Mean doses (mg) of primary cannabinoids in the active drug conditions were: 1 mg/kg condition (CBD = 41.1, CBDA = 43.7, THC = 2.2, THCA = 1.6), 2 mg/kg condition (CBD = 73.4, CBDA = 77.9, THC = 3.9, THCA = 2.9), and 4 mg/kg condition (CBD = 134.5, CBDA = 142.8, THC = 7.2, THCA = 5.3). PD outcomes (subjective, cognitive, and physiological effects) were measured before and repeatedly for 8 h after dosing. Plasma specimens were collected throughout the 8-h sessions and at 24- and 48-h post-dosing. PK outcomes included peak plasma concentration (Cmax) and time to maximum concentration (Tmax). Results: For PD outcomes, few differences were observed between 1 mg/kg and placebo. However, relative to placebo, 2 mg/kg and 4 mg/kg produced small to moderate increases in subjective drug effects, including abuse liability items (e.g., "like"), and 4 mg/kg also impaired working memory performance. Generally, PD effects peaked 3-5 h post-dosing and returned to baseline by 8 h. Dose-orderly increases in Cmax were observed for CBD, CBDA, THC, THCA, and their respective metabolites (e.g., 7-COOH-CBD, THCCOOH), which were often detectable 48 h post-dosing. Across all doses, Cmax for CBDA and THCA was 19-25-fold higher and Tmax was up to 2-fold earlier compared with CBD and THC, respectively. Conclusions: Acute administration of a "full-spectrum" hemp-derived cannabinoid product produced dose-orderly effects; the highest dose elicited several adverse events and produced moderate cognitive impairment and subjective intoxication, despite containing a relatively low dose of THC (mean: 7.2 mg). Carboxylated cannabinoids (e.g., CBDA) exhibited substantially greater bioavailability and faster absorption compared with decarboxylated cannabinoids (e.g., CBD). Additional systematic research is needed to characterize how constituent profile impacts the effects of cannabinoid products, and more studies directly comparing carboxylated and decarboxylated compounds appear warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison J Elder
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - C Austin Zamarripa
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - McKenna Klausner
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Robert Davis
- Cultivate Biologics, Corp, Louisville, Colorado, USA
| | - Beth Dresser
- Cultivate Biologics, Corp, Louisville, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Elise M Weerts
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ryan Vandrey
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tory R Spindle
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Weller JE, Flint HE, Hunt ABG, Ellerby Z, King T. Investigating the effect a single dose of cannabidiol has on measures of stress in cats when being transported in a carrier and meeting a novel person in an unfamiliar environment. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1476296. [PMID: 39559539 PMCID: PMC11571322 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1476296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 11/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Domestic cats (Felis Catus) are often exposed to stimuli that have the potential to negatively impact their welfare. These can include situations such as veterinary visits, travel, changes to their home environment, and interactions with unfamiliar people or pets. Cannabidiol (CBD)-infused pet products have grown in popularity in recent years, as pet owners search for ways to calm and relax their pets. However, research into the pharmacokinetic properties of CBD in cats is limited and investigations into its efficacy are in their infancy. The present study aimed to explore the effect of a single 4 mg/kg bodyweight dose of a THC-free CBD distillate on measures of stress in cats when experiencing a composite stress-paradigm, consisting of cat carrier travel and exposure to a novel person within an unfamiliar environment. Physiological and behavioural indicators of stress were collected pre-, during, and post-testing. No significant effect of CBD was observed on serum cortisol, IgA, or glucose, either before or immediately after the stress-paradigm (all p > 0.05). This was true despite cortisol being shown to significantly increase post-test for both treatments (both p < 0.001), suggesting that travel and meeting a novel person successfully induced a stress response within this population of cats. No significant differences in any measures of cat behaviour, including latency to approach the novel person, were observed between treatments (all p > 0.05). Overall, no influence of CBD was observed in cats, suggesting further research into appropriate dosage, delivery matrices, and other conditional factors, such as individual coping styles, should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Tammie King
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Waltham on the Wolds, United Kingdom
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Pinto K, Requicha JF. Cannabis sativa in veterinary medicine: Foundations and therapeutic applications. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2024; 65:948-958. [PMID: 39219599 PMCID: PMC11339888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
An increase in products containing phytocannabinoids, particularly cannabidiol, is often observed in human and veterinary markets following the legalization of hemp (cannabis) for industrial purposes. In veterinary medicine, derivatives of Cannabis sativa are used for managing pain (osteoarticular, oncological, and neuropathic), epilepsy, and behavioral disorders, as well as oncological, immune-mediated, cardiovascular, and respiratory diseases. In addition, there is growing interest in incorporating C. sativa into livestock feed. To elucidate the mechanisms of action of phytocannabinoids, a thorough understanding of the endocannabinoid system and its role in maintaining homeostasis is essential. Short-term use of phytocannabinoid products appears generally safe, but further research is required to understand the routes of administration, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics across various species. Although literature on phytocannabinoids in veterinary patients is limited, the available data suggest significant therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Pinto
