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Ramachandran R, Ford E, Gomaa B, Abdelhamed H. Trans-Cinnamaldehyde Primes More Robust Channel Catfish Immune Responses to Edwardsiella ictaluri Infection. Pathogens 2024; 13:310. [PMID: 38668265 PMCID: PMC11054112 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13040310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Infection with Edwardsiella ictaluri, a causative agent of enteric septicemia of catfish, threatens profitable catfish production through inventory losses. We previously demonstrated that trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC) enhances the survival of catfish following E. ictaluri infection. The present study was conducted to investigate catfish immune responses to TC feeding and E. ictaluri infection. The expression of 13 proinflammatory, innate, and adaptive immune-related genes was evaluated over time in two sets of experiments using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In the first experiment, catfish were fed a basal diet with or without TC supplementation, while in the second they were fed a TC-supplemented or normal diet followed by infection with E. ictaluri. The catfish group infected with E. ictaluri and fed a TC-diet showed significant changes in the expression of innate and adaptive immune-related genes compared to control group. At 21 and 28 days post-infection, recovered fish showed significant increases in the expression of IgM in the anterior kidney and spleen. These results suggest that the supplemental dietary intake of TC can improve the immune status of catfish via engaging innate and adaptive immune responses and the production of memory cells in immunocompetent tissues. Together, this study provides an important foundation for the potential application of TC as an antimicrobial alternative in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hossam Abdelhamed
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA; (R.R.); (E.F.); (B.G.)
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Chan CY, Vishwanath V, Cheung HY, Cheng YTJ, Ki K, Airis Mok HM, Pudipeddi A, Lee AHC, Cheung GSP, Neelakantan P. Tissue Stabilization, Bacterial Adhesion, and Stem Cell Viability in Trans-cinnamaldehyde-conditioned Dentin. J Endod 2023; 49:1634-1640. [PMID: 37793567 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2023.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This laboratory study aimed to evaluate the effect of trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC) conditioning on dentin tissue stabilization, bacterial adhesion, and stem cell toxicity. METHODS Dentin beams (n = 204) from extracted human molars were demineralized in phosphoric acid and treated with TC (2.5, 5, and 7.5%), 50% ethanol-water mixture (vehicle control) or 2.5% glutaraldehyde (GA) (positive control) for 30 minutes. Demineralized but untreated specimens served as the negative control. After treatment, collagen crosslinking was characterized by measuring the elastic modulus (Er) and hardness (n = 5). Biodegradation resistance was examined by determining the loss of dry mass (n = 8), hydroxyproline release (n = 4) and scanning electron microscopy (n = 2), after exposure to bacterial collagenase. Inhibition of bacterial adhesion was investigated by colony counting assay (n = 12) and scanning electron microscopy (n = 2). Viability of stem cells of the apical papilla on TC-conditioned dentin was determined using the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay (n = 8). Data were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test followed by Dunnett's multiple comparisons at a significance level of 5%. RESULTS TC-conditioned dentin showed a concentration-dependent increase in Er and hardness. The Er and hardness of 5% and 7.5% TC-conditioned dentin were significantly greater than that of the negative control and vehicle control groups (P < .05). There was no significant difference in the biodegradation resistance between GA and 5% TC-conditioned dentin (P > .05). TC-conditioned dentin showed a well-preserved collagen fibril network with clear cross-banding, comparable to GA-conditioned dentin. All concentrations of TC inhibited bacterial adhesion on dentin, significantly greater than the negative control (P < .05). There was no reduction in viability of stem cells of the apical papilla viability on TC-conditioned dentin compared to the negative control (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS TC conditioning stabilized the dentin and protected it from enzymatic degradation. TC prevented bacterial adhesion on the dentin but maintained stem cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Yan Chan
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | | | - Hoi Yin Cheung
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | | | - Kei Ki
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | | | - Akhila Pudipeddi
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | | | - Gary Shun Pan Cheung
- Department of Dental Surgery, University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Prasanna Neelakantan
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR; Department of Endodontics, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, California.
