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Xie Y, Wu N, Tang S, Zhou Z, Chen J, Li J, Wu F, Xu M, Xu X, Liu Y, Ma X. Endoplasmic Reticulum Dysfunction: An Emerging Mechanism of Vitiligo Pathogenesis. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2024; 17:1133-1144. [PMID: 38774812 PMCID: PMC11107934 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s459070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the main site of protein synthesis, transport, and modification. Its abnormal status has now emerged as an established cause of many pathological processes, such as tumors and autoimmune diseases. Recent studies also demonstrated that the defective functions of ER may lead to pigmentary diseases. Vitiligo is a depigmenting ailment skin disorder whose pathogenesis is now found to be associated with ER. However, the detailed mechanism is still unclear. In this review, we try to link the association between ER with its inter- and intra-organellar interactions in vitiligo pathogenesis and focus on the function, mechanism, and clinical potential of ER with vitiligo. Expand ER is found in melanocytes of vitiligo and ER stress (ERS) might be a bridge between oxidative stress and innate and adaptive immunity. Meanwhile, the tight association between ER and mitochondria or melanosomes in organelles levels, as well as genes and cytokines, is the new paradigm in the pathogenesis of vitiligo. This undoubtedly adds a new aspect to the understanding of vitiligo, facilitating the design of targeted therapies for vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyi Xie
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nanhui Wu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Suwei Tang
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiyu Zhou
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiashe Chen
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Li
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei Wu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingyuan Xu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxiang Xu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yeqiang Liu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Ma
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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2
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Basyal D, Lee S, Kim HJ. Antioxidants and Mechanistic Insights for Managing Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:568. [PMID: 38790673 PMCID: PMC11117704 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13050568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) severely affects central vision due to progressive macular degeneration and its staggering prevalence is rising globally, especially in the elderly population above 55 years. Increased oxidative stress with aging is considered an important contributor to AMD pathogenesis despite multifaceted risk factors including genetic predisposition and environmental agents. Wet AMD can be managed with routine intra-vitreal injection of angiogenesis inhibitors, but no satisfactory medicine has been approved for the successful management of the dry form. The toxic carbonyls due to photo-oxidative degradation of accumulated bisretinoids within lysosomes initiate a series of events including protein adduct formation, impaired autophagy flux, complement activation, and chronic inflammation, which is implicated in dry AMD. Therapy based on antioxidants has been extensively studied for its promising effect in reducing the impact of oxidative stress. This paper reviews the dry AMD pathogenesis, delineates the effectiveness of dietary and nutrition supplements in clinical studies, and explores pre-clinical studies of antioxidant molecules, extracts, and formulations with their mechanistic insights.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hye Jin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Dauge 42601, Republic of Korea
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3
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Romeo A, Kazsoki A, Musumeci T, Zelkó R. A Clinical, Pharmacological, and Formulation Evaluation of Melatonin in the Treatment of Ocular Disorders-A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3999. [PMID: 38612812 PMCID: PMC11011996 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Melatonin's cytoprotective properties may have therapeutic implications in treating ocular diseases like glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration. Literature data suggest that melatonin could potentially protect ocular tissues by decreasing the production of free radicals and pro-inflammatory mediators. This study aims to summarize the screened articles on melatonin's clinical, pharmacological, and formulation evaluation in treating ocular disorders. The identification of relevant studies on the topic in focus was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA 2020) guidelines. The studies were searched in the following databases and web search engines: Pubmed, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science, Reaxys, Google Scholar, Google Patents, Espacenet, and Patentscope. The search time interval was 2013-2023, with the following keywords: melatonin AND ocular OR ophthalmic AND formulation OR insert AND disease. Our key conclusion was that using melatonin-loaded nano-delivery systems enabled the improved permeation of the molecule into intraocular tissues and assured controlled release profiles. Although preclinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy of developed formulations, a considerable gap has been observed in the clinical translation of the results. To overcome this failure, revising the preclinical experimental phase might be useful by selecting endpoints close to clinical ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Romeo
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95125 Catania, Italy; (A.R.); (T.M.)
| | - Adrienn Kazsoki
- University Pharmacy Department of Pharmacy Administration, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Endre Street 7–9, 1092 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Teresa Musumeci
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95125 Catania, Italy; (A.R.); (T.M.)
