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Tavares RDS, Fidalgo C, Rodrigues ET, Tacão M, Henriques I. Integron-associated genes are reliable indicators of antibiotic resistance in wastewater despite treatment- and seasonality-driven fluctuations. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 258:121784. [PMID: 38761599 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
The present study aims to characterize the bacterial community, resistome and integron abundance of a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) over the course of 12 months and evaluate the year-long performance of integron-related genes as potential indicators of antibiotic resistance mechanisms in influents and effluents. For that, total DNA was extracted and subjected to 16S rRNA-targeted metabarcoding, high-throughput (HT) qPCR (48 targets) and standard qPCR (5 targets). Targets included integrase genes, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and putative pathogenic groups. A total of 16 physicochemical parameters determined in the wastewater samples were also considered. Results revealed that the WWTP treatment significantly impacted the bacterial community, as well as the content in ARGs and integrase genes. Indeed, there was a relative enrichment from influent to effluent of 13 pathogenic groups (e.g., Legionella and Mycobacterium) and genes conferring resistance to sulphonamides, aminoglycosides and disinfectants. Effluent samples (n = 25) also presented seasonal differences, with an increase of the total ARGs' concentration in summer, and differences between winter and summer on relative abundance of sulphonamide and disinfectant resistance mechanisms. From the eight putative integron-related genes selected, all were positively correlated with the total ARGs' content in wastewater and the relative abundance of resistance to most of the specific antibiotic classes. The genes intI1, blaGES and qacE∆1 were the most strongly correlated with the total concentration of ARGs. Genes blaGES and blaVIM, were better correlated to resistance to beta-lactams, aminoglycosides and tetracyclines. This study supports the use of integron-related genes as powerful indicators of antibiotic resistance in wastewater, being robust despite the variability caused by wastewater treatment and seasonality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael D S Tavares
- Department of Life Sciences, Centre for Functional Ecology, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal; Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Cátia Fidalgo
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Elsa T Rodrigues
- Department of Life Sciences, Centre for Functional Ecology, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marta Tacão
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Isabel Henriques
- Department of Life Sciences, Centre for Functional Ecology, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
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Tan BSY, Mohan L, Watthanaworawit W, Ngamprasertchai T, Nosten FH, Ling C, Bifani P. Detection of florfenicol resistance in opportunistic Acinetobacter spp. infections in rural Thailand. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1368813. [PMID: 38765680 PMCID: PMC11099283 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1368813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Florfenicol (Ff) is an antimicrobial agent belonging to the class amphenicol used for the treatment of bacterial infections in livestock, poultry, and aquaculture (animal farming). It inhibits protein synthesis. Ff is an analog of chloramphenicol, an amphenicol compound on the WHO essential medicine list that is used for the treatment of human infections. Due to the extensive usage of Ff in animal farming, zoonotic pathogens have developed resistance to this antimicrobial agent. There are numerous reports of resistance genes from organisms infecting or colonizing animals found in human pathogens, suggesting a possible exchange of genetic materials. One of these genes is floR, a gene that encodes for an efflux pump that removes Ff from bacterial cells, conferring resistance against amphenicol, and is often associated with mobile genetic elements and other resistant determinants. In this study, we analyzed bacterial isolates recovered in rural Thailand from patients and environmental samples collected for disease monitoring. Whole genome sequencing was carried out for all the samples collected. Speciation and genome annotation was performed revealing the presence of the floR gene in the bacterial genome. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined for Ff and chloramphenicol. Chromosomal and phylogenetic analyses were performed to investigate the acquisition pattern of the floR gene. The presence of a conserved floR gene in unrelated Acinetobacter spp. isolated from human bacterial infections and environmental samples was observed, suggesting multiple and independent inter-species genetic exchange of drug-resistant determinants. The floR was found to be in the variable region containing various mobile genetic elements and other antibiotic resistance determinants; however, no evidence of HGT could be found. The floR gene identified in this study is chromosomal for all isolates. The study highlights a plausible impact of antimicrobials used in veterinary settings on human health. Ff shares cross-resistance with chloramphenicol, which is still in use in several countries. Furthermore, by selecting for floR-resistance genes, we may be selecting for and facilitating the zoonotic and reverse zoonotic exchange of other flanking resistance markers between human and animal pathogens or commensals with detrimental public health consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernice Siu Yan Tan
