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Abdulqader S, Kaya A, Marif H, Ali B, Ismaeel D. Cryptosporidium parvum screening in young calves with diarrhoea in Sulaymaniyah Governorate, Iraq. VET MED-CZECH 2025; 70:45-53. [PMID: 40115532 PMCID: PMC11922058 DOI: 10.17221/60/2024-vetmed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2025] [Indexed: 03/23/2025] Open
Abstract
The parasitic protozoan Cryptosporidium parvum causes cryptosporidiosis in young calves, leading to diarrhoea and financial losses in the farming industry. This study aimed to examine the occurrence of C. parvum in preweaning calves suffering from diarrhoea in Sulaymaniyah, Iraq, using both enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. Faecal samples were obtained from 80 young calves categorised into various groups according to age, breed, sex, and geographic origin. Notably, a greater occurrence of C. parvum infection was observed in female calves, those in the 5-30 days age group, and those of the Friesian breed. Furthermore, the highest infection rate was reported in the Zarayan region. A strong correlation was observed between the ELISA and PCR findings. The molecular analysis detected both C. parvum and C. ryanae, with C. ryanae documented for the first time in Iraq. C. parvum infection considerably affects physiological indicators, particularly in younger calves, including body temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate. PCR positivity in our study was substantially correlated with dehydration. Overall, this study highlights the need for prompt identification and intervention for the management of C. parvum infections in young calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Abdulqader
- Biara Veterinary Centre, Directorate of Veterinary in Sulaimani, Biara, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Abdullah Kaya
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Yuzuncu Yil, Van, Turkiye
| | - Hardi Marif
- Department of Clinic and Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | - Basim Ali
- Department of Clinic and Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | - Dana Ismaeel
- Department of Surgery and Theriogenology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
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Ramzy G, Mousa W, Gaidan OK, Zaghawa A, Nayel M, Elsify A, Eissa N, Abu-Seida AM, Salama AA. Molecular characterization and associated risk factors of zoonotic cryptosporidiosis in bovine calves and humans in Menoufia governorate, Egypt. Open Vet J 2025; 15:277-288. [PMID: 40092185 PMCID: PMC11910276 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2025.v15.i1.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2024] [Accepted: 12/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2025] Open
Abstract
Background Cryptosporidium is a common intestine anthroponotic protozoan parasite that affects humans and other animals all over the world. Many different kinds of vertebrates have their gastrointestinal epithelium infected by the ubiquitous, obligatory parasites of Cryptosporidium spp. In humans, those with weakened immune systems, including those with acronym for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, are most affected. Particularly prevalent in developing nations, cryptosporidiosis poses further difficulties for the underfunded public health system. Humans frequently harbor a number of Cryptosporidium species, whose prevalence varies according to socioeconomic level and level of animal husbandry. Aim The present study was conducted to ascertain the prevalence of Cryptosporidium bovis and associated relevant risk factors of contracting cryptosporidiosis in calves and humans in Menoufia governorate, Egypt. In addition, a phylogenetic analysis was performed for additional molecular identification in order to study the evolution of the parasite and comprehend the mechanism of cryptosporidiosis evolution in the selected governorate. Methods Using direct wet smear, sedimentation technique, simple fecal flotation technique, and modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique, the parasitological analysis was conducted on fecal samples from 156 diarrheic calves and 125 humans in Menoufia governorate; polymerase chain reaction and phylogenetic analysis were further used. Results Based on the microscopical examination, the prevalence of Cryptosporidium was 19.2% in humans and 64.1% in calves. A statistical correlation was found between the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in calves of American breeds, their early age, and the predominant warm climate. In the analyzed calves, the study was unable to detect any statistically significant difference between the type of diarrhea and increased infection. In terms of people, the study found no significant correlation between the sex of the people under inquiry, whereas a significant association was revealed among contracting cryptosporidiosis in young people, during warm climates, and among diarrhea sufferers. PCR application produced a 4% positive result. Following phylogenetic analysis, the Cryptosporidium parvum species was identified from the PCR-positive samples. Conclusion Different transmission trajectories were proposed by cluster analysis, and it was possible to take into consideration the role of calves for the zoonotic transmission of cryptosporidiosis to humans..
