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Manyi-Loh CE, Lues R. A South African Perspective on the Microbiological and Chemical Quality of Meat: Plausible Public Health Implications. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2484. [PMID: 37894142 PMCID: PMC10608972 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Meat comprises proteins, fats, vitamins, and trace elements, essential nutrients for the growth and development of the body. The increased demand for meat necessitates the use of antibiotics in intensive farming to sustain and raise productivity. However, the high water activity, the neutral pH, and the high protein content of meat create a favourable milieu for the growth and the persistence of bacteria. Meat serves as a portal for the spread of foodborne diseases. This occurs because of contamination. This review presents information on animal farming in South Africa, the microbial and chemical contamination of meat, and the consequential effects on public health. In South Africa, the sales of meat can be operated both formally and informally. Meat becomes exposed to contamination with different categories of microbes, originating from varying sources during preparation, processing, packaging, storage, and serving to consumers. Apparently, meat harbours diverse pathogenic microorganisms and antibiotic residues alongside the occurrence of drug resistance in zoonotic pathogens, due to the improper use of antibiotics during farming. Different findings obtained across the country showed variations in prevalence of bacteria and multidrug-resistant bacteria studied, which could be explained by the differences in the manufacturer practices, handling processes from producers to consumers, and the success of the hygienic measures employed during production. Furthermore, variation in the socioeconomic and political factors and differences in bacterial strains, geographical area, time, climatic factors, etc. could be responsible for the discrepancy in the level of antibiotic resistance between the provinces. Bacteria identified in meat including Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., etc. are incriminated as pathogenic agents causing serious infections in human and their drug-resistant counterparts can cause prolonged infection plus long hospital stays, increased mortality and morbidity as well as huge socioeconomic burden and even death. Therefore, uncooked meat or improperly cooked meat consumed by the population serves as a risk to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy E. Manyi-Loh
- Centre of Applied Food Sustainability and Biotechnology, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa;
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Tigabie M, Biset S, Belachew T, Amare A, Moges F. Multidrug-resistant and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolated from chicken droppings in poultry farms at Gondar City, Northwest Ethiopia. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287043. [PMID: 37294782 PMCID: PMC10256222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The poultry sector is one of the largest and fastest-growing agricultural sub-sector, especially in developing countries like Ethiopia. In poultry production, poultry farmers use sub-optimum doses of antibiotics for growth promotion and disease prevention purpose. This indiscriminate use of antibiotics in poultry farms contributes to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which has adverse implications for public health. Therefore, this study is aimed to assess multidrug resistance and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae from chicken droppings in poultry farms. METHODS A total of 87 pooled chicken-dropping samples were collected from poultry farms from March to June 2022. Samples were transported with buffered peptone water. Selenite F broth was used for the enrichment and isolation of Salmonella spp. Isolates were cultured and identified by using MacConkey agar, Xylose lysine deoxycholate agar, and routine biochemical tests. Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion technique and combination disk test were used for antibiotic susceptibility testing and confirmation of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production, respectively. Data were entered using Epi-data version 4.6 and then exported to SPSS version 26 for analysis. RESULT Out of 87 pooled chicken droppings, 143 Enterobacteriaceae isolates were identified. Of these, E. coli accounts for 87 (60.8%), followed by Salmonella spp. 23 (16.1%), P. mirabilis 18 (12.6%) and K. pneumoniae 11 (7.7%). A high resistance rate was observed for ampicillin 131 (91.6%), followed by tetracycline 130 (90.9), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 94 (65.7%). The overall multidrug resistance rate was 116/143 (81.1%; 95% CI: 74.7-87.5). A total of 12/143 (8.4%; CI: 3.9-12.9) isolates were extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producers, with 11/87 (12.6%) E. coli and 1/11 (9.1%) K. pneumoniae. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS High prevalence of multi-drug resistant isolates was observed. This study alarms poultry as a potential reservoir of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae, which might shed and contaminate the environment through faecal matter. Prudent use of antibiotics should be implemented to manage antibiotic resistance in poultry production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitkie Tigabie