- Acupuncture and Veterinary Physical Rehabilitation, 2870-240 Montijo, Portugal (Pinto); Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal (Pinto, Requicha); Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal (Requicha)
| | - João F Requicha
- Acupuncture and Veterinary Physical Rehabilitation, 2870-240 Montijo, Portugal (Pinto); Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal (Pinto, Requicha); Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal (Requicha)
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Mills T, Myers S, Hughes D, Wakshlag J. Tolerability of 2 and 4 mg/kg Dosing Every 12 Hour of a Cannabidiol- and Cannabidiolic Acid-Rich Hemp Extract on Mixed-Breed Dogs Utilized for Teaching in a Closed Colony. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1863. [PMID: 38997975 PMCID: PMC11240743 DOI: 10.3390/ani14131863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
With the increase in popularity of utilizing cannabidiol (CBD) for human ailments, owners are actively interested in the possible utilization of cannabinoid products for their pets. The evaluation of CBD-rich hemp as an anti-anxiolytic, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulator, and anti-epileptic supplement has been assessed in previous studies in dogs, with adverse events such as ataxia or lethargy noted. In this study, the utilization of CBD-rich hemp was assessed at two concentrations to ascertain the impact on behavior as well as the tolerability of the medication given in a typically recommended dose and then twice that dose. Eighteen dogs were utilized in a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, 3 × 3 designed study. Each group of six dogs was provided placebo, 2 mg/kg, and 4 mg/kg of a cannabidiol/cannabidiolic acid (CBD/CBDA)-rich hemp in two-week intervals with one-week washout periods between each treatment period. Throughout the 10-week treatment period, student evaluations were performed, simulating clients' subjective assessments. Improvements in anxiety-related behavior and adverse events related to lethargy and ataxia were not observed and may indicate that the utilization of CBD-rich hemp products for behavioral changes may require higher dosing to mitigate unwanted behaviors in normal, healthy dogs. Furthermore, serum chemistry and serum cortisol were evaluated after each treatment period showing only a mildly significant increase in serum alkaline phosphatase when dosing at 4 mg/kg every 12 h, which is consistent with previously reported CBD dosing at these higher concentrations. Adverse events associated with CBD/CBDA-rich hemp extract given at 2 and 4 mg/kg every 12 h for two weeks were not reported, suggesting that using CBD-rich hemp in young, healthy dogs was safe during two weeks of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trista Mills
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Stephanie Myers
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | | | - Joseph Wakshlag
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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Thomson ACS, McCarrel TM, Zakharov A, Gomez B, Lyubimov A, Schwark WS, Mallicote MF, Portela DA, Bisiau AL, Wakshlag JJ. Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of single-dose enteral cannabidiol and cannabidiolic acid rich hemp in horses ( Equus caballus). Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1356463. [PMID: 38681854 PMCID: PMC11047043 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1356463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics and tolerability of cannabinoids and their metabolites were determined in eight horses after enteral administration of a commercial CBD/CBDA-rich hemp oil product. Each horse was administered 2 mg/kg or 8 mg/kg CBD/CBDA or no treatment in a randomized cross-over design. Serial serum samples collected over 48 h were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Plasma chemistry analysis was performed at 0 h and 24 h. Vital parameters, pedometry, and blinded mentation and gait evaluations were recorded at intervals up to 24 h. Manure production and gastrointestinal transit time were tracked for 48 h after oil administration. The median maximal concentration of CBD and CBDA were 5.2 and 36.95 ng/mL in the 2 mg/kg group, respectively; and 40.35 and 353.56 ng/mL in the 8 mg/kg group. The median half-life of elimination was not calculated for the 2 mg/kg CBD treatment due to lack of time points above the lower quantifiable limit beyond the Cmax while it was 7.75 h in the 8 mg/kg group. CBDA absorption was biphasic. Pharmacokinetic parameters for tetrahydrocannabinol, tetrahydrocannabinolic acid, cannabigerolic acid, and 7-carboxy cannabidiol are also reported. No significant differences in any of the measured tolerability parameters were demonstrated between treatment groups. Single-dose enteral administration of CBD/CBDA-rich hemp extract up to 8 mg/kg does not appear to produce neurologic, behavioral, or gastrointestinal effects in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C. S. Thomson
- Department of Comparative, Population, and Diagnostic Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Taralyn M. McCarrel
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Alexander Zakharov
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Beatriz Gomez
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Alex Lyubimov
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Wayne S. Schwark
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Martha F. Mallicote
