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Chen T, Xie L, Wang G, Jiao J, Zhao J, Yu Q, Chen Y, Shen M, Wen H, Ou X, Xie J. Anthocyanins-natural pigment of colored rice bran: Composition and biological activities. Food Res Int 2024; 175:113722. [PMID: 38129038 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Rice by-products are a potential source of various bioactive substances with great processing potential, which are receiving increasing attention. Among them, rice bran is a by-product of rice milling, with high nutritional value and health benefits. Colored rice bran contains a large amount of anthocyanins responsible for color and bioactivities. And anthocyanins are often added to foods as a natural pigment, serving to enhance both the visual appeal and nutritional value. Recent advances in the composition and bioactivities of four common colored rice bran anthocyanins (black, purple, red, and purple red rice) are reviewed in this paper. Rice bran anthocyanins have been confirmed to exhibit biological potential for human health, with their main biological activities being antioxidant, anti-atherosclerosis, anti-cancer, neuroprotective, retinoprotective, immunomodulatory, anti-aging and anti-obesity effects. The structure of anthocyanins determines their biological activities. The anthocyanins composition of rice bran with different colors varied greatly, while that of rice bran with the same color is also slightly different, which is attributed to the rice varieties, growing environment and cropping conditions. However, it remains necessary to conduct further clinical studies to support the health activities of anthocyanins. The present review provides information value for the further development and comprehensive utilization of rice bran anthocyanins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Liuming Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Jilan Jiao
- Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Junwei Zhao
- Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Qiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Mingyue Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Huiliang Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ou
- Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China.
| | - Jianhua Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
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Ahmed RM, Esmaeil DA, El-Nagdy SY, El-Sisi NA. Antitumoral properties of the pomegranate peel and blueberry extracts against tongue carcinoma ( in vitro study). Saudi Dent J 2023; 35:985-995. [PMID: 38107049 PMCID: PMC10724359 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2023.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common cancers globally. Considering the drawbacks of the traditional treatment phytochemicals have been introduced to the research field with consideration of their minimal, or no side effects and good efficacy against cancer cells. Pomegranate peel and blueberries are very well-known phytochemicals in this context. Material and methods Methanolic extracts are prepared from both pomegranate peel (PPE) and blueberry (BE) dried powders. The antioxidant content was determined by ORAC assay for both extracts. The cytotoxic levels of the extracts and IC50 on the HNO-97 cell line were defined using the colorimetric SRB assay. Then flow cytometric apoptosis analysis of the IC50 of both extracts was performed. Finally, an investigation of the metastasis through the wound healing assay was performed for both extracts. Results A significant difference in the antioxidant content was found between PPE and BE ethanolic extracts. The Ic50 for the PPE-treated cell line was 73.35 µg/ml while the BE showed it at 525.38 µg/ml with a significant difference between them. Both PPE and BE showed significant induction of cancer cell apoptosis with much better results with PPE treatment. The wound healing assay showed significant inhibition of cell migration when treated with PPE while there was not any significant effect on cell migration when treated with BE. Conclusion With the consideration that, the Phytochemicals used are well-known fruits with no harm on normal tissues. Low doses of PPE exert incredibly significant alteration in the HNO-97 tongue cancer cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis and inhibition of cancer cell migration. Meanwhile, treatment with BE needs much higher doses for showing anti-proliferative properties of cancer cells and induce cancer cell apoptosis. This gives promising results for further investigations about using them as a treatment or adjunctive treatment for oral cancer cases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Doaa A.M. Esmaeil
- Oral Pathology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Egypt
- Oral Pathology Department, Sini University, Kantra Campus, Egypt
| | - Shrief Youssef El-Nagdy
- Oral Pathology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Egypt
- Oral Pathology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Horus University, Egypt