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Sirak Biset
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Teshome Belachew
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Azanaw Amare
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Feleke Moges
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Hasona IF, Helmy SM, El Gamal AM. Prevalence, virulence factors, and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolated from broiler chickens in Egypt. VETERINARY RESEARCH FORUM : AN INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY JOURNAL 2023; 14:131-138. [PMID: 37033777 PMCID: PMC10073808 DOI: 10.30466/vrf.2021.539418.3233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic Escherichia coli is one of the world's most important zoonotic foodborne pathogens and poses a serious threat to public health. We examined the prevalence, virulence genes, and antibiotic resistance profile of Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing E. coli (STEC) isolated from broiler chickens in the Kafr El-Sheikh governorate, Egypt. A total of 410 samples (230 cloacal swabs, 180 internal organs) were collected to isolate E. coli. A total of 29 (7.07%) E. coli isolates were recovered and identified, and 18 of them harbored Stx genes (stx). Out of 18 isolates, five (17.24%) carried the stx 1 gene, five (17.24%) carried the stx 2 gene, four (13.79%) carried both stx 1 and stx 2 genes, and four (13.79%) carried stx 1 , stx 2 , and eae A genes. Overall, complete anti-biotic resistance was observed against amoxicillin, ampicillin, cefpodoxime, and cefoperazone; high resistance was observed against ampicillin/sulbactam, nalidixic acid, cefuroxime, aztreonam, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, and ceftazidime; moderate resistance against gentamicin; low resistance against cefoxitin; lower resistance was detected against norfloxacin, cefotetan, and amikacin; and the lowest resistance against imipenem. All E. coli isolates demonstrated multidrug resistance against at least four antibiotic classes. Out of 29 E. coli isolates, STEC accounted for 18 isolates, of which the O78, O26:H11, O128:H2, O1:H7, O119:H6, and O91:H21 serogroups were predominant. All E. coli isolates were multidrug resistant and therefore pose a potential public health concern as these virulent, resistant strains may spread to humans. Thus, high levels of hygiene and biosecurity are required by chicken handlers to decrease the danger of infection spreading to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibtisam Faeq Hasona
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology, and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt;
- Correspondence: Ibtisam Faeq Hasona. BSc, MSc, Department of Bacteriology, Mycology, and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt. E-mail:
| | - Salwa Mahmoud Helmy
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology, and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt;
| | - Adel Mohammad El Gamal
- Unit of Bacteriology, Animal Health Research Institute, Kafr El-Sheikh Branch, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Egypt.
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Mwakyoma AA, Kidenya BR, Minja CA, Mushi MF, Sandeman A, Sabiti W, Holden MTG, Mshana SE. Comparison of Horizontal blaCTX-M Gene Transfer via Conjugation among Extended Spectrum β-Lactamases Producing Escherichia coli Isolates from Patients with Urinary Tract Infection, Their Animals, and Environment. ARCHIVES OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND GENETICS 2023; 2:1-8. [PMID: 37250807 PMCID: PMC7614579 DOI: 10.33696/genetics.2.