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Diego A. Portela
- Department of Comparative, Population, and Diagnostic Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Amber L. Bisiau
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Joseph J. Wakshlag
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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Lyons C, McEwan K, Munn-Patterson M, Vuong S, Alcorn J, Chicoine A. Pharmacokinetic of two oral doses of a 1:20 THC:CBD cannabis herbal extract in cats. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1352495. [PMID: 38585296 PMCID: PMC10996858 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1352495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine the pharmacokinetics (PK) of two oral doses of a Cannabis herbal extract (CHE) containing 1:20 THC:CBD in 12 healthy Domestic Shorthair cats. Methods Single-dose PK were assessed after oral administration of CHE at low or high dose (2 mg CBD + 0.1 mg THC, or 5 mg CBD + 0.25 mg THC per kg bw, respectively; n = 6 per group) in fasting cats. Blood samples were drawn up to 48 h following CHE administration. Plasma samples were analyzed for CBD, THC, and metabolites 6-OH-CBD, 7-OH-CBD, 11-OH-THC, and THC-COOH using a previously validated LC-MS/MS method. Results CBD and THC were quickly absorbed (mean Tmax of 2.4-2.9 h). Maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax) ranged from 36-511 ng/mL and 6.8-61 ng/mL for CBD and THC, respectively. Elimination was initially rapid for both CBD and THC, though a prolonged elimination phase was noted for CBD in some cats (T1/2 λ up to 26 h). Dose-adjusted Cmax and AUC0-last values were not statistically significantly different (p > 0.05) between dose groups indicating CBD and THC concentrations increased in a manner proportional (linear) to the dose. Dose-adjusted THC Cmax and AUC0-last were significantly higher than the corresponding dose-adjusted CBD parameters (p < 0.01). Low concentrations of the metabolite 6-OH-CBD were quantified but metabolites 7-OH-CBD, 11-OH-THC, and THC-COOH were not detected in any plasma samples. Inter-individual variance was notable. Salivation shortly after dosing was observed in two cats in the high dose group; these animals had substantially lower cannabinoid concentrations than other cats in this group. No adverse clinical signs (including vomiting, change in mentation or other neurological signs) were noted. Clinical significance Although cats did not display adverse effects after administration of a single oral dose of 1:20 THC:CBD CHE formulation at 2 or 5 mg CBD/kg bw, observed plasma concentrations were highly variable but generally lower than in dogs receiving the same dose and formulation. Administration of CHE in the fasting state may not optimize CBD absorption, and oral dosing may be challenging when administering an oil-based CHE in some cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Lyons
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Katelyn McEwan
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Meara Munn-Patterson
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Stephanie Vuong
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Jane Alcorn
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Alan Chicoine
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Interlandi C, Tabbì M, Di Pietro S, D’Angelo F, Costa GL, Arfuso F, Giudice E, Licata P, Macrì D, Crupi R, Gugliandolo E. Improved quality of life and pain relief in mature horses with osteoarthritis after oral transmucosal cannabidiol oil administration as part of an analgesic regimen. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1341396. [PMID: 38379920 PMCID: PMC10876772 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1341396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of oral cannabidiol (CBD) administration in addition to a conventional analgesic protocol on the clinical signs of 20 horses with mild joint osteoarthritis. The horses were randomly assigned to either the control group (C group) or the cannabidiol group (CBD group). Both groups were treated with phenylbutazone for 5 days. The CBD group received 0.03 mg/kg cannabidiol in hemp oil orally once daily for 14 days in addition to phenylbutazone treatment. All subjects were monitored for clinical parameters, oxidative status and blood counts. Pain and quality of life were also assessed using the Horse Chronic Pain Scale (HCPS). The CBD group showed a significant reduction in heart rate, respiratory rate, white blood cell count and oxidative stress (malondialdehyde lipid peroxidation). A significant reduction in HCPS scores was seen in both groups. Lower scores were recorded in the CBD group (3 med; range: 2/4) than in the C group (7 med; range: 4/10). The addition of a cannabidiol-based product to an analgesic protocol was well tolerated and showed positive effects on the treated subjects, improving their quality of life and pain relief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Interlandi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Marco Tabbì
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Simona Di Pietro
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Giovanna L. Costa
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesca Arfuso
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Giudice
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Patrizia Licata