- ASTAR Infectious Diseases Labs (AIDL), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lalit Mohan
- ASTAR Infectious Diseases Labs (AIDL), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wanitda Watthanaworawit
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Tak, Thailand
| | - Thundon Ngamprasertchai
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Francois H. Nosten
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Tak, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Ling
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Tak, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Pablo Bifani
- ASTAR Infectious Diseases Labs (AIDL), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Sitthiangkool P, Poapolathep A, Chomcheun T, Jongkolpath O, Khidkhan K, Klangkaew N, Phaochoosak N, Giorgi M, Poapolathep S. Pharmacokinetic characteristics of florfenicol in green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) and hawksbill sea turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) after intramuscular administration. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2024. [PMID: 38520083 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of florfenicol (FFC) in green sea and hawksbill sea turtles were evaluated following intramuscular (i.m.) administration at two different dosages of 20 or 30 mg/kg body weight (b.w.). This study (longitudinal design) used 5 green sea and 5 hawksbill sea turtles for the two dosages. Blood samples were collected at assigned times up to 168 h. FFC plasma samples were analyzed using validated high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with diode array detection. The pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using a non-compartment approach. The FFC plasma concentrations increased with the dosage. The elimination half-life was similar between the treatment groups (range 19-25 h), as well as the plasma protein binding (range 18.59%-20.65%). According to the surrogate PK/PD parameter (T > MIC, 2 μg/mL), the 20 and 30 mg/kg dosing rates should be effective doses for susceptible bacterial infections in green sea and hawksbill sea turtles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pandaree Sitthiangkool
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Amnart Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thanaphan Chomcheun
- Eastern Marine and Coastal Resources Research and Development Center, Rayong, Thailand
| | - Oranee Jongkolpath
- Eastern Marine and Coastal Resources Research and Development Center, Rayong, Thailand
| | - Kraisiri Khidkhan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Narumol Klangkaew
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Napasorn Phaochoosak
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mario Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Italy
| | - Saranya Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Abdullahi IN, Lozano C, Zarazaga M, Simón C, Höfle U, Sieber RN, Latorre-Fernández J, Stegger M, Torres C. Comparative genomics of Staphylococcus aureus strains from wild birds and pig farms elucidates levels of mobilomes, antibiotic pressure and host adaptation. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2024; 36:142-150. [PMID: 38128728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study characterized the resistome, mobilome and phylogenomic relatedness of Staphylococcus aureus strains previously obtained from healthy nestling storks (HNS), pigs (HP) and pig farmers (HPF) to analyse possible transmission pathways of S. aureus with implications for the spread of antimicrobial resistance. METHODS The genomic contents of 52 S. aureus strains obtained from the nasal cavity of HNS, HP and HPF in Spain were sequenced using the Illumina NextSeq platform to characterize their resistome, virulome and mobile genetic elements. The relatedness of strains was assessed by core-genome single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). RESULTS The frequencies of multidrug-resistance phenotype and transposons were significantly lower in strains from HNS than in those from HP and HPF (P < 0.005). However, the presence of human immune evasion cluster genes in S. aureus strains from HNS was significantly higher than in those from HP and HPF (P < 0.005). Interestingly, the frequencies of plasmids and phages were not significantly associated with the host (P > 0.05). The phylogenetic analysis identified a cluster of all the MSSA-CC398 strains carrying φSa3 and ermT on rep13 separately from the two MRSA-CC398 strains (carrying ermT on repUS18). Highly related MRSA-CC398 strains were detected in some pigs and related farmers (<10 SNPs). CONCLUSION This study confirms high-level antibiotic selection in S. aureus in HP and HPF in comparison to HNS. Furthermore, our findings highlight the continuous transmission of MRSA-CC398 in the pig-to-human interface and MSSA-CC398 with human adaptation markers in HNS. Molecular surveillance of S. aureus using the One Health model is required to establish appropriate control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idris Nasir Abdullahi
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Carmen Lozano
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Myriam Zarazaga
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Carmen Simón
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ursula Höfle
- Spanish Wildlife Research Institute IREC (CSIC‑UCLM‑JCCM), SaBio (Health and Biotechnology) Research Group, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Raphael N Sieber
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Javier Latorre-Fernández
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Marc Stegger
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Carmen Torres
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain.