| | - Romána Zelkó
- University Pharmacy Department of Pharmacy Administration, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Endre Street 7–9, 1092 Budapest, Hungary;
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Zheng H, Xu YC, Zhao T, Luo Z, Zhang DG, Song CC, Yu AG, Tan X. Dietary chenodeoxycholic acid attenuates high-fat diet-induced growth retardation, lipid accumulation and bile acid metabolism disorder in the liver of yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. Br J Nutr 2024; 131:921-934. [PMID: 37905695 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114523002489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to investigate whether dietary chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) could attenuate high-fat (HF) diet-induced growth retardation, lipid accumulation and bile acid (BA) metabolism disorder in the liver of yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. Yellow catfish (initial weight: 4·40 (sem 0·08) g) were fed four diets: the control (105·8 g/kg lipid), HF diet (HF group, 159·6 g/kg lipid), the control supplemented with 0·9 g/kg CDCA (CDCA group) and HF diet supplemented with 0·9 g/kg CDCA (HF + CDCA group). CDCA supplemented in the HF diet significantly improved growth performance and feed utilisation of yellow catfish (P < 0·05). CDCA alleviated HF-induced increment of hepatic lipid and cholesterol contents by down-regulating the expressions of lipogenesis-related genes and proteins and up-regulating the expressions of lipololysis-related genes and proteins. Compared with the control group, CDCA group significantly reduced cholesterol level (P < 0·05). CDCA significantly inhibited BA biosynthesis and changed BA profile by activating farnesoid X receptor (P < 0·05). The contents of CDCA, taurochenodeoxycholic acid and glycochenodeoxycholic acid were significantly increased with the supplementation of CDCA (P < 0·05). HF-induced elevation of cholic acid content was significantly attenuated by the supplementation of CDCA (P < 0·05). Supplementation of CDCA in the control and HF groups could improve the liver antioxidant capacity. This study proved that CDCA could improve growth retardation, lipid accumulation and BA metabolism disorder induced by HF diet, which provided new insight into understanding the physiological functions of BA in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Chuang Xu
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Luo
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan430070, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Dian-Guang Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Chun Song
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan430070, People's Republic of China
| | - An-Gen Yu
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoying Tan
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan430070, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao266237, People's Republic of China
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Koller A, Lamina C, Brandl C, Zimmermann ME, Stark KJ, Weissensteiner H, Würzner R, Heid IM, Kronenberg F. Systemic Evidence for Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Age-Related Macular Degeneration as Revealed by mtDNA Copy Number Measurements in Peripheral Blood. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16406. [PMID: 38003595 PMCID: PMC10671207 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a common occurrence in the aging process and is observed in diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Increased levels of reactive oxygen species lead to damaged mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), resulting in dysfunctional mitochondria, and, consequently, mtDNA causes further harm in the retinal tissue. However, it is unclear whether the effects are locally restricted to the high-energy-demanding retinal pigment epithelium or are also systematically present. Therefore, we measured mtDNA copy number (mtDNA-CN) in peripheral blood using a qPCR approach with plasmid normalization in elderly participants with and without AMD from the AugUR study (n = 2262). We found significantly lower mtDNA-CN in the blood of participants with early (n = 453) and late (n = 170) AMD compared to AMD-free participants (n = 1630). In regression analyses, we found lower mtDNA-CN to be associated with late AMD when compared with AMD-free participants. Each reduction of mtDNA-CN by one standard deviation increased the risk for late AMD by 24%. This association was most pronounced in geographic atrophy (OR = 1.76, 95% CI 1.19-2.60, p = 0.004), which has limited treatment options. These findings provide new insights into the relationship between mtDNA-CN in blood and AMD, suggesting that it may serve as a more accessible biomarker than mtDNA-CN in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Koller
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (A.K.); (C.L.); (H.W.)
| | - Claudia Lamina
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (A.K.); (C.L.); (H.W.)
| | - Caroline Brandl
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (C.B.); (M.E.Z.); (K.J.S.); (I.M.H.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Martina E. Zimmermann
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (C.B.); (M.E.Z.); (K.J.S.); (I.M.H.)
| | - Klaus J. Stark
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (C.B.); (M.E.Z.); (K.J.S.); (I.M.H.)
| | - Hansi Weissensteiner
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (A.K.); (C.L.); (H.W.)
| | - Reinhard Würzner
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Iris M. Heid
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (C.B.); (M.E.Z.); (K.J.S.); (I.M.H.)
| | - Florian Kronenberg
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (A.K.); (C.L.); (H.W.)