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Background The dissemination of the extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) producing E. coli poses a significant public health problem. Understanding the efficiency and frequency of horizontal gene transfer via conjugation of ESBL producing E. coli is imperative towards devising prevention and control measures. This study compared the frequencies and efficiencies of horizontal blaCTX-M gene transfer via conjugation among Escherichia coli isolates from urine and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of patients with urinary tract infection (UTI), their animals and environment. Methods Horizontal blaCTX-M gene transfer via conjugation by a broth mating experiment was performed using 50 confirmed ESBL producing E. coli isolates as donors and Escherichia coli J53 (F-, met, pro, Azr), as the recipient. The transconjugants were detected and their frequencies and efficiencies of conjugation were measured and compared between ESBL producing E. coli isolates multi-sourced from urine, GIT, animals and environment. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of all resulting transconjugants was performed. DNA was extracted from all transconjugants to confirm the presence and the acquisition of blaCTX-M gene. Results Out of 50 ESBL producing E. coli isolates harboring blaCTX-M gene, 37 (74.0%) successfully exercised horizontal gene transfer through conjugation. All transconjugants were confirmed phenotypically and genotypically by PCR. Of note, all of the isolates from environment 100.0% (7/7) performed conjugation, exhibiting the highest transfer efficiency, followed by isolates from urine and animals, with the conjugation transfer efficiency of 77.8% (14/18) and 76.1% (10/13), respectively. The isolates from the environment conjugated with a significant more efficiency than those from the GIT [Two-sample test of proportions; p-value = 0.0119]. The overall conjugation transfer frequencies ranged from 0.4 × 10-14 - 5.5 × 10-11 per donor cells with the highest median conjugation transfer frequency observed among isolates from animal (3.23 × 10-12 [IQR: 0.70 × 10-12 - 7.22 × 10-12]) followed by that of isolates from the environment (1.60 × 10-12 [IQR: 0.30 × 10-12 - 5.0 × 10-12]). Conclusion ESBL producing E. coli from human, animals and environment exercises horizontal blaCTX-M gene transfer efficiently with the highest occurrence among isolates from the environment and animals. The antimicrobial resistance control and prevention strategies should be widened up to explore strategies to prevent horizontal AMR gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam A. Mwakyoma
- Department of Bochemistry and Molecular Biology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P. O. Box 1464, Bugando, Mwanza, Tanzania
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, P. O. Box 3010 Moshi, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
| | - Benson R. Kidenya
- Department of Bochemistry and Molecular Biology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P. O. Box 1464, Bugando, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Caroline A. Minja
- Department of Bochemistry and Molecular Biology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P. O. Box 1464, Bugando, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Martha F. Mushi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P. O. Box 1464, Bugando, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Alison Sandeman
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Wilber Sabiti
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | | | - Stephen E. Mshana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P. O. Box 1464, Bugando, Mwanza, Tanzania
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Ulomi WJ, Mgaya FX, Kimera Z, Matee MI. Determination of Sulphonamides and Tetracycline Residues in Liver Tissues of Broiler Chicken Sold in Kinondoni and Ilala Municipalities, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11091222. [PMID: 36140001 PMCID: PMC9495219 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11091222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In Tanzania, the increased demand for animal-derived foods, particularly eggs, meat, and milk, has resulted in the intensification of farming systems with the use of antimicrobials, particularly sulphonamides and tetracyclines. According to the FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius commission, concentrations of antimicrobial residues in food exceeding the acceptable daily intake (ADI) and maximum residual limit (MRL) pose a health risk to consumers. This cross-sectional study determined the concentrations of sulphonamide and tetracycline residues in the liver tissues of commercial broiler chicken sold in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, to find out whether the amounts of residues were within the legally permitted and acceptable limits in food. We conveniently sampled eighty-four liver tissue samples from broiler chicken sold in two out of six large markets in Dar es Salaam. The amounts of tetracycline and sulphonamide residues were determined using an ELISA kit (Shenzhen Lvshiyuan Biotechnology