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Guo X, Chen H, Tong Y, Wu X, Tang C, Qin X, Guo J, Li P, Wang Z, Liu W, Mo J. A review on the antibiotic florfenicol: Occurrence, environmental fate, effects, and health risks. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 244:117934. [PMID: 38109957 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Florfenicol, as a replacement for chloramphenicol, can tightly bind to the A site of the 23S rRNA in the 50S subunit of the 70S ribosome, thereby inhibiting protein synthesis and bacterial proliferation. Due to the widespread use in aquaculture and veterinary medicine, florfenicol has been detected in the aquatic environment worldwide. Concerns over the effects and health risks of florfenicol on target and non-target organisms have been raised in recent years. Although the ecotoxicity of florfenicol has been widely reported in different species, no attempt has been made to review the current research progress of florfenicol toxicity, hormesis, and its health risks posed to biota. In this study, a comprehensive literature review was conducted to summarize the effects of florfenicol on various organisms including bacteria, algae, invertebrates, fishes, birds, and mammals. The generation of antibiotic resistant bacteria and spread antibiotic resistant genes, closely associated with hormesis, are pressing environmental health issues stemming from overuse or misuse of antibiotics including florfenicol. Exposure to florfenicol at μg/L-mg/L induced hormetic effects in several algal species, and chromoplasts might serve as a target for florfenicol-induced effects; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms are completely lacking. Exposure to high levels (mg/L) of florfenicol modified the xenobiotic metabolism, antioxidant systems, and energy metabolism, resulting in hepatotoxicity, renal toxicity, immunotoxicity, developmental toxicity, reproductive toxicity, obesogenic effects, and hormesis in different animal species. Mitochondria and the associated energy metabolism are suggested to be the primary targets for florfenicol toxicity in animals, albeit further in-depth investigations are warranted for revealing the long-term effects (e.g., whole-life-cycle impacts, multigenerational effects) of florfenicol, especially at environmental levels, and the underlying mechanisms. This will facilitate the evaluation of potential hormetic effects and construction of adverse outcome pathways for environmental risk assessment and regulation of florfenicol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingying Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Haibo Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Yongqi Tong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Xintong Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Can Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Xian Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jiahua Guo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Ping Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Wenhua Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Jiezhang Mo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China.
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Lysitsas M, Triantafillou E, Spyrou V, Billinis C, Valiakos G. Phenotypic Investigation of Florfenicol Resistance and Molecular Detection of floR Gene in Canine and Feline MDR Enterobacterales. Vet Sci 2024; 11:71. [PMID: 38393089 PMCID: PMC10892669 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11020071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Florfenicol is a promising antibiotic for use in companion animals, especially as an alternative agent for infections caused by MDR bacteria. However, the emergence of resistant strains could hinder this potential. In this study, florfenicol resistance was investigated in a total of 246 MDR Enterobacterales obtained from canine and feline clinical samples in Greece over a two-year period (October 2020 to December 2022); a total of 44 (17,9%) florfenicol-resistant strains were recognized and further investigated. Most of these isolates originated from urine (41.9%) and soft tissue (37.2%) samples; E. coli (n = 14) and Enterobacter cloacae (n = 12) were the predominant species. The strains were examined for the presence of specific florfenicol-related resistance genes floR and cfr. In the majority of the isolates (31/44, 70.5%), the floR gene was detected, whereas none carried cfr. This finding creates concerns of co-acquisition of plasmid-mediated florfenicol-specific ARGs through horizontal transfer, along with several other resistance genes. The florfenicol resistance rates in MDR isolates seem relatively low but considerable for a second-line antibiotic; thus, in order to evaluate the potential of florfenicol to constitute an alternative antibiotic in companion animals, continuous monitoring of antibiotic resistance profiles is needed in order to investigate the distribution of florfenicol resistance under pressure of administration of commonly used agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marios Lysitsas
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 431 00 Karditsa, Greece; (M.L.); (C.B.)
| | | | - Vassiliki Spyrou
- Department of Animal Science, University of Thessaly, 413 34 Larissa, Greece;
| | - Charalambos Billinis
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 431 00 Karditsa, Greece; (M.L.); (C.B.)
| | - George Valiakos
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 431 00 Karditsa, Greece; (M.L.); (C.B.)