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Pacheco-Hernández Y, Lozoya-Gloria E, Rangel-Galván M, Varela-Caselis JL, Villa-Ruano N. Nutraceutical Activity of Anthocyanins from the Edible Berries of Rhamnus pompana. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202301034. [PMID: 37616166 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202301034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
We present the inhibitory properties of the R. pompana anthocyanin fraction (RPAF) and its major constituents on alpha-glucosidase (AG), pancreatic lipase (PL), HMG-CoA reductase, and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC). The effect of RPAF was also evaluated in ICR male mice subjected to oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and hypercaloric/atherogenic diet for 30 days. RP-HPLC/MS profiling revealed that RPAF contained five major anthocyanins and induced slight inhibition on PL and HMG-CoA reductase (IC50 , 245-338 μg mL-1 ) whereas strong activity on AG and ODC (IC50 , 130-133 μg mL-1 ) was observed. Kinetic studies and molecular docking with pelargonidin-3-O-rutinoside (P3R) on ODC, revealed changes in Km (0.9514-0.9746 mM) and Vmax (1.96-2.32 μmol mg-1 min-1 ) suggesting mixed inhibition and molecular interaction with two active sites of ODC. P3R showed antiproliferative activity (IC50, 46.5 μM) and decreased polyamine accumulation in DLD-1 cells. The results of OGTT confirmed that RPAF regulates postprandial glucose levels in diabetic animals which experienced a significant glucose depletion (30 %; p<0.001) from 30 to 120 min post-treatment. Prolonged supplementation of RPAF caused significant decrease (p<0.001) in plasma glucose, total cholesterol, LDL-c and triglycerides as well as significant increase (p<0.001) of HDL-c compared with normoglycemic untreated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesenia Pacheco-Hernández
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Irapuato, Km 9.6 Carretera, C.P. 36824, Irapuato-León, Gto, Mexico
- Universidad Politécnica Metropolitana de Puebla, Popocatépetl s/n Reserva Territorial Atlixcáyotl, Tres Cerritos, CP 72480, Puebla, CP, Mexico
| | - Edmundo Lozoya-Gloria
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Irapuato, Km 9.6 Carretera, C.P. 36824, Irapuato-León, Gto, Mexico
| | - Maricruz Rangel-Galván
- Universidad Politécnica Metropolitana de Puebla, Popocatépetl s/n Reserva Territorial Atlixcáyotl, Tres Cerritos, CP 72480, Puebla, CP, Mexico
| | - Jenaro Leocadio Varela-Caselis
- Dirección de Innovación y Transferencia de Conocimiento, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Prolongación de la 24 Sur y Av. San Claudio, Cd. Universitaria, CP 72570, Puebla, CP, Mexico
| | - Nemesio Villa-Ruano
- CONAHCyT-Centro Universitario de Vinculación y Transferencia de Tecnología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Prolongación de la 24 Sur y Av. San Claudio, Cd. Universitaria, CP 72570, Puebla, CP, Mexico
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4
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Nascimento RDPD, Machado APDF. The preventive and therapeutic effects of anthocyanins on colorectal cancer: A comprehensive review based on up-to-date experimental studies. Food Res Int 2023; 170:113028. [PMID: 37316089 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most lethal and the third most diagnosed type of cancer worldwide. More than 75% of CRC cases are sporadic and lifestyle-related. Risk factors include diet, physical inactivity, genetics, smoking, alcohol, changes in the intestinal microbiota, and inflammation-related diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and inflammatory bowel diseases. The limits of conventional treatments (surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy), as demonstrated by the side effects and resistance of many CRC patients, are making professionals search for new chemopreventive alternatives. In this context, diets rich in fruits and vegetables or plant-based products, which contain high levels of phytochemicals, have been postulated as complementary therapeutic options. Anthocyanins, phenolic pigments responsible for the vivid colors of most red, purple, and blue fruits and vegetables, have been shown protective effects on CRC. Berries, grapes, Brazilian fruits, and vegetables such as black rice and purple sweet potato are examples of products rich in anthocyanins, which have been able to reduce cancer development by modulating signaling pathways associated with CRC. Therefore, this review has as main objective to present and discuss the potential preventive and therapeutic effects of anthocyanins present in fruits and vegetables, in plant extracts, or in their pure form on CRC, taking into account up-to-date experimental studies (2017-2023). Additionally, a highlight is given towards the mechanisms of action of anthocyanins on CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto de Paula do Nascimento
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism (LANUM), Department of Food Science and Nutrition (DECAN), School of Food Engineering (FEA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Monteiro Lobato Street 80, 13083-862, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Rd, CF24 4HQ, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom.