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Rosalia Crupi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Enrico Gugliandolo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Eichler F, Poźniak B, Machnik M, Schenk I, Wingender A, Baudisch N, Thevis M, Bäumer W, Lischer C, Ehrle A. Pharmacokinetic modelling of orally administered cannabidiol and implications for medication control in horses. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1234551. [PMID: 37621871 PMCID: PMC10445762 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1234551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) products gain increasing popularity amongst animal owners and veterinarians as an alternative remedy for treatment of stress, inflammation or pain in horses. Whilst the use of cannabinoids is banned in equine sports, there is limited information available concerning CBD detection times in blood or urine. The aim of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetic properties of CBD following oral administration in the horse to assist doping control laboratories with interpreting CBD analytical results. Part 1: dose escalation study: Single oral administration of three escalating doses of CBD paste (0.2 mg/kg, n = 3 horses; 1 mg/kg, n = 3; 3 mg/kg, n = 5) with >7 days wash-out periods in between. Part 2: multiple dose study: oral administration of CBD paste (3 mg/kg, n = 6) twice daily for 15 days. Multiple blood and urine samples were collected daily throughout both studies. Following study part 2, blood and urine samples were collected for 2 weeks to observe the elimination phase. Concentrations of CBD, its metabolites and further cannabinoids were evaluated using gas-chromatography/tandem-mass-spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic parameters were assessed via two approaches: population pharmacokinetic analysis using a nonlinear mixed-effects model and non-compartmental analysis. AUC0-12 h and Cmax were tested for dose proportionality. During the elimination phase, the CBD steady-state urine to serum concentration ratio (Rss) was calculated. Oral CBD medication was well-tolerated in horses. Based on population pharmacokinetics, a three-compartment model with zero-order absorption most accurately described the pharmacokinetic properties of CBD. High volumes of distribution into peripheral compartments and high concentrations of 7-carboxy-CBD were observed in serum. Non-compartmental analysis identified a Cmax of 12.17 ± 2.08 ng/mL after single administration of CBD (dose: 3 mg/kg). AUC0-12 h showed dose proportionality, increase for Cmax leveled off at higher doses. Following multiple doses, the CBD terminal half-life was 161.29 ± 43.65 h in serum. Rss was 4.45 ± 1.04. CBD is extensively metabolized and shows high volumes of tissue distribution with a resulting extended elimination phase. Further investigation of the potential calming and anti-inflammatory effects of CBD are required to determine cut-off values for medication control using the calculated Rss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Eichler
- Equine Clinic, Veterinary Hospital Freie Universität Berlin, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Błażej Poźniak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marc Machnik
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ina Schenk
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anke Wingender
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Natalie Baudisch
- Equine Clinic, Veterinary Hospital Freie Universität Berlin, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Bäumer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Lischer
- Equine Clinic, Veterinary Hospital Freie Universität Berlin, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Ehrle
- Equine Clinic, Veterinary Hospital Freie Universität Berlin, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Jukier T, Cruz-Espindola C, Martin D, Boothe DM. Disposition of a single oral dose of a cannabidiol medication in healthy cats. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1181517. [PMID: 37303724 PMCID: PMC10251743 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1181517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The historical use of the marijuana plant for medicinal purposes is long. One of the historical uses has been for the treatment of epilepsy. Recently, the Food and Drug Administration has approved a highly purified cannabidiol medication for the add on therapy in people with certain forms of epilepsy. With the increase interest of the use of cannabidiol in the veterinary community, the aim of this study was to describe the disposition of a single dose of a cannabidiol medication in healthy cats in both the fed and fasted state. Pharmacokinetic analysis reveals that relative bioavailability of cannabidiol shows a near eleven-fold increase when administered in the fed state compared to the fasted state. Additionally, concentrations achieved at a dose of 5 mg/kg, may be sufficient to explore the therapeutic potential in cats with epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Jukier
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Crisanta Cruz-Espindola
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Doug Martin
- Scott Ritchey Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Dawn M. Boothe
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
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Deabold K, Montalbano C, Miscioscia E. Feline Osteoarthritis Management. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2023; 53:879-896. [PMID: 36964025 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Feline osteoarthritis is common; despite vague clinical signs, it can result in mobility impairment and quality of life concerns. An integrative approach to management may include analgesic medications, dietary modifications, nutraceuticals, environmental modifications, physical rehabilitation, acupuncture, and regenerative medicine. Management of concurrent disease and consideration for patient tolerance and owner compliance are critical in formulating a treatment plan in cats with osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Deabold
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | | | - Erin Miscioscia
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
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