Company, Shenzhen, China). The results showed that all 100% (n = 84) samples contained tetracycline residues and 21.4% (n = 18) samples contained sulphonamide residues, while 21.4% (n = 18) contained both sulphonamide and tetracycline residues. The concentrations of sulphonamide residues were within the maximum residual limit (MRL). However, 90.5% (n = 76) of the samples had tetracycline levels that exceeded the acceptable daily intake (ADI) range 0–3 µg/kg and 13.1% (n = 11) of the samples had tetracycline levels that exceeded the maximum residue limit of 300 µg/kg. The observed presence of antibiotic residues in the poultry tissues poses a health risk to consumers, and may lead to antimicrobial resistance micro-organisms, which may spread to humans and animals via the environment. Vigorous surveillance and observation of the withdrawal periods should be advocated to ensure that the food from animals is safe with regard to the residues of veterinary medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winstone J. Ulomi
- Tanzania Bureau of Standards, P.O. Box 9524, Dar es Salaam 16103, Tanzania
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam 11103, Tanzania
- Correspondence:
| | - Fauster X. Mgaya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam 11103, Tanzania
| | - Zuhura Kimera
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam 11103, Tanzania
| | - Mecky I. Matee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam 11103, Tanzania
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Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Escherichia coli Isolates from Small Scale Dairy Cattle in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12141853. [PMID: 35883400 PMCID: PMC9311648 DOI: 10.3390/ani12141853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Dearth of information on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in small-scale dairy cattle in Dar es Salaam, the commercial city of Tanzania, prompted us to conduct this study. The objective was to determine the different levels of resistance phenotypical patterns among Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolates from rectal swabs of apparently healthy cattle. Antimicrobial resistance occurs when microorganisms develop the ability to tolerate antimicrobial concentrations to which they were initially susceptible. It is a phenomenon of global concern, which is on the rise due to antimicrobial use in food-producing animals. In dairy farms, cattle carry high levels of AMR Escherichia coli (E. coli), and may act as a potential reservoir. The study revealed that resistance to ampicillin, cefotaxime, tetracycline and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole was the most frequent. Resistance to nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, and gentamycin was also observed among the E. coli isolates, but with lower percentages. E. coli resistant to third generation cephalosporins was also detected. The results of the current study give an insight into the status of antimicrobial resistance and multidrug resistance in small-scale dairy cattle in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The findings call for further research, prudent antimicrobial use, and surveillance initiatives. Abstract In Tanzania, information on antimicrobial resistance in small-scale dairy cattle is scarce. This cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the different levels and pattern of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), in 121 Escherichia coli isolated from rectal swab of 201 apparently healthy small-scale dairy cattle in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Isolation and identification of E. coli were carried out using enrichment media, selective media, and biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar (Merck), according to the recommendations of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Resistance was tested against ampicillin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime. Resistance to almost all antimicrobial agents was observed. The agents to which resistance was demonstrated most frequently were ampicillin (96.7%), cefotaxime (95.0%), tetracycline (50.4%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (42.1%) and nalidixic acid (33.1%). In this case, 20 extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) producing E. coli were identified. 74.4% (90/121) of the isolates were Multidrug resistant (MDR), ranging from a combination of three to 8 different classes. The most frequently observed phenotypes were AMP-SXT-CTX with a prevalence of 12.4%, followed by the combination AMP-CTX with 10.7% and TE-AMP-CTX and NA + TE + AMP + CTX with 8.3% each. The high prevalence and wide range of AMR calls for prudent antimicrobial use.