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3
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Cheng S, Su R, Song L, Bai X, Yang H, Li Z, Li Z, Zhan X, Xia X, Lü X, Shi C. Citral and trans-cinnamaldehyde, two plant-derived antimicrobial agents can induce Staphylococcus aureus into VBNC state with different characteristics. Food Microbiol 2023; 112:104241. [PMID: 36906323 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2023.104241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state bacteria are difficult to detect in the food industry due to their nonculturable nature and their recovery characteristics pose a potential threat to human health. The results of this study indicated that S. aureus was found to enter the VBNC state completely after induced by citral (1 and 2 mg/mL) for 2 h, and after induced by trans-cinnamaldehyde (0.5 and 1 mg/mL) for 1 h and 3 h, respectively. Except for VBNC state cells induced by 2 mg/mL citral, the VBNC state cells induced by the other three conditions (1 mg/mL citral, 0.5 and 1 mg/mL trans-cinnamaldehyde) were able to be resuscitated in TSB media. In the VBNC state cells induced by citral and trans-cinnamaldehyde, the ATP concentration was reduced, the hemolysin-producing ability was significantly decreased, but the intracellular ROS level was elevated. The results of heat and simulated gastric fluid experiments showed different environment resistance on VBNC state cells induced by citral and trans-cinnamaldehyde. In addition, by observing the VBNC state cells showed that irregular folds on the surface, increased electron density inside and vacuoles in the nuclear region. What's more, S. aureus was found to enter the VBNC state completely after induced by meat-based broth containing citral (1 and 2 mg/mL) for 7 h and 5 h, after induced by meat-based broth containing trans-cinnamaldehyde (0.5 and 1 mg/mL) for 8 h and 7 h. In summary, citral and trans-cinnamaldehyde can induce S. aureus into VBNC state and food industry needs to comprehensively evaluate the antibacterial capacity of these two plant-derived antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Cheng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Ruiying Su
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Luyi Song
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiangyang Bai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Hui Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Zhenye Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiangjun Zhan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiaodong Xia
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116304, China
| | - Xin Lü
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Chao Shi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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4
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Brezhnev A, Tang FK, Kwan CS, Basabrain MS, Tsoi JKH, Matinlinna JP, Neelakantan P, Leung KCF. One-Pot Preparation of Cetylpyridinium Chloride-Containing Nanoparticles for Biofilm Eradication. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:1221-1230. [PMID: 36862938 PMCID: PMC10031565 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c01080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) have been widely used due to their excellent antimicrobial activity. However, using the technology where nanomaterials are employed as drug carriers to deliver QAC drugs has not been fully explored. In this study, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) with short rod morphology were synthesized in a one-pot reaction using an antiseptic drug cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC). CPC-MSN were characterized via various methods and tested against three bacterial species (Streptococcus mutans, Actinomyces naeslundii, and Enterococcus faecalis), which are associated with oral infections, caries, and endodontic pathology. The nanoparticle delivery system used in this study prolonged the release of CPC. The manufactured CPC-MSN effectively killed the tested bacteria within the biofilm, and their size allowed them to penetrate into dentinal tubules. This CPC-MSN nanoparticle delivery system demonstrates potential for applications in dental materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Brezhnev
- Restorative Dental Sciences, Discipline of Endodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Fung-Kit Tang
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Chak-Shing Kwan
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Mohammed S Basabrain
- Restorative Dental Sciences, Discipline of Endodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - James Kit Hon Tsoi
- Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Dental Materials Science, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Jukka P Matinlinna
- Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Dental Materials Science, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
- Division of Dentistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Prasanna Neelakantan
- Restorative Dental Sciences, Discipline of Endodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Ken Cham-Fai Leung
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
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5
