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Vaziri AS, Alizadeh M, Vasheghani-Farahani E, Karakaya E, Detsch R, Boccaccini AR. Polyethylenimine Inclusion to Develop Aqueous Alginate-Based Core-Shell Capsules for Biomedical Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:25652-25664. [PMID: 38739871 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c01186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Aqueous core-shell structures can serve as an efficient approach that allows cells to generate 3D spheroids with in vivo-like cell-to-cell contacts. Here, a novel strategy for fabricating liquid-core-shell capsules is proposed by inverse gelation of alginate (ALG) and layer-by-layer (LbL) coating. We hypothesized that the unique properties of polyethylenimine (PEI) could be utilized to overcome the low structural stability and the limited cell recognition motifs of ALG. In the next step, alginate dialdehyde (ADA) enabled the Schiff-base reaction with free amine groups of PEI to reduce its possible toxic effects. Scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy images proved the formation of spherical hollow capsules with outer diameters of 3.0 ± 0.1 mm for ALG, 3.2 ± 0.1 mm for ALG/PEI, and 4.0 ± 0.2 mm for ALG/PEI/ADA capsules. The effective modulus increased by 3-fold and 5-fold when comparing ALG/PEI/ADA and ALG/PEI to ALG capsules, respectively. Moreover, PEI-coated capsules showed potential antibacterial properties against both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, with an apparent inhibition zone. The cell viability results showed that all capsules were cytocompatible (above 75.5%). Cells could proliferate and form spheroids when encapsulated within the ALG/PEI/ADA capsules. Monitoring the spheroid thickness over 5 days of incubation indicated an increasing trend from 39.50 μm after 1 day to 66.86 μm after 5 days. The proposed encapsulation protocol represents a new in vitro platform for developing 3D cell cultivation and can be adapted to fulfill the requirements of various biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Sadat Vaziri
- Biomedical Engineering Division, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-111, Iran
- Institute of Biomaterials, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstrasse 6, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Maryam Alizadeh
- Institute of Biomaterials, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstrasse 6, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Ebrahim Vasheghani-Farahani
- Biomedical Engineering Division, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-111, Iran
| | - Emine Karakaya
- Institute of Biomaterials, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstrasse 6, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Rainer Detsch
- Institute of Biomaterials, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstrasse 6, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Aldo R Boccaccini
- Institute of Biomaterials, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstrasse 6, Erlangen 91058, Germany
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Tran DT, Nguyen NK, Yadav AS, Chuang A, Burford M, Ooi CH, Sreejith KR, Nguyen NT. Calcium alginate elastic capsules for microalgal cultivation. RSC Adv 2024; 14:15441-15448. [PMID: 38741954 PMCID: PMC11090016 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00519h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Calcium alginate elastic capsules with a core-shell structure are versatile spherical solid beads that can be produced in large quantities using various techniques. This type of capsule is a promising platform for cell culture applications, owing to its mechanical elasticity and transparency. This paper reports the production of calcium alginate capsules with high consistency, and for the first time, demonstrates the feasibility of the capsules for microalgal cultivation. Cell growth analysis reveals that the vibrationally-shaken calcium alginate elastic capsule platform yielded a higher maximum cell number (4.86 × 108 cells per mL) during the cultivation period than the control solution platforms. Aquafeed and food supplements for humans are the targeted applications of this novel platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du Tuan Tran
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University 170 Kessels Road Nathan 4111 Queensland Australia
| | - Nhat-Khuong Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University 170 Kessels Road Nathan 4111 Queensland Australia
| | - Ajeet Singh Yadav
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University 170 Kessels Road Nathan 4111 Queensland Australia
| | - Ann Chuang
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University 170 Kessels Road Nathan 4111 Queensland Australia
| | - Michele Burford
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University 170 Kessels Road Nathan 4111 Queensland Australia
| | - Chin Hong Ooi
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University 170 Kessels Road Nathan 4111 Queensland Australia
| | - Kamalalayam Rajan Sreejith
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University 170 Kessels Road Nathan 4111 Queensland Australia
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University 170 Kessels Road Nathan 4111 Queensland Australia