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Petrocchi Rilo M, Gutiérrez Martín CB, Acebes Fernández V, Aguarón Turrientes Á, González Fernández A, Miguélez Pérez R, Martínez Martínez S. Streptococcus suis Research Update: Serotype Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance Distribution in Swine Isolates Recovered in Spain from 2020 to 2022. Vet Sci 2024; 11:40. [PMID: 38250946 PMCID: PMC10819597 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to update the Streptococcus suis serotype distribution in Spain by analysing 302 clinical isolates recovered from diseased pigs between 2020 and 2022. The main objectives were to identify prevalent serotypes, differentiate specific serotypes 1, 14, 2, and 1/2, investigate specific genotypic and phenotypic antimicrobial resistance features, and explore associations between resistance genes and phenotypic resistances. Serotypes 9 (21.2%), 1 (16.2%), 2 (15.6%), 3 (6%), and 7 (5.6%) were the most prevalent, whereas serotypes 14 and 1/2 corresponded with 4.3% and 0.7% of all isolates. Antimicrobial resistance genes, including tet(O), erm(B), lnu(B), lsa(E), tet(M), and mef(A/E), were analysed, which were present in 85.8%, 65.2%, 7%, 7%, 6.3%, and 1% of the samples, respectively. Susceptibility testing for 18 antimicrobials revealed high resistance levels, particularly for clindamycin (88.4%), chlortetracycline (89.4%), and sulfadimethoxine (94.4%). Notably, seven significant associations (p < 0.0001) were detected, correlating specific antimicrobial resistance genes to the observed phenotypic resistance. These findings contribute to understanding the S. suis serotype distribution and its antibiotic resistance profiles in Spain, offering valuable insights for veterinary and public health efforts in managing S. suis-associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Máximo Petrocchi Rilo
- Animal Health Department, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, University of León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain; (M.P.R.); (C.B.G.M.); (V.A.F.); (A.G.F.); (R.M.P.)
| | - César Bernardo Gutiérrez Martín
- Animal Health Department, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, University of León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain; (M.P.R.); (C.B.G.M.); (V.A.F.); (A.G.F.); (R.M.P.)
| | - Vanessa Acebes Fernández
- Animal Health Department, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, University of León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain; (M.P.R.); (C.B.G.M.); (V.A.F.); (A.G.F.); (R.M.P.)
| | | | - Alba González Fernández
- Animal Health Department, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, University of León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain; (M.P.R.); (C.B.G.M.); (V.A.F.); (A.G.F.); (R.M.P.)
| | - Rubén Miguélez Pérez
- Animal Health Department, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, University of León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain; (M.P.R.); (C.B.G.M.); (V.A.F.); (A.G.F.); (R.M.P.)
| | - Sonia Martínez Martínez
- Animal Health Department, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, University of León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain; (M.P.R.); (C.B.G.M.); (V.A.F.); (A.G.F.); (R.M.P.)
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Gholami MH, Derakhshanfar A, Gholami T. Novel combination therapy for respiratory diseases of small ruminants: Field studies of over 10 years. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2023; 10:516-521. [PMID: 37969799 PMCID: PMC10636082 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2023.j705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to evaluate a new drug combination for small ruminant respiratory diseases to find a better treatment protocol for the potential replacement of older methods. Materials and Methods A total of 6,886 animals received common respiratory disease therapies out of 15,845 animals that had respiratory disorders. The new combination therapy technique treated the remaining animals (8,968). The animals were given an oral suspension of triclabendazole or levamisole at an initial dosage of 0.2 ml/kg body weight (BW). The following day, 0.2 mg/kg of 1% ivermectin was subcutaneously administered. Then, on the third and fifth days of treatment, a subcutaneous injection of 30 mg/kg BW of florfenicol (30%) was administered. The survival and recovery rates for both groups were tracked throughout a 6-month period of observation. Postmortem and histopathological signs were also assessed. Results In the group of the novel combination therapy, group A, clinical, postmortem, and histopathological signs were significantly reduced compared to group B. Clinical signs and mortality in group A were 90% and 93% lower than in group B, respectively. Animals that received the new combination therapy were healed of their disease and stayed immune for 6 months. Conclusion This novel therapy demonstrated significant efficacy against respiratory diseases in a 10-year field study. The paper proved that the protocol introduced could be a new therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amin Derakhshanfar
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Tahereh Gholami
- Department of Foreign Language, Faculty of Humanities, Islamic Azad University of Kazerun, Kazerun, Iran
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