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Xie Y, Wang L, Yang Y, Zha L, Zhang J, Rong K, Tang W, Zhang J. Antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity of diarylureas against Enterococcus faecium by suppressing the gene expression of peptidoglycan hydrolases and adherence. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1071255. [PMID: 36590419 PMCID: PMC9797508 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1071255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecium (E. faecium) is a clinical multidrug-resistant pathogen causing life-threatening infection, which makes it important to discover antibacterial agents with novel scaffolds and unique mechanism. In this study, the diarylurea scaffold was found to have potent antibacterial effect on E. faecium. Diarylurea ZJ-2 with benign drug-like property exhibited potent antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity through inhibiting the genes expression of NlpC/p60 hydrolase-secreted antigen A (sagA) and autolysins (atlA), down-regulating the expression of biofilm adherence related genes aggregation substance (agg), enterococcal surface protein (esp) against E. faecium. Moreover, ZJ-2 can be docked into SagA to inhibit daughter cell separation. In a mouse model of abdominal infection, ZJ-2 decreased the bacterial load and the level of IL-6 and TNF-α in a time-dependent manner. Overall, these findings indicated that diarylurea ZJ-2 has the potential to be developed as a therapeutic agent to treat drug-resistant enterococci and biofilm-related infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Xie
- School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Anhui Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Disease, Anhui No. 2 Provincial People's Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China
| | - Liang Zha
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jiazhen Zhang
- School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China
| | - Kuanrong Rong
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wenjian Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China,*Correspondence: Wenjian Tang,
| | - Jing Zhang
- Anhui Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Disease, Anhui No. 2 Provincial People's Hospital, Hefei, China,Jing Zhang,
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Hu M, Kalimuthu S, Zhang C, Ali IAA, Neelakantan P. Trans-cinnamaldehyde-Biosurfactant Complex as a Potent Agent against Enterococcus faecalis Biofilms. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2355. [PMID: 36365173 PMCID: PMC9692797 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is an opportunistic microbial pathogen frequently associated with diverse infections, including those of the skin and teeth, as well as those from surgical wounds. It forms robust biofilms that are highly tolerant to most antimicrobials and first-line antibiotics. Therefore, investigating alternative strategies to eradicate its biofilms is a critical need. We recently demonstrated that trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC) potently kills E. faecalis biofilm cells and prevents biofilm recovery, and yet, the extreme hydrophobicity of TC hampers clinical translation. Here, we report that a complex of TC with an FDA-approved biosurfactant (acidic sophorolipid/ASL) significantly reduces the bacterial viability and biomass of E. faecalis biofilms, compared to TC alone. A confocal laser-scanning microscopic analysis demonstrated that the TC-ASL treatment significantly decreased the biofilm thickness and volume. In conclusion, our study highlights the anti-biofilm potential of the newly developed TC-ASL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxin Hu
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | - Chengfei Zhang
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Islam A. A. Ali
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
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7
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Mastoor S, Nazim F, Rizwan-ul-Hasan S, Ahmed K, Khan S, Ali SN, Abidi SH. Analysis of the Antimicrobial and Anti-Biofilm Activity of Natural Compounds and Their Analogues against Staphylococcus aureus Isolates. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27206874. [PMID: 36296467 PMCID: PMC9610881 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27206874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is one of the most frequent causes of biofilm-associated infections. With the emergence of antibiotic-resistant, especially methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), there is an urgent need to discover novel inhibitory compounds against this clinically important pathogen. In this study, we evaluated the antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity of 11 compounds, including phenyl propenes and phenolic aldehydes, eugenol, ferulic acid, sinapic acid, salicylaldehyde, vanillin, cinnamoyl acid, and aldehydes, against drug-resistant S. aureus isolates. (2) Methods: Thirty-two clinical S. aureus isolates were obtained from Alkhidmat Diagnostic Center and Blood Bank, Karachi, Pakistan, and screened for biofilm-forming potential, and susceptibility/resistance against ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, ampicillin, amikacin, cephalothin, clindamycin, streptomycin, and gentamicin using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Subsequently, 5 representative clinical isolates were selected and used to test the antimicrobial and anti-biofilm potential of 11 compounds using both qualitative and quantitative assays, followed by qPCR analysis to examine the differences in the expression levels of biofilm-forming genes (ica-A, fnb-B, clf-A and cna) in treated (with natural compounds and their derivatives) and untreated isolates. (3) Results: All isolates were found to be multi-drug resistant and dominant biofilm formers. The individual Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of natural compounds and their analogues ranged from 0.75−160 mg/mL. Furthermore, the compounds, Salicylaldehyde (SALI), Vanillin (VAN), α-methyl-trans-cinnamaldehyde (A-MT), and trans-4-nitrocinnamic acid (T4N) exhibited significant (15−92%) biofilm inhibition/reduction percentage capacity at the concentration of 1−10 mg/mL. Gene expression analysis showed that salicylaldehyde, α-methyl-trans-cinnamaldehyde, and α-bromo-trans-cinnamaldehyde resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) downregulation of the expression of ica-A, clf-A, and fnb-A genes compared to the untreated resistant isolate. (4) Conclusions: The natural compounds and their analogues used in this study exhibited significant antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity against S. aureus. Biofilms persist as the main concern in clinical settings. These compounds may serve as potential candidate drug molecules against biofilm forming S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sobia Mastoor