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Affiliation(s)
- Gehad Ramzy
- Department of Animal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Walid Mousa
- Department of Animal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Osama K. Gaidan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Omar Al-mukhtar University, Al Bayda, Libya
| | - Ahmed Zaghawa
- Department of Animal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Nayel
- Department of Animal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Elsify
- Department of Animal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Nourhan Eissa
- Department of Animal Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Ashraf M. Abu-Seida
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - and Akram Salama
- Department of Animal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
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Ramzy G, Mousa W, Gaidan OK, Zaghawa A, Nayel M, Elsify A, Eissa N, Abu-Seida AM, Salama AA. Molecular characterization and associated risk factors of zoonotic cryptosporidiosis in bovine calves and humans in Menoufia governorate, Egypt. Open Vet J 2025; 15:277-288. [PMID: 40092185 PMCID: PMC11910276 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2024.v15.i1.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2024] [Accepted: 12/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2025] Open
Abstract
Background Cryptosporidium is a common intestine anthroponotic protozoan parasite that affects humans and other animals all over the world. Many different kinds of vertebrates have their gastrointestinal epithelium infected by the ubiquitous, obligatory parasites of Cryptosporidium spp. In humans, those with weakened immune systems, including those with acronym for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, are most affected. Particularly prevalent in developing nations, cryptosporidiosis poses further difficulties for the underfunded public health system. Humans frequently harbor a number of Cryptosporidium species, whose prevalence varies according to socioeconomic level and level of animal husbandry. Aim The present study was conducted to ascertain the prevalence of Cryptosporidium bovis and associated relevant risk factors of contracting cryptosporidiosis in calves and humans in Menoufia governorate, Egypt. In addition, a phylogenetic analysis was performed for additional molecular identification in order to study the evolution of the parasite and comprehend the mechanism of cryptosporidiosis evolution in the selected governorate. Methods Using direct wet smear, sedimentation technique, simple fecal flotation technique, and modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique, the parasitological analysis was conducted on fecal samples from 156 diarrheic calves and 125 humans in Menoufia governorate; polymerase chain reaction and phylogenetic analysis were further used. Results Based on the microscopical examination, the prevalence of Cryptosporidium was 19.2% in humans and 64.1% in calves. A statistical correlation was found between the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in calves of American breeds, their early age, and the predominant warm climate. In the analyzed calves, the study was unable to detect any statistically significant difference between the type of diarrhea and increased infection. In terms of people, the study found no significant correlation between the sex of the people under inquiry, whereas a significant association was revealed among contracting cryptosporidiosis in young people, during warm climates, and among diarrhea sufferers. PCR application produced a 4% positive result. Following phylogenetic analysis, the Cryptosporidium parvum species was identified from the PCR-positive samples. Conclusion Different transmission trajectories were proposed by cluster analysis, and it was possible to take into consideration the role of calves for the zoonotic transmission of cryptosporidiosis to humans..
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Affiliation(s)
- Gehad Ramzy
- Department of Animal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Walid Mousa
- Department of Animal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Osama K. Gaidan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Omar Al-mukhtar University, Al Bayda, Libya
| | - Ahmed Zaghawa
- Department of Animal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Nayel
- Department of Animal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Elsify
- Department of Animal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Nourhan Eissa
- Department of Animal Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Ashraf M. Abu-Seida
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - and Akram Salama
- Department of Animal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
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Rafiq M, Khan NU, Khan I, Ahmad M, Bibi A, Ben Said M, Belkahia H, Tariq M, Saeed S, Abdel-Maksoud MA, El-Tayeb MA, Fatima S, Kiani BH, Alfuraydi AA, Badshah F. Evaluating prevalence, risk factors, and diagnostic techniques for Cryptosporidium infection in goats and surrounding water sources. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1498682. [PMID: 39748871 PMCID: PMC11693644 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1498682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2024] [Accepted: 12/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/04/2025] Open
Abstract