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Adebowale O, Makanjuola M, Bankole N, Olasoju M, Alamu A, Kperegbeyi E, Oladejo O, Fasanmi O, Adeyemo O, Fasina FO. Multi-Drug Resistant Escherichia coli, Biosecurity and Anti-Microbial Use in Live Bird Markets, Abeokuta, Nigeria. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11020253. [PMID: 35203856 PMCID: PMC8868421 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11020253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Live bird markets (LBM) remain a critical link from farm to fork in the poultry value chain, which oftentimes promotes indiscriminate antimicrobial use (AMU) and resistance (AMR). In this study, we assessed biosecurity practices, AMU, and associated these with multidrug resistant (MDR) E. coli in LBMs in Abeokuta, Ogun State. A cross-sectional survey among live bird sellers (LBS) in eight LBMs was conducted using a semi-structured questionnaire. Also, cloacal samples (n = 200) were randomly collected and pooled for bacteriological detection of MDR E. coli in live chickens of consenting LBS. Susceptibility to 14 antimicrobials belonging to 6 different classes was determined using the disk diffusion method. Biosecurity level and AMU were generally low. LBS less than 46 years were 6.8- fold more likely to fall within the poor biosecurity level (Crudes odds ratio = 6.8; 95% CI; 1.20-38.56; p = 0.03) than others. An informal or primary school education increased the odds of having a poor practice of AMU by 15.1 folds (Crudes odds ratio = 15.1; 95% CI; 2.73-84.18; p = 0.002) than those with secondary or tertiary. The prevalence of E. coli and MDR E. coli at the LBM level were 80% and 56.3%, respectively. Extremely high resistance rates were observed for ceftazidime (96.9%) and imipenem (90.6%). The odds of MDR E. coli increased eight-fold in poultry kept by LBS who use AMs as prophylaxis. This current data could be useful for the development of targeted behavioral risk communication and mitigation strategies for AMR to impede the potential horizontal transfer of AMR genes to humans through animal-sourced food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwawemimo Adebowale
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta 110124, Nigeria; (M.M.); (M.O.); (E.K.); (O.O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +234-(0)-90-8560-8043
| | - Motunrayo Makanjuola
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta 110124, Nigeria; (M.M.); (M.O.); (E.K.); (O.O.)
| | - Noah Bankole
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta 110124, Nigeria;
| | - Mary Olasoju
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta 110124, Nigeria; (M.M.); (M.O.); (E.K.); (O.O.)
| | - Aderonke Alamu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta 110124, Nigeria;
| | - Eniola Kperegbeyi
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta 110124, Nigeria; (M.M.); (M.O.); (E.K.); (O.O.)
| | - Oladotun Oladejo
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta 110124, Nigeria; (M.M.); (M.O.); (E.K.); (O.O.)
| | - Olubunmi Fasanmi
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Technology, Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, Ibadan 200262, Nigeria;
| | - Olanike Adeyemo
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200284, Nigeria;
| | - Folorunso O. Fasina
- ECTAD, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Dar es Salaam 14111, Tanzania;
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
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Worku W, Desta M, Menjetta T. High prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of salmonella species and extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing Escherichia coli from raw cattle meat at butcher houses in Hawassa city, Sidama regional state, Ethiopia. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262308. [PMID: 35030183 PMCID: PMC8759633 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food-borne diseases related to the consumption of meat and its products had public health importance worldwide. The problem became worst in Ethiopia as the result of the tradition of eating raw cattle meat. Salmonella species and Escherichia coli are important food-borne pathogens associated with meat contamination. Hence the current study aimed to assess the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella species and Extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing Escherichia coli from raw cattle meat at butcher houses in Hawassa city, Sidama regional state, Ethiopia. METHOD A cross-sectional study was done on the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Salmonella species and Extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing E.coli from raw cattle meat at butcher houses in Hawassa city from September to December 2020. Socio-demographic data were collected using a structured questionnaire and raw cattle meat and swab samples were collected from meat cutting equipment. The collected samples transported using icebox to Hawassa University College of Medicine and Health Sciences Microbiology Laboratory for identification. Samples were grown on different culture media and antimicrobial susceptibility tests were determined by using Kirby disc diffusion method. Data were entered and analyzed into SPSS version 23. Descriptive statistics were done and P-value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. RESULT The overall prevalence of salmonella