| | - Ana Paula da Fonseca Machado
- Study and Research Group on Agroindustrial Products from the Cerrado (GEPPAC), Faculty of Engineering (FAEN), Federal University of Grande Dourados (UFGD), Dourados-Itahum Highway Km 12, 79804-970, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
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5
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Scrob T, Filip GA, Baldea I, Varodi SM, Cimpoiu C. Sweeteners' Influence on In Vitro α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity, Cytotoxicity, Stability and In Vivo Bioavailability of the Anthocyanins from Lingonberry Jams. Foods 2023; 12:2569. [PMID: 37444306 DOI: 10.3390/foods12132569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Several lines of evidence demonstrate the multiple health-promoting properties of anthocyanins, but little is known regarding the bioavailability of these phytochemicals. Therefore, the stability during storage and bioavailability of anthocyanins from lingonberries jams were determined by HPLC, together with the impact of used sweeteners on their adsorption. Further, the in vitro α-glucosidase inhibition using spectrophotometric methods and cytotoxicity determined on normal and colon cancer cells were communicated. The content of anthocyanins was significantly decreased during storage in coconut sugar-based jam, but was best preserved in jam with fructose and stevia. Fructose and stevia-based jams showed the highest inhibition activity upon α-glucosidase. Lingonberry jams showed no cytotoxic effects on normal cells, but at low concentration reduced the tumor cells viability. Anthocyanins were still detectable in rats' blood streams after 24 h, showing a prolonged bioavailability in rats. This study brings important results that will enable the development of functional food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodora Scrob
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babes-Bolyai University, 11 Arany Janos, 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Research Center for Advanced Chemical Analysis, Instrumentation and Chemometrics, 11 Arany Janos, 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Gabriela Adriana Filip
- Department of Physiology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 1-3 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioana Baldea
- Department of Physiology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 1-3 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Sânziana Maria Varodi
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babes-Bolyai University, 11 Arany Janos, 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Claudia Cimpoiu
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babes-Bolyai University, 11 Arany Janos, 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Research Center for Advanced Chemical Analysis, Instrumentation and Chemometrics, 11 Arany Janos, 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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6
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Nunes AR, Costa EC, Alves G, Silva LR. Nanoformulations for the Delivery of Dietary Anthocyanins for the Prevention and Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16050736. [PMID: 37242519 DOI: 10.3390/ph16050736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by abnormal blood glucose levels-hyperglycemia, caused by a lack of insulin secretion, impaired insulin action, or a combination of both. The incidence of DM is increasing, resulting in billions of dollars in annual healthcare costs worldwide. Current therapeutics aim to control hyperglycemia and reduce blood glucose levels to normal. However, most modern drugs have numerous side effects, some of which cause severe kidney and liver problems. On the other hand, natural compounds rich in anthocyanidins (cyanidin, delphinidin, malvidin, pelargonidin, peonidin, and petunidin) have also been used for the prevention and treatment of DM. However, lack of standardization, poor stability, unpleasant taste, and decreased absorption leading to low bioavailability have hindered the application of anthocyanins as therapeutics. Therefore, nanotechnology has been used for more successful delivery of these bioactive compounds. This review summarizes the potential of anthocyanins for the prevention and treatment of DM and its complications, as well as the strategies and advances in the delivery of anthocyanins using nanoformulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R Nunes
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
- CNC-Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Elisabete C Costa
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Alves
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Luís R Silva
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
- CPIRN-UDI-IPG-Research Unit for Inland Development, Center for Potential and Innovation of Natural Resources, Polytechnic of Guarda, 6300-554 Guarda, Portugal
- CIEPQPF, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Pólo II-Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
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7
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Cai T, Ge-Zhang S, Song M. Anthocyanins in metabolites of purple corn. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1154535. [PMID: 37089635 PMCID: PMC10118017 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1154535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Purple corn (Zea mays L.) is a special variety of corn, rich in a large amount of anthocyanins and other functional phytochemicals, and has always ranked high in the economic benefits of the corn industry. However, most studies on the stability of agronomic traits and the interaction between genotype and environment in cereal crops focus on yield. In order to further study the accumulation and stability of special anthocyanins in the growth process of purple corn, this review starts with the elucidation of anthocyanins in purple corn, the biosynthesis process and the gene regulation mechanism behind them, points out the influence of anthocyanin metabolism on anthocyanin metabolism, and introduces the influence of environmental factors on anthocyanin accumulation in detail, so as to promote the multi-field production of purple corn, encourage the development of color corn industry and provide new opportunities for corn breeders and growers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taoyang Cai