Background Cryptosporidium spp. are protozoan parasites that infect the gastrointestinal tract of various animals, including goats, and can also contaminate water sources, posing a significant public health risk. Detecting Cryptosporidium oocysts in fecal and water samples is critical for understanding the epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis and implementing appropriate control measures. Various staining methods, such as the Modified Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) and Kenyon's Acid-Fast (KAF) staining techniques, are employed to identify these oocysts. This study compared the effectiveness of these two staining methods in detecting Cryptosporidium oocysts in goat feces and water samples across different geographic regions in district of Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, and other factors such as genders, age groups, diarrheal statuses, and feeding regimes. Methods A total of 300 fecal and 300 water samples were collected from goats and water sources in four geographic regions: Tehsil Katlang, Tehsil Takhtbhai, Tehsil Mardan, and Tehsil Lundkhwarh. Samples were categorized based on gender, age group (<1 year, 1-2 years, and >2 years), diarrheal status, and feeding regime (stall feeding, grazing). The two staining methods, ZN and KAF staining, were employed to detect Cryptosporidium oocysts. The detection rates were calculated, and statistical analyses were performed to compare the effectiveness of the two methods across different categories. Results The overall detection rates of Cryptosporidium oocysts for fecal samples were 61.00% (95% CI: 55.22-66.55%) using the ZN method and 63.33% (95% CI: 57.60-68.79%) using KAF method, with no significant difference (p > 0.05). The highest detection rate was observed in Tehsil Katlang (70.66%) with the ZN method and in both Tehsil Katlang and Takhtbhai (66.66%) with the KAF staining method, having no significant difference (p > 0.05). Gender-wise analysis in fecal samples showed similar detection rates for males and females, with no significant differences. Age-wise, the highest detection rates were found in the youngest age group (<1 year) using the ZN method, and in the oldest age group (>2 years) using KAF staining, with no significant differences between age groups. Diarrheal status analysis indicated higher detection rates in diarrheic goats for both methods, with the highest detection rate in the diarrheic group of Tehsil Katlang (84.61%) using the ZN method. Feeding regime analysis showed no significant differences between stall-fed and grazing goats. For water samples, the detection rates of Cryptosporidium oocysts were significantly different between the two methods. The ZN technique had a significantly higher overall detection rate of 16.00% (95% CI: 12.03-20.64%) compared to 1.00% (95% CI: 0.20-2.89%) for KAF staining (p < 0.001). The performance of the two staining methods for the detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in contaminated water samples from different geographic regions was also presented. Conclusion Both ZN and KAF staining methods are effective for detecting Cryptosporidium oocysts in goat feces. However, in water samples, the ZN method showed a significantly higher detection rate compared to KAF staining method, suggesting its suitability for environmental surveillance. These findings highlight the importance of integrating reliable diagnostic techniques with public health interventions to mitigate the zoonotic risks of cryptosporidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manahil Rafiq
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Naimat Ullah Khan
- College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Imad Khan
- College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Mansoor Ahmad
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Aiman Bibi
- Department of Chemistry, Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Mourad Ben Said
- Department of Basic Sciences, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Microbiology, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Hanène Belkahia
- Laboratory of Microbiology, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Muhammad Tariq
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Silwat Saeed
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mostafa A. Abdel-Maksoud
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A. El-Tayeb
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabiha Fatima
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bushra Hafeez Kiani
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Akram A. Alfuraydi
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farhad Badshah
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics of MARA, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Keomoungkhoun B, Arjentinia IPGY, Sangmaneedet S, Taweenan W. Molecular prevalence and associated risk factors of Cryptosporidium spp. infection in dairy cattle in Khon Kaen, Thailand. Vet World 2024; 17:371-378. [PMID: 38595654 PMCID: PMC11000470 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.371-378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Cryptosporidium spp. are important parasites in the small intestines of humans and animals, particularly cattle. The aim of this study was to estimate the molecular prevalence and associated risk factors of Cryptosporidium infection in dairy cattle in five districts of Khon Kaen province, Thailand, and to identify Cryptosporidium spp. Materials and Methods From July 2020 to October 2021, 296 fecal samples were collected from three groups of dairy cattle: Calves aged <3 months, calves aged 3 months-1 year, and calves aged >1 year. Cryptosporidium spp. were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplifying the 18s RNA gene. Both genus-specific and species-specific primers were used to identify Cryptosporidium confirmed by DNA sequencing. Age, house floor type, and water trough type were evaluated as risk factors. We analyzed all associated risk factor information using the logistic regression test in the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Results PCR results showed that 40 (13.51%) out of 296 samples were positive for Cryptosporidium spp., including Cryptosporidium bovis (57.50%) and Cryptosporidium ryanae (2.50%). There was a significant association between Cryptosporidium incidence, cattle age, and house floor type (p < 0.05). National Center for Biotechnology Information Basic Local Alignment Search Tool displayed 99.48%-100% nucleotide similarity of each Cryptosporidium spp. isolate with references recorded on GenBank. Conclusion C. bovis and C. ryanae are commonly found in dairy cattle, especially calves, in Khon Kaen, Thailand, and the incidence was associated with age and house floor type. A molecular technique may be influential for species identification. The results of the present study would provide useful information for veterinarians and animal owners to understand better Cryptosporidium spp. and how to manage farms properly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bamphen Keomoungkhoun
- Division of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | | | - Somboon Sangmaneedet
- Division of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Weerapol Taweenan
- Division of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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