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Qureshi S, Lee S, Steidl W, Ritzer L, Parise M, Chaubal A, Kumar V. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Disrupts Mitochondrial Bioenergetics, Dynamics and Causes Corneal Endothelial Cell Apoptosis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:18. [PMID: 37962528 PMCID: PMC10653263 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.14.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondrial stress are independently associated with corneal endothelial cell (CEnC) loss in many corneal diseases, including Fuchs' endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD). However, the role of ER stress in mitochondrial dysfunction contributing to CEnC apoptosis is unknown. The purpose of this study is to explore the crosstalk between ER and mitochondrial stress in CEnC. Methods Human corneal endothelial cell line (HCEnC-21T) and human corneal endothelial tissues were treated with ER stressor tunicamycin. ER stress-reducing chemical 4-phenyl butyric acid (4-PBA) was used in HCEnC-21T after tunicamycin. Fuchs' corneal endothelial cell line (F35T) was used to determine differential activation of ER stress with respect to HCEnC-21T at the baseline. ER stress, mitochondrial-mediated intrinsic apoptotic, mitochondrial fission, and fusion proteins were determined using immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. Mitochondrial bioenergetics were assessed by mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) loss and ATP production at 48 hours after tunicamycin. Mitochondria dynamics (shape, area, perimeter) were also analyzed at 24 hours using transmission electron microscopy. Results Treatment of HCEnC-21T cell line with tunicamycin activated three ER stress pathways (PERK-eIF2α-CHOP, IRE1α-XBP1, and ATF6), reduced cell viability, upregulated mitochondrial-mediated intrinsic apoptotic molecules (cleaved caspase 9, caspase 3, PARP, Bax, cytochrome C), downregulated anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein, initiated mitochondrial dysfunction by loss of MMP and lowering of ATP production, and caused mitochondrial swelling and fragmentation with increased expression of mitochondrial fission proteins (Fis1 and p-Drp1). Fuchs' CEnC (F35T) cell line also showed activation of the ER stress-related proteins (p-eIF2α, GRP78, CHOP, XBP1) compared to HCEnC-21T at the baseline. The 4-PBA ameliorated cell loss and reduced cleaved caspase 3 and 9, thereby rescuing tunicamycin-induced cell death but not mitochondrial bioenergetics in HCEnC-21T cell line. Conclusions Tunicamycin-induced ER stress disrupts mitochondrial bioenegetics, dynamics and contributes to the loss of CEnC viability. This novel study highlights the importance of ER-mitochondria crosstalk and its contribution to CEnCs apoptosis, seen in many corneal diseases, including FECD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Qureshi
- Eye and Vision Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States
| | - Stephanie Lee
- Eye and Vision Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States
| | - William Steidl
- Eye and Vision Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States
| | - Lukas Ritzer
- Eye and Vision Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States
| | - Michael Parise
- Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York, New York, United States
| | - Ananya Chaubal
- Herricks High School, New Hyde Park, New York, United States
| | - Varun Kumar
- Eye and Vision Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States
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7
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Ren C, Cui H, Bao X, Huang L, He S, Fong HKW, Zhao M. Proteopathy Linked to Exon-Skipping Isoform of RGR-Opsin Contributes to the Pathogenesis of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:41. [PMID: 37883094 PMCID: PMC10615142 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.13.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Proteopathy is believed to contribute to age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Much research indicates that AMD begins in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), which is associated with formation of extracellular drusen, a clinical hallmark of AMD. Human RPE produces a drusen-associated abnormal protein, the exon Ⅵ-skipping splice isoform of retinal G protein-coupled receptor (RGR-d). In this study, we investigate the detrimental effects of RGR-d on cultured cells and mouse retina. Methods ARPE-19 cells were stably infected by lentivirus overexpressing RGR or RGR-d and were treated with MG132, sometimes combined with or without endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inducer, tunicamycin. RGR and RGR-d protein expression, degeneration pathway, and potential cytotoxicity were explored. Homozygous RGR-d mice aged 8 or 14 months were fed with a high-fat diet for 3 months and then subjected to ocular examination and histopathology experiments. Results We confirm that RGR-d is proteotoxic under various conditions. In ARPE-19 cells, RGR-d is misfolded and almost completely degraded via the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Unlike normal RGR, RGR-d increases ER stress, triggers the unfolded protein response, and exerts potent cytotoxicity. Aged RGR-d mice manifest disrupted RPE cell integrity, apoptotic photoreceptors, choroidal deposition of complement C3, and CD86+CD32+ proinflammatory cell infiltration into retina and RPE-choroid. Furthermore, the AMD-like phenotype of RGR-d mice can be aggravated by a high-fat diet. Conclusions Our study confirmed the pathogenicity of the RGR splice isoform and corroborated a significant role of proteopathy in AMD. These findings may contribute to greater comprehension of the multifactorial causes of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Ren
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Disease and Optometry Institute, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Haoran Cui