and ESBL producing E.coli among 556 samples collected from 278 butcher houses was 36 (6.47%) (95% CI: 1.68-1.79) of which 13 (2.3%) were ESBL producing E.coli and 23(4.1%) were salmonella species. Poor hand washing practice (AOR = 2.208; 95% CI: 1.249-3.904) and touching birr while selling meat (AOR = 0.75; 95% CI: (0.433-1.299) were found to be significantly associated with the prevalence of salmonella species and E.coli on cattle meat. The isolates showed moderate levels of resistance (60-70%) against Amoxicillin/ clavulanic acid and high susceptibility (85-100%) against gentamicin, cotrimoxazole, ceftazidime, and tetracycline and the overall multidrug resistance was 33.3%. CONCLUSION This study revealed moderately high prevalence of salmonella and E.coli due to poor hygiene and sanitation practices in the butcher shops. Furthermore, the existence of ESBL producing E.coli isolates clearly indicate the possible threat to public health. Therefore, inspection by the right agencies must be implemented in order to prevent food-borne outbreaks and antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woyinshet Worku
- Hawassa College of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Moges Desta
- Hawassa University, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Medical Laboratory Science, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Tadesse Menjetta
- Hawassa University, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Medical Laboratory Science, Hawassa, Ethiopia
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Sornsenee P, Chimplee S, Arbubaker A, Kongchai S, Madimong H, Romyasamit C. Occurrence, Antimicrobial Resistance Profile, and Characterization of Extended-spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli Isolates from Minced Meat at Local Markets in Thailand. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2021; 19:232-240. [PMID: 34941425 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2021.0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli exhibits strong multidrug resistance (MDR) to ampicillin and third-generation cephalosporins. This study examined the occurrence, antimicrobial susceptibility, and molecular genetic features of ESBL-producing E. coli isolates from three commonly consumed minced meat varieties, namely pork, chicken, and beef. In total, 150 samples were collected from 10 local markets in Thailand. ESBL-producing E. coli was identified in 78 samples (52%), and minced chicken meat was most contaminated (79.17%). The isolates exhibited potential susceptibility to amikacin (96.16%) and carbapenems (91-95%). However, ESBL-producing E. coli displayed strong resistance to ampicillin and cefpodoxime (100%) and high MDR to 3-5 antibiotic classes (94.87%). Most presumptive ESBL producers harbored ESBL resistance genes (97.44%), most commonly blaTEM (78.21%). Indeed, our results demonstrated that raw minced meat has a high occurrence of ESBL-producing E. coli harboring ESBL resistance genes, highlighting the importance of implementation of sanitary handling practices to reduce microbial contamination in commercial meat as well as the need for consumer education on safe handling and cooking of meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoomjai Sornsenee
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
| | - Siriphorn Chimplee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
| | - Arseesa Arbubaker
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Thailand
| | - Sutharinee Kongchai
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Thailand
| | - Hilmee Madimong
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Thailand
| | - Chonticha Romyasamit
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Thailand.,Research Center of Excellence in Innovation of Essential Oil, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Thailand
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Kiiti RW, Komba EV, Msoffe PL, Mshana SE, Rweyemamu M, Matee MIN. Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Escherichia coli Isolated from Broiler and Layer Chickens in Arusha and Mwanza, Tanzania. Int J Microbiol 2021; 2021:6759046. [PMID: 34721584 PMCID: PMC8556130 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6759046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The rise in the spread of antibiotic-resistant pathogens such as Escherichia coli is one of the very important dynamics off-putting treatment and prophylaxis possibilities, hence posing a threat to the modern human medicine, veterinary medicine, and food safety. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine antimicrobial resistance profiles in E. coli isolates obtained from broiler and layer chickens in Mwanza and Arusha regions in Tanzania. A cross-sectional study was carried out from February to March, 2021, in 402 poultry farms in Mwanza (201) and Arusha (201) regions in Tanzania. All samples that tested positive for E. coli were confirmed using MALDI-TOF MS, and two hundred and four (204) E. coli isolates were randomly chosen and subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing by disc diffusion method. Data were entered in Microsoft Excel® and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Isolates were tested against seven antimicrobial agents belonging to seven classes of antimicrobials. All the tested isolates (n = 204) were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent. Overall, the highest resistance was observed in ampicillin (100%), whereas the lowest resistance was recorded for gentamicin (10.3%). Majority of the isolates (86.76%) were multidrug resistant. Antimicrobial resistance of E. coli to four classes of antimicrobial agents was the highest in this study (31.1%). Six of the 177 tested isolates (2.9%) were resistant to the seven classes of antimicrobial agents. 