- Aulin College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | | | - Mingbo Song
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
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8
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Zhao F, Wang J, Wang W, Lyu L, Wu W, Li W. The Extraction and High Antiproliferative Effect of Anthocyanin from Gardenblue Blueberry. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062850. [PMID: 36985822 PMCID: PMC10054926 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Blueberries are rich in flavonoids, anthocyanins, phenolic acids, and other bioactive substances. Anthocyanins are important functional components in blueberries. We collected 65 varieties of blueberries to investigate their nutritional and functional values. Among them, Gardenblue had the highest anthocyanin content, with 2.59 mg/g in fresh fruit. After ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction and macroporous resin absorption, the content was increased to 459.81 mg/g in the dried powder. Biological experiments showed that Gardenblue anthocyanins (L1) had antiproliferative effect on cervical cancer cells (Hela, 51.98 μg/mL), liver cancer cells (HepG2, 23.57 μg/mL), breast cancer cells (MCF-7, 113.39 μg/mL), and lung cancer cells (A549, 76.10 μg/mL), and no apparent toxic effects were indicated by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay, especially against HepG2 cells both in vitro and in vivo. After combining it with DDP (cisplatin) and DOX (doxorubicin), the antiproliferative effects were enhanced, especially when combined with DOX against HepG2 cells; the IC50 value was 0.02 μg/mL. This was further evidence that L1 could inhibit cell proliferation by inducing apoptosis. The detailed mechanism might be L1 interacting with DNA in an intercalation mode that changes or destroys DNA, causing apoptosis and inhibiting cell proliferation. The findings of this study suggest that L1 extract can be used as a functional agent against hepatoma carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyi Zhao
- Fruit Research Center, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jialuan Wang
- Fruit Research Center, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Weifan Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Lianfei Lyu
- Fruit Research Center, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Wenlong Wu
- Fruit Research Center, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Weilin Li
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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Zhao F, Zhao H, Wu W, Wang W, Li W. Research on Anthocyanins from Rubus “Shuofeng” as Potential Antiproliferative and Apoptosis-Inducing Agents. Foods 2023; 12:foods12061216. [PMID: 36981143 PMCID: PMC10048323 DOI: 10.3390/foods12061216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Blackberries have high nutritional value and strong biological activities, such as antiproliferative activity. Anthocyanins are important functional components in blackberries. We collected 25 kinds (lines) of blackberries from our nursery to investigate antiproliferative agents in natural foods. Among them, the Shuofeng variety had the highest anthocyanin content, with 2.54 mg/g of fresh fruit, which increased to 357.75 mg/g of dried powder through ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction and macroporous resin adsorption. Additional experiments showed that Shuofeng’s anthocyanin content had high anti-HepG2 activity in vitro and in vivo, as well as activity against Hela (68.62 μg/mL), HepG2 (55.85 μg/mL), MCF-7 (181.21 μg/mL), and A549 cells (82.01 μg/mL), as determined by MTT assay. It also had no apparent toxic effects. The combination of DDP and DOX significantly enhanced the antiproliferative activity of the four cell lines. The IC50 value of Shuofeng’s anthocyanin content combined with DOX in HepG2 cells was the lowest at only 0.08 μg/mL, indicating that the combination of drugs had additive and synergistic effects. Shuofeng’s anthocyanin content might intercalate into DNA and alter or destroy DNA, causing apoptosis and inhibiting cell proliferation. Our results show that blackberry anthocyanins can inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells and their possible mechanisms. However, we must study the deeper mechanism and explore its targeting effects in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyi Zhao
- Fruit Research Center, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Huifang Zhao
- Fruit Research Center, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Wenlong Wu
- Fruit Research Center, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- Correspondence: (W.W.); (W.W.); Tel.: +86-2584347046 (Weifan Wang)
| | - Weifan Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Correspondence: (W.W.); (W.W.); Tel.: +86-2584347046 (Weifan Wang)
| | - Weilin Li
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China;
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Laurindo LF, Direito R, Bueno Otoboni AMM, Goulart RA, Quesada K, Barbalho SM. Grape Processing Waste: Effects on Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Colorectal Cancer. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2023.2168281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Fornari Laurindo