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Disease and Optometry Institute, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Beijing, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Bao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Disease and Optometry Institute, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Beijing, China
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Lvzhen Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Disease and Optometry Institute, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Shikun He
- Department of Ophthalmology, USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Henry K. W. Fong
- Department of Ophthalmology, USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Mingwei Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Disease and Optometry Institute, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Beijing, China
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Markitantova Y, Simirskii V. Endogenous and Exogenous Regulation of Redox Homeostasis in Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells: An Updated Antioxidant Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10776. [PMID: 37445953 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) performs a range of necessary functions within the neural layers of the retina and helps ensure vision. The regulation of pro-oxidative and antioxidant processes is the basis for maintaining RPE homeostasis and preventing retinal degenerative processes. Long-term stable changes in the redox balance under the influence of endogenous or exogenous factors can lead to oxidative stress (OS) and the development of a number of retinal pathologies associated with RPE dysfunction, and can eventually lead to vision loss. Reparative autophagy, ubiquitin-proteasome utilization, the repair of damaged proteins, and the maintenance of their conformational structure are important interrelated mechanisms of the endogenous defense system that protects against oxidative damage. Antioxidant protection of RPE cells is realized as a result of the activity of specific transcription factors, a large group of enzymes, chaperone proteins, etc., which form many signaling pathways in the RPE and the retina. Here, we discuss the role of the key components of the antioxidant defense system (ADS) in the cellular response of the RPE against OS. Understanding the role and interactions of OS mediators and the components of the ADS contributes to the formation of ideas about the subtle mechanisms in the regulation of RPE cellular functions and prospects for experimental approaches to restore RPE functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Markitantova
- Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Simirskii
- Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
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Lenin RR, Koh YH, Zhang Z, Yeo YZ, Parikh BH, Seah I, Wong W, Su X. Dysfunctional Autophagy, Proteostasis, and Mitochondria as a Prelude to Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108763. [PMID: 37240109 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell dysfunction is a key driving force of AMD. RPE cells form a metabolic interface between photoreceptors and choriocapillaris, performing essential functions for retinal homeostasis. Through their multiple functions, RPE cells are constantly exposed to oxidative stress, which leads to the accumulation of damaged proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and cellular organelles, including mitochondria. As miniature chemical engines of the cell, self-replicating mitochondria are heavily implicated in the aging process through a variety of mechanisms. In the eye, mitochondrial dysfunction is strongly associated with several diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which is a leading cause of irreversible vision loss in millions of people globally. Aged mitochondria exhibit decreased rates of oxidative phosphorylation, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and increased numbers of mitochondrial DNA mutations. Mitochondrial bioenergetics and autophagy decline during aging because of insufficient free radical scavenger systems, the impairment of DNA repair mechanisms, and reductions in mitochondrial turnover. Recent research has uncovered a much more complex role of mitochondrial function and cytosolic protein translation and proteostasis in AMD pathogenesis. The coupling of autophagy and mitochondrial apoptosis modulates the proteostasis and aging processes. This review aims to summarise and provide a perspective on (i) the current evidence of autophagy, proteostasis, and mitochondrial dysfunction in dry AMD; (ii) current in vitro and in vivo disease models relevant to assessing mitochondrial dysfunction in AMD, and their utility in drug screening; and (iii) ongoing clinical trials targeting mitochondrial dysfunction for AMD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raji Rajesh Lenin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block Level 7, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Department of Medical Research, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Yi Hui Koh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block Level 7, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Zheting Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block Level 7, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 11 Mandalay Road, Experimental Medicine Building, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Yan Zhuang Yeo
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Bhav Harshad Parikh
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Ivan Seah
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block Level 7, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Wendy Wong
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Hospital (NUH), 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block Level 7, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Xinyi Su
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block Level 7, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Hospital (NUH), 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block Level 7, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute (SERI), The Academia, 20 College Road, Level 6 Discovery Tower, Singapore 169856, Singapore