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, Karachi 74600, Pakistan
| | - Fizza Nazim
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
| | | | - Khalid Ahmed
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
| | - Shabnam Khan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Syed Nawazish Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Syed Hani Abidi
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan
- Correspondence:
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8
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Uddin Mahamud AGMS, Nahar S, Ashrafudoulla M, Park SH, Ha SD. Insights into antibiofilm mechanisms of phytochemicals: Prospects in the food industry. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:1736-1763. [PMID: 36066482 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2119201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The recalcitrance of microbial aggregation or biofilm in the food industry underpins the emerging antimicrobial resistance among foodborne pathogens, exacerbating the phenomena of food spoilage, processing and safety management failure, and the prevalence of foodborne illnesses. The challenges of growing tolerance to current chemical and disinfectant-based antibiofilm strategies have driven the urgency in finding a less vulnerable to bacterial resistance, effective alternative antibiofilm agent. To address these issues, various novel strategies are suggested in current days to combat bacterial biofilm. Among the innovative approaches, phytochemicals have already demonstrated their excellent performance in preventing biofilm formation and bactericidal actions against resident bacteria within biofilms. However, the diverse group of phytochemicals and their different modes of action become a barrier to applying them against specific pathogenic biofilm-formers. This phenomenon mandates the need to elucidate the multi-mechanistic actions of phytochemicals to design an effective novel antibiofilm strategy. Therefore, this review critically illustrates the structure - activity relationship, functional sites of actions, and target molecules of diverse phytochemicals regarding multiple major antibiofilm mechanisms and reversal mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance. The implementation of the in-depth knowledge will hopefully aid future studies for developing phytochemical-based next-generation antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G M Sofi Uddin Mahamud
- School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Shamsun Nahar
- School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Ashrafudoulla
- School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Si Hong Park
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Sang-Do Ha
- School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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Venkateswaran P, Lakshmanan PM, Muthukrishnan S, Bhagavathi H, Vasudevan S, Neelakantan P, Solomon AP. Hidden agenda of Enterococcus faecalis lifestyle transition: planktonic to sessile state. Future Microbiol 2022; 17:1051-1069. [PMID: 35899477 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2021-0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis, a human gastrointestinal tract commensal, is known to cause nosocomial infections. Interestingly, the pathogen's host colonization and persistent infections are possibly linked to its lifestyle changes from planktonic to sessile state. Also, the multidrug resistance and survival fitness acquired in the sessile stage of E. faecalis has challenged treatment regimes. This situation exists because of the critical role played by several root genes and their molecular branches, which are part of quorum sensing, aggregation substance, surface adhesions, stress-related response and sex pheromones in the sessile state. It is therefore imperative to decode the hidden agenda of E. faecalis and understand the significant factors influencing biofilm formation. This would, in turn, augment the development of novel strategies to tackle E. faecalis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvathy Venkateswaran
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, 613401, India
| | - Priya M Lakshmanan
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, 613401, India
| | - Sudhiksha Muthukrishnan
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, 613401, India
| | - Hema Bhagavathi
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, 613401, India
| | - Sahana Vasudevan
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, 613401, India
| | | | - Adline P Solomon
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, 613401, India
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10