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Weiss R, Mostageer M, Eichhorn T, Huber S, Egger D, Spittler A, Tripisciano C, Kasper C, Weber V. The fluorochrome-to-protein ratio is crucial for the flow cytometric detection of tissue factor on extracellular vesicles. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6419. [PMID: 38494537 PMCID: PMC10944842 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56841-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have crucial roles in hemostasis and coagulation. They sustain coagulation by exposing phosphatidylserine and initiate clotting by surface expression of tissue factor (TF) under inflammatory conditions. As their relevance as biomarkers of coagulopathy is increasingly recognized, there is a need for the sensitive and reliable detection of TF+ EVs, but their flow cytometric analysis is challenging and has yielded controversial findings for TF expression on EVs in the vascular system. We investigated the effect of different fluorochrome-to-protein (F/P) ratios of anti-TF-fluorochrome conjugates on the flow cytometric detection of TF+ EVs from activated monocytes, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and in COVID-19 plasma. Using a FITC-labeled anti-TF antibody (clone VD8), we show that the percentage of TF+ EVs declined with decreasing F/P ratios. TF was detected on 7.6%, 5.4%, and 1.1% of all EVs derived from activated monocytes at F/P ratios of 7.7:1, 6.6:1, and 5.2:1. A similar decline was observed for EVs from MSCs and for EVs in plasma, whereas the detection of TF on cells remained unaffected by different F/P ratios. We provide clear evidence that next to the antibody clone, the F/P ratio affects the flow cytometric detection of TF+ EVs and should be carefully controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Weiss
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Department for Biomedical Research, University for Continuing Education Krems, Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Strasse 30, 3500, Krems, Austria
| | - Marwa Mostageer
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Department for Biomedical Research, University for Continuing Education Krems, Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Strasse 30, 3500, Krems, Austria
| | - Tanja Eichhorn
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Department for Biomedical Research, University for Continuing Education Krems, Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Strasse 30, 3500, Krems, Austria
| | - Silke Huber
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dominik Egger
- Institute of Cell and Tissue Culture Technology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Spittler
- Core Facility Flow Cytometry & Surgical Research Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carla Tripisciano
- Clinical Division of Haematology and Haemostaseology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cornelia Kasper
- Institute of Cell and Tissue Culture Technology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Viktoria Weber
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Department for Biomedical Research, University for Continuing Education Krems, Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Strasse 30, 3500, Krems, Austria.
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Peng X, Janićijević Ž, Lemm S, Hauser S, Knobel M, Pietzsch J, Bachmann M, Baraban L. Impact of Viscosity on Human Hepatoma Spheroids in Soft Core-Shell Microcapsules. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2302609. [PMID: 38227977 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202302609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The extracellular environment regulates the structures and functions of cells, from the molecular to the tissue level. However, the underlying mechanisms influencing the organization and adaptation of cancer in three-dimensional (3D) environments are not yet fully understood. In this study, the influence of the viscosity of the environment is investigated on the mechanical adaptability of human hepatoma cell (HepG2) spheroids in vitro, using 3D microcapsule reactors formed with droplet-based microfluidics. To mimic the environment with different mechanical properties, HepG2 cells are encapsulated in alginate core-shell reservoirs (i.e., microcapsules) with different core viscosities tuned by incorporating carboxymethylcellulose. The significant changes in cell and spheroid distribution, proliferation, and cytoskeleton are observed and quantified. Importantly, changes in the expression and distribution of F-actin and keratin 8 indicate the relation between spheroid stiffness and viscosity of the surrounding medium. The increase of F-actin levels in the viscous medium can indicate an enhanced ability of tumor cells to traverse dense tissue. These results demonstrate the ability of cancer cells to dynamically adapt to the changes in extracellular viscosity, which is an important physical cue regulating tumor development, and thus of relevance in cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Peng
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Željko Janićijević
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sandy Lemm
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Sciences, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sandra Hauser
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Knobel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Fluid Dynamics, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens Pietzsch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Sciences, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Bachmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 01307, Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Larysa Baraban
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, 01328, Dresden, Germany