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10
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González-Zamora J, Hernandez M, Recalde S, Bezunartea J, Montoliu A, Bilbao-Malavé V, Llorente-González S, García-Layana A, Fernández-Robredo P. Matrix Metalloproteinase 13 Is Associated with Age-Related Choroidal Neovascularization. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040884. [PMID: 37107259 PMCID: PMC10135211 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of severe vision loss in older individuals in developed countries. Despite advances in our understanding of AMD, its pathophysiology remains poorly understood. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been proposed to play a role in AMD development. In this study, we aimed to characterize MMP-13 in AMD. We used retinal pigment epithelial cells, a murine model of laser-induced choroidal neovascularization, and plasma samples from patients with neovascular AMD to conduct our study. Our results show that MMP13 expression significantly increased under oxidative stress conditions in cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells. In the murine model, MMP13 was overexpressed in both retinal pigment epithelial cells and endothelial cells during choroidal neovascularization. Additionally, the total MMP13 levels in the plasma of patients with neovascular AMD were significantly lower than those in the control group. This suggests a reduced diffusion from the tissues or release from circulating cells in the bloodstream, given that the number and function of monocytes have been reported to be deficient in patients with AMD. Although more studies are needed to elucidate the role of MMP13 in AMD, it could be a promising therapeutic target for treating AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge González-Zamora
- Retinal Pathologies and New Therapies Group, Experimental Ophthalmology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - María Hernandez
- Retinal Pathologies and New Therapies Group, Experimental Ophthalmology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sergio Recalde
- Retinal Pathologies and New Therapies Group, Experimental Ophthalmology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jaione Bezunartea
- Retinal Pathologies and New Therapies Group, Experimental Ophthalmology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana Montoliu
- Retinal Pathologies and New Therapies Group, Experimental Ophthalmology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Valentina Bilbao-Malavé
- Retinal Pathologies and New Therapies Group, Experimental Ophthalmology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sara Llorente-González
- Retinal Pathologies and New Therapies Group, Experimental Ophthalmology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Alfredo García-Layana
- Retinal Pathologies and New Therapies Group, Experimental Ophthalmology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Patricia Fernández-Robredo
- Retinal Pathologies and New Therapies Group, Experimental Ophthalmology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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11
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García-López C, García-López V, Matamoros JA, Fernández-Albarral JA, Salobrar-García E, de Hoz R, López-Cuenca I, Sánchez-Puebla L, Ramírez JM, Ramírez AI, Salazar JJ. The Role of Citicoline and Coenzyme Q10 in Retinal Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065072. [PMID: 36982157 PMCID: PMC10049438 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ocular neurodegenerative diseases such as glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration are common retinal diseases responsible for most of the blindness causes in the working-age and elderly populations in developed countries. Many of the current treatments used in these pathologies fail to stop or slow the progression of the disease. Therefore, other types of treatments with neuroprotective characteristics may be necessary to allow a more satisfactory management of the disease. Citicoline and coenzyme Q10 are molecules that have neuroprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, and their use could have a beneficial effect in ocular neurodegenerative pathologies. This review provides a compilation, mainly from the last 10 years, of the main studies that have been published on the use of these drugs in these neurodegenerative diseases of the retina, analyzing the usefulness of these drugs in these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia García-López
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Verónica García-López
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José A. Matamoros
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Departamento de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORL, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - José A. Fernández-Albarral
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Salobrar-García
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Departamento de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORL, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa de Hoz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Departamento de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORL, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés López-Cuenca
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lidia Sánchez-Puebla
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Ramírez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORL, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I. Ramírez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Departamento de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORL, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.I.R.); (J.J.S.)
| | - Juan J. Salazar
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Departamento de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORL, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.I.R.); (J.J.S.)
