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Szabó D, Crowe A, Mamotte C, Strappe P. Natural products as a source of Coronavirus entry inhibitors. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1353971. [PMID: 38449827 PMCID: PMC10915212 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1353971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant and lasting impact on the world. Four years on, despite the existence of effective vaccines, the continuous emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants remains a challenge for long-term immunity. Additionally, there remain few purpose-built antivirals to protect individuals at risk of severe disease in the event of future coronavirus outbreaks. A promising mechanism of action for novel coronavirus antivirals is the inhibition of viral entry. To facilitate entry, the coronavirus spike glycoprotein interacts with angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on respiratory epithelial cells. Blocking this interaction and consequently viral replication may be an effective strategy for treating infection, however further research is needed to better characterize candidate molecules with antiviral activity before progressing to animal studies and clinical trials. In general, antiviral drugs are developed from purely synthetic compounds or synthetic derivatives of natural products such as plant secondary metabolites. While the former is often favored due to the higher specificity afforded by rational drug design, natural products offer several unique advantages that make them worthy of further study including diverse bioactivity and the ability to work synergistically with other drugs. Accordingly, there has recently been a renewed interest in natural product-derived antivirals in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. This review provides a summary of recent research into coronavirus entry inhibitors, with a focus on natural compounds derived from plants, honey, and marine sponges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dávid Szabó
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Andrew Crowe
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Cyril Mamotte
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Padraig Strappe
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
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James J, Verma M, Sharma N. Nanotechnology-driven improvisation of red algae-derived carrageenan for industrial and bio-medical applications. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 40:4. [PMID: 37923917 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03787-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Algae biomass has been recognized as feedstock with diverse application including production of biofuel, biofertilizer, animal feed, wastewater treatment and bioremediation. In addition, algae species are a potential reservoir of metabolites and polymers with potential to be utilized for biomedicine, healthcare and industrial purposes. Carrageenan is one such medicinally and industrially significant polysaccharide which is extracted from red algae species (Kappaphycus alvarezii and Eucheuma denticulatum, among the common species). The extraction process of carrageenan is affected by different environmental factors and the source of biomass, which can vary and significantly impact the yield. Diverse applications of carrageenan include hydrogel beads, bio-composites, pharmacological properties, application in cosmetics, food and related industries. Carrageenan biological activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antitumor activities are significantly influenced by sulfation pattern, yield percentage and molecular weight. In addition to natural biomedical potential of carrageenan, synergetic effect of carrageenan- nanocomposites exhibit potential for further improvisation of biomedical applications. Nanotechnology driven bio-composites of carrageenan remarkably improve the quality of films, food packaging, and drug delivery systems. Such nano bio-composites exhibit enhanced stability, biodegradability, and biocompatibility, making them suitable alternatives for drug delivery, wound-healing, and tissue engineering applications. The present work is a comprehensive study to analyze biomedical and other applications of Carrageenan along with underlying mechanism or mode of action along with synergetic application of nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerin James
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied and Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
| | - Monu Verma
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, India
- Water-Energy Nexus Laboratory, Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, South Korea
| | - Nishesh Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied and Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India.
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Hans N, Gupta S, Pattnaik F, Patel AK, Naik S, Malik A. Valorization of Kappaphycus alvarezii through extraction of high-value compounds employing green approaches and assessment of the therapeutic potential of κ-carrageenan. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 250:126230. [PMID: 37558033 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
This study utilizes different emerging green extraction technologies to recover maximum value-added products from Kappaphycus alvarezii and evaluate their bio-functional properties. Using the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) method, the total lipid yield of 0.21 ± 0.2 % was obtained from the biomass. Linoleic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, arachidonic acid, γ-linolenic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid were present in higher concentrations (9.12 %) in the lipid extracted with SFE as compared to hexane (5.5 %). Using an ultrasonication assisted approach, ~56 % of κ-carrageenan was recovered from SFE residual biomass, which contains 28.5 ± 1.9 % sulfate content. It exhibited a monosaccharide content of 3,6-anhydrogalactose (~24 %) and galactose (~53 %), as well as rheological properties within FAO limitations that can be explored for food-grade applications. ~58 % of the total protein (12.5 %) from SFE residual biomass was recovered using subcritical water hydrolysis method. The effectiveness of κ-carrageenan in suppressing the 3CLpro of SARS-CoV-2 using in vitro and in silico approaches was investigated. κ-Carrageenan effectively inhibited the main protease by up to 93 % at 1.6 mg mL-1. In silico results revealed that κ-carrageenan successfully binds to the active site of the main protease while retaining the structural integrity and stability of protein-ligand complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Hans
- Supercritical Fluid Extraction Laboratory, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Shreya Gupta
- Kausma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi 110016, India
| | - Falguni Pattnaik
- Supercritical Fluid Extraction Laboratory, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Patel
- Kausma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi 110016, India.
| | - Satyanarayan Naik
- Supercritical Fluid Extraction Laboratory, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India.
| | - Anushree Malik
- Applied Microbiology Laboratory, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India.