21 of the 204 (10.29%) isolates were ESBL producers where 21/21 (100%) isolates expressed bla TEM genes and only two isolates expressed (2/21) bla CTX-M gene. The isolates obtained in this study displayed high resistance to commonly used antimicrobial agents in veterinary and human medicine. This implies that there is existence of practices that accelerate antimicrobial resistance in the production of the sampled birds and therefore integration of appropriate use of antimicrobial agents and other measures that curb the spread of resistant genes is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth W. Kiiti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Erick V. Komba
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Peter L. Msoffe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Stephen E. Mshana
- Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza 33109, Tanzania
| | - Mark Rweyemamu
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3297, Morogoro 67125, Tanzania
| | - Mecky I. N. Matee
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3297, Morogoro 67125, Tanzania
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam 11103, Tanzania
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Occurrence of Multi-Drug-Resistant Escherichia coli in Chickens, Humans, Rodents and Household Soil in Karatu, Northern Tanzania. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10091137. [PMID: 34572718 PMCID: PMC8469054 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10091137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated antibiotic resistance profiles of Escherichia coli among 960 samples obtained from chickens (236), humans (243), rodents (101) and soil (290). E. coli was isolated from 650 (67.7%) samples. Isolation frequency varied significantly between chickens, humans, rodents and soil samples, being 81.6%, 86.5%, 79.2% and 31.0%, respectively (p < 0.001). Resistance rates were particularly higher against imipenem (79.8%), cefotaxime (79.7%) and tetracycline (73.7%) and moderate against amoxicillin-clavulanate (49.4%). Overall, 78.8% of the isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR) among which, 38.8%, 25.1%, 12.9% and 2.5% exhibited resistance to three, four, five and six different classes of antibiotics, respectively. Multidrug-resistant E. coli were observed in 27.7%, 30.3%, 10.8% and 10.0% of the isolates from chickens, humans, rodents and soil samples, respectively. Our results show high levels of antimicrobial resistance including MDR in E. coli isolated from chickens, humans, rodents and soil samples in Karatu, Northern Tanzania. Comprehensive interventions using a one-health approach are needed and should include improving (i) awareness of the community on judicious use of antimicrobial agents in humans and animals, (ii) house conditions and waste management and (iii) rodent control measures.
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Kimera ZI, Mgaya FX, Mshana SE, Karimuribo ED, Matee MIN. Occurrence of Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) Producers, Quinolone and Carbapenem Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Isolated from Environmental Samples along Msimbazi River Basin Ecosystem in Tanzania. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18168264. [PMID: 34444027 PMCID: PMC8394723 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We conducted environmental surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) bacteria in the Msimbazi river basin in Tanzania to determine the occurrence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing, carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) and quinolone resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. A total of 213 Enterobacteriaceae isolates were recovered from 219 samples. Out of the recovered isolates, 45.5% (n = 97) were Klebsiella pneumoniae and 29.6% (n = 63) were Escherichia coli. K. pneumoniae isolates were more resistant in effluent (27.9%) compared to the E. coli (26.6%). The E. coli had a higher resistance in river water, sediment and crop soil than the K. pneumoniae (35 versus 25%), respectively. Higher resistance in K. pneumoniae was found in nalidixic acid (54.6%) and ciprofloxacin (33.3%) while the E. coli isolates were highly resistant to ciprofloxacin (39.7%) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (38%). Resistance increased from 28.3% in Kisarawe, where the river originates, to 59.9% in Jangwani (the middle section) and 66.7% in Upanga West, where the river enters the Indian Ocean. Out of 160 E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates, 53.2% (n = 85) were resistant to more than three classes of the antibiotic tested, occurrence being higher among ESBL producers, quinolone resistant and carbapenem resistant strains. There is an urgent need to curb environmental contamination with antimicrobial agents in the Msimbazi Basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuhura I. Kimera
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam 11103, Tanzania; (F.X.M.); (M.I.N.M.)
- Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, Mtumba Area, P.O. Box 2182, Dodoma 40487, Tanzania
- Correspondence:
| | - Fauster X. Mgaya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam 11103, Tanzania; (F.X.M.); (M.I.N.M.)
| | - Stephen E. Mshana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza 33109, Tanzania;
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3297, Morogoro 67125, Tanzania;
| | - Esron D. Karimuribo
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3297, Morogoro 67125, Tanzania;
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Morogoro 67125, Tanzania
| | - Mecky I. N. Matee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam 11103, Tanzania; (F.X.M.); (M.I.N.M.)
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3297, Morogoro 67125, Tanzania;
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Frumence G, Mboera LEG, Sindato C, Durrance-Bagale A, Jung AS, Mshana SE, Clark TG, Legido-Quigley H, Matee MI. Practices and Challenges of Veterinary Paraprofessionals in Regards to Antimicrobial Use and Resistance in Animals in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10060733. [PMID: 34204437 PMCID: PMC8234030 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10060733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a qualitative study to explore the practices and challenges of veterinary paraprofessionals (paravets) on antimicrobial use and resistance in domestic animals. METHODS This was a qualitative study, which involved semi-structured interviews with paravets from the Ilala, Ubungo, Kigamboni, Kinondoni, and Temeke districts in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. RESULTS A total of 40 paravets participated in this study. The majority (72.5%) admitted to having not undergone any formal training on antimicrobial use and/or resistance. Paravets face several challenges, including poor working conditions and having no access to laboratory services to advise on antimicrobial choice and selection. They also face challenges from livestock farmers such as the inability to afford the recommended medicines, the self-prescription of antimicrobials, and poor record keeping. The presence of sub-standard medicine and the lack of guidelines on the appropriate disposal of medicines were also identified as affecting their services. CONCLUSION Paravets should be trained in the judicious use of antimicrobials, and the same training should be used to refresh their knowledge on the diagnosis and prevention of infections. The Veterinary Council of Tanzania and other regulatory agencies should assist in addressing the challenges facing paravets that are related to animal health services and the quality of medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gasto Frumence
- Department of Development Studies, School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65454, Dar es Salaam 65001, Tanzania
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro 3019, Tanzania; (L.E.G.M.); (C.S.); (S.E.M.); (M.I.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Leonard E. G. Mboera
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro 3019, Tanzania; (L.E.G.M.); (C.S.); (S.E.M.); (M.I.M.)
| | - Calvin Sindato
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro 3019, Tanzania; (L.E.G.M.); (C.S.); (S.E.M.); (M.I.M.)
- National Institute for Medical Research, Tabora Research Centre, P.O. Box 482, 026 Boma Road, Tabora 45026, Tanzania
| | - Anna Durrance-Bagale
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1H 9SH, UK; (A.D.-B.); (A.-S.J.); (T.G.C.); (H.L.-Q.)
| | - Anne-Sophie Jung
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1H 9SH, UK; (A.D.-B.); (A.-S.J.); (T.G.C.); (H.L.-Q.)
| | - Stephen E. Mshana
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro 3019, Tanzania; (L.E.G.M.); (C.S.); (S.E.M.); (M.I.M.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza 33109, Tanzania
| | - Taane G. Clark
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1H 9SH, UK; (A.D.-B.); (A.-S.J.); (T.G.C.); (H.L.-Q.)
| | - Helena Legido-Quigley
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1H 9SH, UK; (A.D.-B.); (A.-S.J.); (T.G.C.); (H.L.-Q.)
| | - Mecky I. Matee
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro 3019, Tanzania; (L.E.G.M.); (C.S.); (S.E.M.); (M.I.M.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam 11103, Tanzania
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