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12
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Kaarniranta K, Blasiak J, Liton P, Boulton M, Klionsky DJ, Sinha D. Autophagy in age-related macular degeneration. Autophagy 2023; 19:388-400. [PMID: 35468037 PMCID: PMC9851256 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2069437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of visual impairment in the aging population with limited understanding of its pathogenesis and a lack of effective treatment. The progression of AMD is initially characterized by atrophic alterations in the retinal pigment epithelium, as well as the formation of lysosomal lipofuscin and extracellular drusen deposits. Damage caused by chronic oxidative stress, protein aggregation and inflammatory processes may lead to geographic atrophy and/or choroidal neovascularization and fibrosis. The role of macroautophagy/autophagy in AMD pathology is steadily emerging. This review describes selective and secretory autophagy and their role in drusen biogenesis, senescence-associated secretory phenotype, inflammation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in the pathogenesis of AMD.Abbreviations: Aβ: amyloid-beta; AMBRA1: autophagy and beclin 1 regulator 1; AMD: age-related macular degeneration; ATF6: activating transcription factor 6; ATG: autophagy related; BACE1: beta-secretase 1; BHLHE40: basic helix-loop-helix family member e40; BNIP3: BCL2 interacting protein 3; BNIP3L/NIX: BCL2 interacting protein 3 like; C: complement; CALCOCO2/NDP52: calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 2; CARD: caspase recruitment domain; CDKN2A/p16: cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2A; CFB: complement factor B; DELEC1/Dec1; deleted in esophageal cancer 1; EIF2AK3/PERK: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 3; EMT: epithelial-mesenchymal transition; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; ERN1/IRE1: endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1; FUNDC1: FUN14 domain containing 1; GABARAP: GABA type A receptor-associated protein; HMGB1: high mobility group box 1; IL: interleukin; KEAP1: kelch like ECH associated protein 1; LAP: LC3-associated phagocytosis; LAMP2: lysosomal associated membrane protein 2; LIR: LC3-interacting region; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; NFE2L2: NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2; NLRP3; NLR family pyrin domain containing 3; NFKB/NFκB: nuclear factor kappa B; OPTN: optineurin; PARL: presenilin associated rhomboid like; PGAM5: PGAM family member 5, mitochondrial serine/threonine protein phosphatase; PINK1: PTEN induced kinase 1; POS: photoreceptor outer segment; PPARGC1A: PPARG coactivator 1 alpha; PRKN: parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; PYCARD/ASC: PYD and CARD domain containing; ROS: reactive oxygen species; RPE: retinal pigment epithelium; SA: secretory autophagy; SASP: senescence-associated secretory phenotype; SEC22B: SEC22 homolog B, vesicle trafficking protein; SNAP: synaptosome associated protein; SNARE: soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; STX: syntaxin; TGFB2: transforming growth factor beta 2; TRIM16: tripartite motif containing 16; TWIST: twist family bHLH transcription factor; Ub: ubiquitin; ULK: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase; UPR: unfolded protein response; UPS: ubiquitin-proteasome system; V-ATPase: vacuolar-type H+-translocating ATPase; VIM: vimentin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Janusz Blasiak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Paloma Liton
- Duke University, Department of Ophthalmology, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michael Boulton
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Daniel J. Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Debasish Sinha
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Departments of Ophthalmology, Cell Biology, and Developmental Biology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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13
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Hyttinen JMT, Blasiak J, Kaarniranta K. Non-Coding RNAs Regulating Mitochondrial Functions and the Oxidative Stress Response as Putative Targets against Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032636. [PMID: 36768958 PMCID: PMC9917342 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an ever-increasing, insidious disease which reduces the quality of life of millions of elderly people around the world. AMD is characterised by damage to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in the macula region of the retina. The origins of this multi-factorial disease are complex and still not fully understood. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial imbalance in the RPE are believed to be important factors in the development of AMD. In this review, the regulation of the mitochondrial function and antioxidant stress response by non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), newly emerged epigenetic factors, is discussed. These molecules include microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and circular non-coding RNAs. They act mainly as mRNA suppressors, controllers of other ncRNAs, or by interacting with proteins. We include here examples of these RNA molecules which affect various mitochondrial processes and antioxidant signaling of the cell. As a future prospect, the possibility to manipulate these ncRNAs to strengthen mitochondrial and antioxidant response functions is discussed. Non-coding RNAs could be used as potential diagnostic markers for AMD, and in the future, also as therapeutic targets, either by suppressing or increasing their expression. In addition to AMD, it is possible that non-coding RNAs could be regulators in other oxidative stress-related degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha M. T. Hyttinen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Correspondence:
| | - Janusz Blasiak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, FI-70029 Kuopio, Finland
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14