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Didehdar M, Chegini Z, Tabaeian SP, Razavi S, Shariati A. Cinnamomum: The New Therapeutic Agents for Inhibition of Bacterial and Fungal Biofilm-Associated Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:930624. [PMID: 35899044 PMCID: PMC9309250 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.930624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the potent antibacterial properties of Cinnamomum and its derivatives, particularly cinnamaldehyde, recent studies have used these compounds to inhibit the growth of the most prevalent bacterial and fungal biofilms. By inhibiting flagella protein synthesis and swarming motility, Cinnamomum could suppress bacterial attachment, colonization, and biofilm formation in an early stage. Furthermore, by downregulation of Cyclic di‐guanosine monophosphate (c‐di‐GMP), biofilm-related genes, and quorum sensing, this compound suppresses intercellular adherence and accumulation of bacterial cells in biofilm and inhibits important bacterial virulence factors. In addition, Cinnamomum could lead to preformed biofilm elimination by enhancing membrane permeability and the disruption of membrane integrity. Moreover, this substance suppresses the Candida species adherence to the oral epithelial cells, leading to the cell wall deformities, damage, and leakages of intracellular material that may contribute to the established Candida’s biofilm elimination. Therefore, by inhibiting biofilm maturation and destroying the external structure of biofilm, Cinnamomum could boost antibiotic treatment success in combination therapy. However, Cinnamomum has several disadvantages, such as poor solubility in aqueous solution, instability, and volatility; thus, the use of different drug-delivery systems may resolve these limitations and should be further considered in future investigations. Overall, Cinnamomum could be a promising agent for inhibiting microbial biofilm-associated infection and could be used as a catheter and other medical materials surface coatings to suppress biofilm formation. Nonetheless, further in vitro toxicology analysis and animal experiments are required to confirm the reported molecular antibiofilm effect of Cinnamomum and its derivative components against microbial biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Didehdar
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Zahra Chegini
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Seidamir Pasha Tabaeian
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shabnam Razavi
- Microbial Biotechnology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aref Shariati
- Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
- *Correspondence: Aref Shariati,
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Trans-Cinnamaldehyde Eluting Porous Silicon Microparticles Mitigate Cariogenic Biofilms. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14071428. [PMID: 35890323 PMCID: PMC9322055 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental caries, a preventable disease, is caused by highly-adherent, acid-producing biofilms composed of bacteria and yeasts. Current caries-preventive approaches are ineffective in controlling biofilm development. Recent studies demonstrate definite advantages in using natural compounds such as trans-cinnamaldehyde in thwarting biofilm assembly, and yet, the remarkable difficulty in delivering such hydrophobic bioactive molecules prevents further development. To address this critical challenge, we have developed an innovative platform composed of components with a proven track record of safety. We fabricated and thoroughly characterised porous silicon (pSi) microparticles to carry and deliver the natural phenyl propanoid trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC). We investigated its effects on preventing the development of cross-kingdom biofilms (Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans), typical of dental caries found in children. The prepared pSi microparticles were roughly cubic in structure with 70–75% porosity, to which the TC (pSi-TC) was loaded with about 45% efficiency. The pSi-TC particles exhibited a controlled release of the cargo over a 14-day period. Notably, pSi-TC significantly inhibited biofilms, specifically downregulating the glucan synthesis pathways, leading to reduced adhesion to the substrate. Acid production, a vital virulent trait for caries development, was also hindered by pSi-TC. This pioneering study highlights the potential to develop the novel pSi-TC as a dental caries-preventive material.
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Targeting the Holy Triangle of Quorum Sensing, Biofilm Formation, and Antibiotic Resistance in Pathogenic Bacteria. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061239. [PMID: 35744757 PMCID: PMC9228545 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic and recurrent bacterial infections are frequently associated with the formation of biofilms on biotic or abiotic materials that are composed of mono- or multi-species cultures of bacteria/fungi embedded in an extracellular matrix produced by the microorganisms. Biofilm formation is, among others, regulated by quorum sensing (QS) which is an interbacterial communication system usually composed of two-component systems (TCSs) of secreted autoinducer compounds that activate signal transduction pathways through interaction with their respective receptors. Embedded in the biofilms, the bacteria are protected from environmental stress stimuli, and they often show reduced responses to antibiotics, making it difficult to eradicate the bacterial infection. Besides reduced penetration of antibiotics through the intricate structure of the biofilms, the sessile biofilm-embedded bacteria show reduced metabolic activity making them intrinsically less sensitive to antibiotics. Moreover, they frequently express elevated levels of efflux pumps that extrude antibiotics, thereby reducing their intracellular levels. Some efflux pumps are involved in the secretion of QS compounds and biofilm-related materials, besides being important for removing toxic substances from the bacteria. Some efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) have been shown to both prevent biofilm formation and sensitize the bacteria to antibiotics, suggesting a relationship between these processes. Additionally, QS inhibitors or quenchers may affect antibiotic susceptibility. Thus, targeting elements that regulate QS and biofilm formation might be a promising approach to combat antibiotic-resistant biofilm-related bacterial infections.