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology/School of Medicine, UNIMAR, Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosa Direito
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Ricardo Alvares Goulart
- Postgraduate Program (Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation), UNIMAR, Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karina Quesada
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology/School of Medicine, UNIMAR, Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra Maria Barbalho
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology/School of Medicine, UNIMAR, Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, FATEC, Avenida Castro Alves, São Paulo, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program (Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation), UNIMAR, Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
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Behind the Scenes of Anthocyanins-From the Health Benefits to Potential Applications in Food, Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Fields. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14235133. [PMID: 36501163 PMCID: PMC9738495 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins are widespread and biologically active water-soluble phenolic pigments responsible for a wide range of vivid colours, from red (acidic conditions) to purplish blue (basic conditions), present in fruits, vegetables, and coloured grains. The pigments' stability and colours are influenced mainly by pH but also by structure, temperature, and light. The colour-stabilizing mechanisms of plants are determined by inter- and intramolecular co-pigmentation and metal complexation, driven by van der Waals, π-π stacking, hydrogen bonding, and metal-ligand interactions. This group of flavonoids is well-known to have potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, which explains the biological effects associated with them. Therefore, this review provides an overview of the role of anthocyanins as natural colorants, showing they are less harmful than conventional colorants, with several technological potential applications in different industrial fields, namely in the textile and food industries, as well as in the development of photosensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells, as new photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy, pharmaceuticals, and in the cosmetic industry, mainly on the formulation of skin care formulations, sunscreen filters, nail colorants, skin & hair cleansing products, amongst others. In addition, we will unveil some of the latest studies about the health benefits of anthocyanins, mainly focusing on the protection against the most prevalent human diseases mediated by oxidative stress, namely cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and diabetes. The contribution of anthocyanins to visual health is also very relevant and will be briefly explored.
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Ren Y, Frank T, Meyer G, Lei J, Grebenc JR, Slaughter R, Gao YG, Kinghorn AD. Potential Benefits of Black Chokeberry ( Aronia melanocarpa) Fruits and Their Constituents in Improving Human Health. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27227823. [PMID: 36431924 PMCID: PMC9696386 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aronia berry (black chokeberry) is a shrub native to North America, of which the fresh fruits are used in the food industry to produce different types of dietary products. The fruits of Aronia melanocarpa (Aronia berries) have been found to show multiple bioactivities potentially beneficial to human health, including antidiabetic, anti-infective, antineoplastic, antiobesity, and antioxidant activities, as well as heart-, liver-, and neuroprotective effects. Thus far, phenolic compounds, such as anthocyanins, cyanidins, phenolic acids, proanthocyanidins, triterpenoids, and their analogues have been identified as the major active components of Aronia berries. These natural products possess potent antioxidant activity, which contributes to the majority of the other bioactivities observed for Aronia berries. The chemical components and the potential pharmaceutical or health-promoting effects of Aronia berries have been summarized previously. The present review article focuses on the molecular targets of extracts of Aronia berries and the examples of promising lead compounds isolated from these berries, including cyanidin-3-O-galactoside, chlorogenic acid, quercetin, and ursolic acid. In addition, presented herein are clinical trial investigations for Aronia berries and their major components, including cancer clinical trials for chlorogenic acid and COVID-19 trial studies for quercetin. Additionally, the possible development of Aronia berries and their secondary metabolites as potential therapeutic agents is discussed. It is hoped that this contribution will help stimulate future investigations on Aronia berries for the continual improvement of human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Ren
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Correspondence: (Y.R.); (A.D.K.)
| | - Tyler Frank
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Gunnar Meyer
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jizhou Lei
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jessica R. Grebenc
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ryan Slaughter
- OSU South Centers, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yu G. Gao
- OSU South Centers, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - A. Douglas Kinghorn
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Correspondence: (Y.R.); (A.D.K.)