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Neroev VV, Chesnokova NB, Neroeva NV, Beznos OV, Pavlenko TA, Okhotsimskaya TD, Utkina OA. [Pathogenetic role of multifunctional protein alpha-2-macroglobulin and its activity in tears and serum in age-related macular degeneration and proliferative diabetic retinopathy]. Vestn Oftalmol 2023; 139:26-32. [PMID: 38235627 DOI: 10.17116/oftalma202313906126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Alpha-2-macroglobulin (α2-MG) is a multifunctional protein involved in neurodegeneration, inflammation and neovascularization, which are key processes in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). AMD and PDR are two of the main causes of vision loss and blindness, are difficult to treat, and are generally diagnosed at the stage of irreversible changes. PURPOSE This study estimates the activity of α2-MG in the blood serum and tears of patients with AMD and PDR in order to reveal the relation of its levels with the intensity of the pathological process in the retina. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study included 17 patients (34 eyes) with AMD, 15 patients (30 eyes) with PDR, and 15 healthy adults (30 eyes) of the similar age. The activity of α2-MG in serum and tears was measured enzymatically using the specific substrate N-benzoyl-DL-arginine-p-nitroanilide (BAPNA). RESULTS The activity of α2-MG in tears of patients with AMD was on the average 3.5 times higher than in healthy controls, and in patients with PDR - 1.5 times higher. Patients with AMD at the submacular fibrosis stage showed decreased α2-MG activity in tears. The activity of α2-MG in serum of patients with AMD and PDR was on the average 25% higher than in healthy persons. No correlation was revealed between serum and tear levels of α2-MG activity. CONCLUSION This study revealed for the first time that in AMD and PDR the activity of α2-MG in tears is increased, and that in AMD the increase is higher than in PDR. An increase of α2-MG activity in serum confirms the presence of systemic inflammation. Absence of correlation between the serum and tear activity of α2-MG confirms its local origin. The high level of α2-MG activity in tears reflects the presence of an active destructive process in the retina, justifying its further investigation as a predictor of AMD and PDR course, as well as an indicator of therapy effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Neroev
- Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - N B Chesnokova
- Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - N V Neroeva
- Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - O V Beznos
- Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - T A Pavlenko
- Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - T D Okhotsimskaya
- Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - O A Utkina
- Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
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15
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Potential Properties of Natural Nutraceuticals and Antioxidants in Age-Related Eye Disorders. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 13:life13010077. [PMID: 36676026 PMCID: PMC9863869 DOI: 10.3390/life13010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Eye health is crucial, and the onset of diseases can reduce vision and affect the quality of life of patients. The main causes of progressive and irreversible vision loss include various pathologies, such as cataracts, ocular atrophy, corneal opacity, age-related macular degeneration, uncorrected refractive error, posterior capsular opacification, uveitis, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment, undetermined disease and other disorders involving oxidative stress and inflammation. The eyes are constantly exposed to the external environment and, for this reason, must be protected from damage from the outside. Many drugs, including cortisonics and antinflammatory drugs have widely been used to counteract eye disorders. However, recent advances have been obtained via supplementation with natural antioxidants and nutraceuticals for patients. In particular, evidence has accumulated that polyphenols (mostly deriving from Citrus Bergamia) represent a reliable source of antioxidants able to counteract oxidative stress accompanying early stages of eye diseases. Luteolin in particular has been found to protect photoreceptors, thereby improving vision in many disease states. Moreover, a consistent anti-inflammatory response was found to occur when curcumin is used alone or in combination with other nutraceuticals. Additionally, Coenzyme Q10 has been demonstrated to produce a consistent effect in reducing ocular pressure, thereby leading to protection in patients undergoing glaucoma. Finally, both grape seed extract, rich in anthocyanosides, and polynsatured fatty acids seem to contribute to the prevention of retinal disorders. Thus, a combination of nutraceuticals and antioxidants may represent the right solution for a multi-action activity in eye protection, in association with current drug therapies, and this will be of potential interest in early stages of eye disorders.
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16
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González-Zamora J, Hernandez M, Recalde S, Bezunartea J, Montoliu A, Bilbao-Malavé V, Orbe J, Rodríguez JA, Llorente-González S, Fernández-Robredo P, García-Layana A. Matrix Metalloproteinase 10 Contributes to Choroidal Neovascularisation. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071557. [PMID: 35884862 PMCID: PMC9313238 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is currently the main cause of severe visual loss among older adults in developed countries. The pathophysiology has not been clarified, but oxidative stress is believed to play a major role. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) may play a prominent role in several steps of the pathophysiology of AMD, especially in its neovascular form; therefore, there is of great interest in understanding their role in choroidal neovascularisation. This study aimed to elucidate the role of MMP10 in the development of choroidal neovascularisation (CNV). We have demonstrated that MMP10 was expressed by retinal pigment epithelium cells and endothelial cells of the neovascular membrane, in cell culture, mouse and human retina. MMP10 expression and activity increased under oxidative stress conditions in ARPE-19 cells. MMP10-/- mice developed smaller laser-induced areas of CNV. Furthermore, to exclude a systemic MMP10 imbalance in these patients, plasma MMP10 concentrations were assessed in an age- and sex-matched sample of 52 control patients and 52 patients with neovascular AMD and no significant differences were found between the groups, demonstrating that MMP10 induction is a local phenomenon. Our findings suggest that MMP10 participates in the development of choroidal neovascularisation and promotes MMP10 as a possible new therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge González-Zamora
- Retinal Pathologies and New Therapies Group, Experimental Ophthalmology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (J.G.-Z.); (S.R.); (J.B.); (A.M.); (V.B.-M.); (S.L.-G.); (A.G.-L.)