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Maurya AK, Sharma P, Samanta P, Shami AA, Misra SK, Zhang F, Thara R, Kumar D, Shi D, Linhardt RJ, Sharp JS, Doerksen RJ, Tandon R, Pomin VH. Structure, anti-SARS-CoV-2, and anticoagulant effects of two sulfated galactans from the red alga Botryocladia occidentalis. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 238:124168. [PMID: 36963552 PMCID: PMC10175164 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
The structure of the sulfated galactan from the red alga Botryocladia occidentalis (BoSG) was originally proposed as a simple repeating disaccharide of alternating 4-linked α-galactopyranose (Galp) and 3-linked β-Galp units with variable sulfation pattern. Abundance was estimated only for the α-Galp units: one-third of 2,3-disulfation and one-third of 2-monosulfation. Here, we isolated again the same BoSG fractions from the anion-exchange chromatography, obtaining the same NMR profile of the first report. More careful NMR analysis led us to revise the structure. A more complex sulfation pattern was noted along with the occurrence of 4-linked α-3,6-anhydro-Galp (AnGalp) units. Interestingly, the more sulfated BoSG fraction showed slightly reduced in vitro anti-SARS-CoV-2 activities against both wild-type and delta variants, and significantly reduced anticoagulant activity. The BoSG fractions showed no cytotoxic effects. The reduction in both bioactivities is attributed to the presence of the AnGalp unit. Docking scores from computational simulations using BoSG disaccharide constructs on wild-type and delta S-proteins, and binding analysis through competitive SPR assays using blood (co)-factors (antithrombin, heparin cofactor II and thrombin) and four S-proteins (wild-type, delta, gamma, and omicron) strongly support the conclusion about the deleterious impact of the AnGalp unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antim K Maurya
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Poonam Sharma
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Research, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Priyanka Samanta
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Anter A Shami
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Sandeep K Misra
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Reena Thara
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Research, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Deling Shi
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Joshua S Sharp
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA; Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Robert J Doerksen
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA; Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Ritesh Tandon
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA; Center for Immunology and Microbial Research, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Vitor H Pomin
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA; Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA.
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Soni S, Paari KA. A review on the immunomodulatory properties of functional nutraceuticals as dietary interventions for children to combat COVID-19 related infections. FOOD PRODUCTION, PROCESSING AND NUTRITION 2023; 5:17. [PMCID: PMC10076816 DOI: 10.1186/s43014-023-00133-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is a significant threat to humanity in the present day due to the rapid increase in the number of infections worldwide. While most children may be spared of the direct mortality effects of the disease, those with weak immune systems are prone to adverse effects. Child mortality increases due to the stress caused to the health care system that disrupts essential health care needs such as immunisation and antenatal care. The use of functional foods (FF) aids in disease-prevention as they are known to have protective effects against COVID-19 by boosting children’s cellular and humoral immunity. Plant components such as glycyrrhizin, epigallocatechin gallate, allicin, and fucoidan exhibit antiviral properties against various viruses, including SARS-CoV 2. Microbial foods that are made of probiotics, can enhance immunity against various respiratory viruses. Food enriched with additives such as lactoferrin, piperine, and zinc can boost immunity against COVID-19. With proper definitive drug therapy not available for treating COVID-19 and most of the disease management tools rely on symptoms and non-specific supportive care, developing a functional paediatric formulation will prevent further deterioration in infant health. It is wise to investigate the toxicological aspects of Functional Foods components especially when formulating for children. The safe limits of ingredients should be strictly followed during FFs formulation. Stronger regulations with advanced analytical techniques can help to formulate functional foods into the mainstream in child nutraceuticals. The purpose of this review is to compile collective information on the functional nutraceuticals specifically for infants and children up to the age of 10 years that could confer immunity against COVID-19 and other related viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Soni
- Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be) University, Central Campus, Hosur Road, Bangalore, Karnataka 560029 India
| | - Kuppusamy Alagesan Paari
- Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be) University, Central Campus, Hosur Road, Bangalore, Karnataka 560029 India
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Antiviral Activity and Mechanisms of Seaweeds Bioactive Compounds on Enveloped Viruses-A Review. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20060385. [PMID: 35736188 PMCID: PMC9228758 DOI: 10.3390/md20060385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, the interest in seaweed has significantly increased. Bioactive compounds from seaweed’s currently receive major attention from pharmaceutical companies as they express several interesting biological activities which are beneficial for humans. The structural diversity of seaweed metabolites provides diverse biological activities which are expressed through diverse mechanisms of actions. This review mainly focuses on the antiviral activity of seaweed’s extracts, highlighting the mechanisms of actions of some seaweed molecules against infection caused by different types of enveloped viruses: influenza, Lentivirus (HIV-1), Herpes viruses, and coronaviruses. Seaweed metabolites with antiviral properties can act trough different pathways by increasing the host’s defense system or through targeting and blocking virus replication before it enters host cells. Several studies have already established the large antiviral spectrum of seaweed’s bioactive compounds. Throughout this review, antiviral mechanisms and medical applications of seaweed’s bioactive compounds are analyzed, suggesting seaweed’s potential source of antiviral compounds for the formulation of novel and natural antiviral drugs.
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Evaluation of Antiviral Effect against SARS-CoV-2 Propagation by Crude Polysaccharides from Seaweed and Abalone Viscera In Vitro. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20050296. [PMID: 35621947 PMCID: PMC9143783 DOI: 10.3390/md20050296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Crude polysaccharides, extracted from two seaweed species (Hizikia fusiforme and Sargassum horneri) and Haliotis discus hannai (abalone) viscera, were evaluated for their inhibitory effect against SARS-CoV-2 propagation. Plaque titration revealed that these crude polysaccharides efficiently inhibited SARS-CoV-2 propagation with IC50 values ranging from 0.35 to 4.37 μg/mL. The crude polysaccharide of H. fusiforme showed the strongest antiviral effect, with IC50 of 0.35 μg/mL, followed by S. horneri and abalone viscera with IC50 of 0.56 and 4.37 μg/mL, respectively. In addition, immunofluorescence assay, western blot, and quantitative RT-PCR analysis verified that these polysaccharides could inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication. In Vero E6 cells, treatment with these crude polysaccharides before or after viral infection strongly inhibited the expression level of SARS-CoV-2 spikes, nucleocapsid proteins, and RNA copies of RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase and nucleocapsid. These results show that these crude marine polysaccharides effectively inhibit SARS-CoV-2 propagation by interference with viral entry.
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