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Patel PK, Siddiqui SA, Kuča K, Sabhapondit S, Sarma R, Gogoi B, Singh SK, Bordoloi RK, Saikia JK, Gogoi RC, Bhardwaj K, Yang J, Tao Y, Manickam S, Das B. Physiological and biochemical evaluation of high anthocyanin pigmented tea (Camellia sinensis L. O. Kuntze) germplasm for purple tea production. Front Nutr 2022; 9:990529. [PMID: 36118770 PMCID: PMC9471081 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.990529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Finding promising purple tea germplasm that would target new tea products for diversification and value addition boost the tea industry’s economic growth. Accordingly, 10 tea germplasm viz. TRA St. 817, TRA St. 293, TRA St. 400, TRA 177/3, TRA 376/2, TRA 376/3, TRA 427/7, TRA P7, TRA P8, and TV1 were evaluated in terms of gas exchange parameters, multiplication performance, and biochemical markers such as chlorophyll, carotenoids, and anthocyanin content, which are related to the purple tea quality. The investigated gas exchange and biochemical parameters revealed significant differences. Germplasm TRA St.817 was physiologically more efficient (24.7 μmol m–2 s–1), followed by TRA St. 293, exhibiting the highest net photosynthesis, water use efficiency (19.02 μmol mmol–1), carboxylation efficiency (0.73), chlorophyll fluorescence or photochemical efficiency of PSII (0.754) and mesophyll efficiency (ci/gs ratio: 2.54). Net photosynthesis was positively correlated with water use efficiency, carboxylation efficiency, mesophyll efficiency, and photochemical efficiency of PSII (r = 0.965**, 0.937**, 0.857**, 0.867**; P = 0.05), respectively, but negatively correlated with the transpiration ratio (r = −0.878**; P = 0.05) based on Pearson correlation analysis. The total anthocyanin content (4764.19 μg.g–1 fresh leaf weight) and carotenoid content (3.825 mg.g–1 fresh leaf weight) were highest in the TRA St.817 germplasm, followed by germplasm TRA St. 293 (2926.18 μg.g–1 FW). In contrast, total chlorophyll content was significantly low (1.779 mg.g–1 fresh weight), which is very suitable for manufacturing purple tea. The highest carotenoid concentration in TRA St. 817 was 3.825 mg.g–1 FW, followed by TRA P8 (3.475 mg.g–1 FW), favoring the formation of more volatile flavor constituents. The promising germplasm, TRA St 817, has a multiplication success rate of 91.4% through cleft grafting. The outcome reveals that TRA St.817 is a promising germplasm that can be used to make speciality teas, i.e., purple tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar Patel
- Department of Plant Physiology and Breeding, Tocklai Tea Research Institute, Tea Research Association, Jorhat, India
| | - Shahida Anusha Siddiqui
- Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Technical University of Munich, Straubing, Germany
- German Institute of Food Technologies (DIL eV), Quakenbrück, Germany
| | - Kamil Kuča
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Kamil Kuča,
| | - Santanu Sabhapondit
- Department of Biochemistry, Tocklai Tea Research Institute, Tea Research Association, Jorhat, India
| | - Rupak Sarma
- Department of Plant Physiology and Breeding, Tocklai Tea Research Institute, Tea Research Association, Jorhat, India
| | - Boby Gogoi
- Department of Plant Physiology and Breeding, Tocklai Tea Research Institute, Tea Research Association, Jorhat, India
| | - Shobhit Kumar Singh
- Department of Plant Physiology and Breeding, Tocklai Tea Research Institute, Tea Research Association, Jorhat, India
| | - Ranjeet Kumar Bordoloi
- Department of Plant Physiology and Breeding, Tocklai Tea Research Institute, Tea Research Association, Jorhat, India
| | - Jayanta Kumar Saikia
- Department of Plant Physiology and Breeding, Tocklai Tea Research Institute, Tea Research Association, Jorhat, India
| | - Romen Chandra Gogoi
- Tea Testing Laboratory, Tocklai Tea Research Institute, Tea Research Association, Jorhat, India
| | - Kanchan Bhardwaj
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, India
| | - Jie Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Yang Tao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sivakumar Manickam
- Petroleum and Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei
- Sivakumar Manickam,
| | - Buddhadeb Das
- North Bengal Regional R&D Centre, Tea Research Association, Nagrakata, India
- Buddhadeb Das,