| | - María Hernandez
- Retinal Pathologies and New Therapies Group, Experimental Ophthalmology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (J.G.-Z.); (S.R.); (J.B.); (A.M.); (V.B.-M.); (S.L.-G.); (A.G.-L.)
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (J.O.); (J.A.R.)
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (P.F.-R.)
| | - Sergio Recalde
- Retinal Pathologies and New Therapies Group, Experimental Ophthalmology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (J.G.-Z.); (S.R.); (J.B.); (A.M.); (V.B.-M.); (S.L.-G.); (A.G.-L.)
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (J.O.); (J.A.R.)
| | - Jaione Bezunartea
- Retinal Pathologies and New Therapies Group, Experimental Ophthalmology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (J.G.-Z.); (S.R.); (J.B.); (A.M.); (V.B.-M.); (S.L.-G.); (A.G.-L.)
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (J.O.); (J.A.R.)
| | - Ana Montoliu
- Retinal Pathologies and New Therapies Group, Experimental Ophthalmology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (J.G.-Z.); (S.R.); (J.B.); (A.M.); (V.B.-M.); (S.L.-G.); (A.G.-L.)
| | - Valentina Bilbao-Malavé
- Retinal Pathologies and New Therapies Group, Experimental Ophthalmology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (J.G.-Z.); (S.R.); (J.B.); (A.M.); (V.B.-M.); (S.L.-G.); (A.G.-L.)
| | - Josune Orbe
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (J.O.); (J.A.R.)
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, Program of Cardiovascular Diseases, CIMA-Universidad de Navarra, CIBERCV, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - José A. Rodríguez
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (J.O.); (J.A.R.)
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, Program of Cardiovascular Diseases, CIMA-Universidad de Navarra, CIBERCV, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sara Llorente-González
- Retinal Pathologies and New Therapies Group, Experimental Ophthalmology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (J.G.-Z.); (S.R.); (J.B.); (A.M.); (V.B.-M.); (S.L.-G.); (A.G.-L.)
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (J.O.); (J.A.R.)
| | - Patricia Fernández-Robredo
- Retinal Pathologies and New Therapies Group, Experimental Ophthalmology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (J.G.-Z.); (S.R.); (J.B.); (A.M.); (V.B.-M.); (S.L.-G.); (A.G.-L.)
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (J.O.); (J.A.R.)
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (P.F.-R.)
| | - Alfredo García-Layana
- Retinal Pathologies and New Therapies Group, Experimental Ophthalmology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (J.G.-Z.); (S.R.); (J.B.); (A.M.); (V.B.-M.); (S.L.-G.); (A.G.-L.)
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (J.O.); (J.A.R.)
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17
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Abstract
The eye presents a unique opportunity for complement component 3 (C3) therapeutics. Drugs can be delivered directly to specific parts of the eye, and growing evidence has established a pivotal role for C3 in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Emerging data show that C3 may be important to the pathophysiology of other eye diseases as well. This article will discuss the location of C3 expression in the eye as well as the preclinical and clinical data regarding C3's functions in AMD. We will provide a comprehensive review of developing C3 inhibitors for the eye, including the Phase 2 and 3 data for the C3 inhibitor pegcetacoplan as a treatment for the geographic atrophy of AMD. Developing evidence also points toward C3 as a therapeutic target for stages of AMD preceding geographic atrophy. We will also discuss data illuminating C3's relationship to other eye diseases, such as Stargardt disease, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma. In addition to being a converging point and centerpiece of the complement cascade, C3 has broad effects as a multifaceted controller of opsonophagocytosis, microglia/macrophage recruitment, and downstream terminal pathway activity. C3 is a crucial player in the pathophysiology of AMD but also seems to have importance in other diseases that are major causes of blindness. Directions for further investigation will be highlighted, as culminating evidence suggests that we may be approaching an era of C3 therapeutics for the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Kim
- Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Tianyu Liu
- Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - John D Lambris
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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