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Attenuation of Enterococcus faecalis biofilm formation by Rhodethrin: A combinatorial study with an antibiotic. Microb Pathog 2022; 163:105401. [PMID: 35032606 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The nosocomial pathogen Enterococcus faecalis critically implicated in the hospital environment. Its major virulence attributes biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance. The novel therapeutics are required to inhibit E. faecalis biofilm formation and virulence. Thus combinatorial and drug repurposing has been promising approaches to tackling biofilm-associated infections. Here, we have used a bacterium that produced indole terpenoid Rhodethrin (Rdn) with a combination of known antibiotic chloramphenicol (Chpl) against E. faecalis (ATCC 19433). The fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) values showed between 0.25 and 0.33 synergistic activities. The exopolysaccharides (EPSs) production significant decrease with Rdn (34.6 ± 4.6%), Chpl (31.0 ± 5.2%), and combination (Rdn-Chpl) (76.0 ± 4.5%) (p > 0.05). However, the biofilm interruption can attenuate of total biofilm was shown with Rdn (39.7 ± 5.1%), Chpl (32.6 ± 4.7%), and Rdn-Chpl (69.0 ± 5.3%), (p > 0.05). The microscopic observations reveal that the gradually unstructured biofilm architecture in E. faecalis. Furthermore, in silico, studies on biofilm-associated proteins (GelE, LuxS), virulence regulating (SprE), and cell division (FtsZ) have resulted in high and reasonable binding affinity, respectively. Thus, our results suggested that the synergism of Rdn-Chpl has the potential to function as a combinatorial antibiotic accelerates in treating vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis infections.
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Afonso AC, Sousa M, Simões LC, Simões M. Phytochemicals Against Drug-Resistant Bacterial Biofilms and Use of Green Extraction Solvents to Increase Their Bioactivity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/5584_2022_723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ali IAA, Lévesque CM, Neelakantan P. Fsr quorum sensing system modulates the temporal development of Enterococcus faecalis biofilm matrix. Mol Oral Microbiol 2021; 37:22-30. [PMID: 34862746 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Quorum sensing (QS) is a cell-to-cell communication process that regulates major pathogenic attributes in bacteria including biofilm formation, secretion of virulence factors, and antimicrobial resistance. The two-component Fsr-QS system of the nosocomial pathogen Enterococcus faecalis controls the production of extracellular gelatinase that contributes to biofilm development by enhancing the release of nucleic acids into the biofilm matrix. However, the contribution of this system to the deposition of other biofilm matrix components such as polysaccharides and proteins remains unknown. Using wild type and mutant strains, we discovered that biofilm formation was attenuated by inactivation of the Fsr system or its downstream gelatinase production. Inactivation of the Fsr system caused a modest, yet significant reduction in biofilm metabolic activity without affecting cell counts. Inactivation of the QS-signal sensor FsrC and response regulator FsrA resulted in decreased extracellular polysaccharides and proteins in biofilms in a temporal manner. Irrespective of biofilm age, eDNA levels were reduced in the gelatinase mutant strain. Our results collectively suggest that the Fsr system contributes to the temporal deposition of polysaccharides and proteins into the extracellular polymeric matrix (EPS) of E. faecalis biofilm, without affecting bacterial viability. This understanding of the role of the Fsr-QS system in biofilm development may reveal a novel target to develop effective antibiofilm agents to tackle E. faecalis-mediated infections such as in dental root canals, heart valves, and surgical sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam A A Ali
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | - Prasanna Neelakantan
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong SAR, China
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