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Evaluation of Selected Heavy Metals Contaminants in the Fruits and Leaves of Organic, Conventional and Wild Raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.). APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12157610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Chemical pollutants contaminate the air, soil and then plants, which are the main source of xenobiotics for humans. Many consumers perceive that organically grown foods are of better quality, healthier and more nutritious than conventionally grown foods. The aim of the study was to analyse raspberry fruits and leaves from organic, conventional and wild crops in Poland for two years, independently of climatic and agrotechnical conditions. The metal contents (Al, B, Cu, Mn and Zn) were determined using the validated Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) and by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS/MS) (As, Cd, Pb, Cr, Co, Mo, V, Sr, Sb, Ti and Tl). The raspberry fruits from organic farming contained more (p ≤ 0.05) Cd, Zn, Mn and V compared to those from conventional cultivation. Fruits of wild-growing raspberry had more Cd, Zn, Co and Mn compared to other crops. Wild-growing raspberry leaves had more Cd, Pb, Zn, Mn and Tl than the other leaves. The raspberry leaves from organic cultivation had more Cr, Cd and Pb compared to leaves from conventional cultivation. The leaves and fruits of wild-growing raspberry are characterized by a significantly higher content of heavy metals.
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Behrendt I, Röder I, Will F, Mostafa H, Gonzalez-Dominguez R, Meroño T, Andres-Lacueva C, Fasshauer M, Rudloff S, Kuntz S. Influence of Plasma-Isolated Anthocyanins and Their Metabolites on Cancer Cell Migration (HT-29 and Caco-2) In Vitro: Results of the ATTACH Study. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071341. [PMID: 35883834 PMCID: PMC9311669 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer mortality is mainly due to metastasis. Therefore, searching for new therapeutic agents suppressing cancer cell migration is crucial. Data from human studies regarding effects of anthocyanins on cancer progression, however, are scarce and it is unclear whether physiological concentrations of anthocyanins and their metabolites reduce cancer cell migration in vivo. In addition, interactions with chemotherapeutics like 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) are largely unknown. Thus, we combined a placebo-controlled, double-blinded, cross-over study with in vitro migration studies of colon cancer cell lines to examine the anti-migratory effects of plasma-isolated anthocyanins and their metabolites (PAM). Healthy volunteers (n = 35) daily consumed 0.33 L of an anthocyanin-rich grape/bilberry juice and an anthocyanin-depleted placebo juice for 28 days. PAM were isolated before and after intervention by solid-phase extraction. HT-29 and Caco-2 cells were incubated with PAM in a Boyden chamber. Migration of HT-29 cells was significantly inhibited by PAM from juice but not from placebo. In contrast, Caco-2 migration was not affected. Co-incubation with 5-FU and pooled PAM from volunteers (n = 10), which most effectively inhibited HT-29 migration, further reduced HT-29 migration in comparison to 5-FU alone. Therefore, PAM at physiological concentrations impairs colon cancer cell migration and may support the effectiveness of chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inken Behrendt
- Department of Nutritional Science, Human Nutrition, Justus-Liebig-University, 35390 Giessen, Germany; (M.F.); (S.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Isabella Röder
- Department of Beverage Research, Hochschule Geisenheim University, 65366 Geisenheim, Germany; (I.R.); (F.W.)
| | - Frank Will
- Department of Beverage Research, Hochschule Geisenheim University, 65366 Geisenheim, Germany; (I.R.); (F.W.)
| | - Hamza Mostafa
- Biomarkers and Nutrimetabolomics Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, Food Innovation Network (XIA), Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA), Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (H.M.); (R.G.-D.); (T.M.); (C.A.-L.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl Gonzalez-Dominguez
- Biomarkers and Nutrimetabolomics Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, Food Innovation Network (XIA), Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA), Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (H.M.); (R.G.-D.); (T.M.); (C.A.-L.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Tomás Meroño
- Biomarkers and Nutrimetabolomics Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, Food Innovation Network (XIA), Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA), Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (H.M.); (R.G.-D.); (T.M.); (C.A.-L.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Andres-Lacueva
- Biomarkers and Nutrimetabolomics Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, Food Innovation Network (XIA), Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA), Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (H.M.); (R.G.-D.); (T.M.); (C.A.-L.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mathias Fasshauer
- Department of Nutritional Science, Human Nutrition, Justus-Liebig-University, 35390 Giessen, Germany; (M.F.); (S.K.)
| | - Silvia Rudloff
- Department of Nutritional Science and Department of Pediatrics, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Sabine Kuntz
- Department of Nutritional Science, Human Nutrition, Justus-Liebig-University, 35390 Giessen, Germany; (M.F.); (S.K.)
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Panchal SK, John OD, Mathai ML, Brown L. Anthocyanins in Chronic Diseases: The Power of Purple. Nutrients 2022; 14:2161. [PMID: 35631301 PMCID: PMC9142943 DOI: 10.3390/nu14102161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins are mainly purple-coloured phenolic compounds of plant origin that as secondary metabolites are important in plant survival. Understanding their health benefits in humans requires sourcing these unstable compounds in sufficient quantities at a reasonable cost, which has led to improved methods of extraction. Dark-coloured fruits, cereals and vegetables are current sources of these compounds. The range of potential sustainable sources is much larger and includes non-commercialised native plants from around the world and agri-waste containing anthocyanins. In the last 5 years, there have been significant advances in developing the therapeutic potential of anthocyanins in chronic human diseases. Anthocyanins exert their beneficial effects through improvements in gut microbiota, oxidative stress and inflammation, and modulation of neuropeptides such as insulin-like growth factor-1. Their health benefits in humans include reduced cognitive decline; protection of organs such as the liver, as well as the cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal tract and kidneys; improvements in bone health and obesity; and regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. This review summarises some of the sources of anthocyanins and their mechanisms and benefits in the treatment of chronic human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K. Panchal
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2753, Australia;
- Global Centre for Land-Based Innovation, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2753, Australia
| | - Oliver D. John
- Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; or
| | - Michael L. Mathai
- Institute of Health and Sport, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia;
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Lindsay Brown
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
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17
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Mohammed HA, Khan RA. Anthocyanins: Traditional Uses, Structural and Functional Variations, Approaches to Increase Yields and Products' Quality, Hepatoprotection, Liver Longevity, and Commercial Products. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042149. [PMID: 35216263 PMCID: PMC8875224 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins are water-soluble, colored compounds of the flavonoid class, abundantly found in the fruits, leaves, roots, and other parts of the plants. The fruit berries are prime sources and exhibit different colors. The anthocyanins utility as traditional medicament for liver protection and cure, and importance as strongest plants-based anti-oxidants have conferred these plants products different biological activities. These activities include anti-inflammation, liver protective, analgesic, and anti-cancers, which have provided the anthocyanins an immense commercial value, and has impelled their chemistry, biological activity, isolation, and quality investigations as prime focus. Methods in extraction and production of anthocyanin-based products have assumed vital economic importance. Different extraction techniques in aquatic solvents mixtures, eutectic solvents, and other chemically reactive extractions including low acid concentrations-based extractions have been developed. The prophylactic and curative therapy roles of the anthocyanins, together with no reported toxicity has offered much-needed impetus and economic benefits to these classes of compounds which are commercially available. Information retrieval from various search engines, including the PubMed®, ScienceDirect®, Scopus®, and Google Scholar®, were used in the review preparation. This imparted an outlook on the anthocyanins occurrence, roles in plants, isolation-extraction, structures, biosynthetic as well as semi- and total-synthetic pathways, product quality and yields enhancements, including uses as part of traditional medicines, and uses in liver disorders, prophylactic and therapeutic applications in liver protection and longevity, liver cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma. The review also highlights the integrated approach to yields maximizations to meet the regular demands of the anthocyanins products, also as part of the extract-rich preparations together with a listing of marketed products available for human consumption as nutraceuticals/food supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamdoon A. Mohammed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11371, Egypt
- Correspondence: (H.A.M.); (R.A.K.)
| | - Riaz A. Khan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (H.A.M.); (R.A.K.)
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