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Bennacef C, Desobry S, Probst L, Desobry-Banon S. Alginate Based Core-Shell Capsules Production through Coextrusion Methods: Recent Applications. Foods 2023; 12:foods12091788. [PMID: 37174326 PMCID: PMC10177967 DOI: 10.3390/foods12091788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Encapsulation is used in various industries to protect active molecules and control the release of the encapsulated materials. One of the structures that can be obtained using coextrusion encapsulation methods is the core-shell capsule. This review focuses on coextrusion encapsulation applications for the preservation of oils and essential oils, probiotics, and other bioactives. This technology isolates actives from the external environment, enhances their stability, and allows their controlled release. Coextrusion offers a valuable means of preserving active molecules by reducing oxidation processes, limiting the evaporation of volatile compounds, isolating some nutrients or drugs with undesired taste, or stabilizing probiotics to increase their shelf life. Being environmentally friendly, coextrusion offers significant application opportunities for the pharmaceutical, food, and agriculture sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanez Bennacef
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Biomolécules (LIBio), ENSAIA-Université de Lorraine, 2 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, BP 20163, 54505 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
- Cookal SAS Company, 19 Avenue de la Meurthe, 54320 Maxéville, France
| | - Stéphane Desobry
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Biomolécules (LIBio), ENSAIA-Université de Lorraine, 2 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, BP 20163, 54505 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Laurent Probst
- Cookal SAS Company, 19 Avenue de la Meurthe, 54320 Maxéville, France
| | - Sylvie Desobry-Banon
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Biomolécules (LIBio), ENSAIA-Université de Lorraine, 2 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, BP 20163, 54505 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
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Hypothermic Preservation of Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells as a Viable Solution for the Storage and Distribution of Cell Therapy Products. BIOENGINEERING (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:bioengineering9120805. [PMID: 36551011 PMCID: PMC9774331 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9120805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cell and gene therapies (CGT) have reached new therapeutic targets but have noticeably high prices. Solutions to reduce production costs might be found in CGT storage and transportation since they typically involve cryopreservation, which is a heavily burdened process. Encapsulation at hypothermic temperatures (e.g., 2-8 °C) could be a feasible alternative. Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC(AT)) expanded using fetal bovine serum (FBS)- (MSC-FBS) or human platelet lysate (HPL)-supplemented mediums (MSC-HPL) were encapsulated in alginate beads for 30 min, 5 days, and 12 days. After bead release, cell recovery and viability were determined to assess encapsulation performance. MSC identity was verified by flow cytometry, and a set of assays was performed to evaluate functionality. MSC(AT) were able to survive encapsulated for a standard transportation period of 5 days, with recovery values of 56 ± 5% for MSC-FBS and 77 ± 6% for MSC-HPL (which is a negligible drop compared to earlier timepoints). Importantly, MSC function did not suffer from encapsulation, with recovered cells showing robust differentiation potential, expression of immunomodulatory molecules, and hematopoietic support capacity. MSC(AT) encapsulation was proven possible for a remarkable 12 day period. There is currently no solution to completely replace cryopreservation in CGT logistics and supply chain, although encapsulation has shown potential to act as a serious competitor.
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Xie X, Zhou X, Liu T, Zhong Z, Zhou Q, Iqbal W, Xie Q, Wei C, Zhang X, Chang TMS, Sun P. Direct Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells to 3D Functional Hepatocyte-like Cells in Alginate Microencapsulation Sphere. Cells 2022; 11:3134. [PMID: 36231094 PMCID: PMC9562699 DOI: 10.3390/cells11193134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lack of a stable source of hepatocytes is one of major limitations in hepatocyte transplantation and clinical applications of a bioartificial liver. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) with a high degree of self-renewal and totipotency are a potentially limitless source of a variety of cell lineages, including hepatocytes. Many techniques have been developed for effective differentiation of hESCs into functional hepatocyte-like cells. However, the application of hESC-derived hepatocyte-like cells (hESC-Heps) in the clinic has been constrained by the low yield of fully differentiated cells, small-scale culture, difficulties in harvesting, and immunologic graft rejection. To resolve these shortcomings, we developed a novel 3D differentiation system involving alginate-microencapsulated spheres to improve current hepatic differentiation, providing ready-to-use hESC-Heps. METHODS In this study, we used alginate microencapsulation technology to differentiate human embryonic stem cells into hepatocyte-like cells (hESC-Heps). Hepatic markers of hESC-Heps were examined by qPCR and Western blotting, and hepatic functions of hESC-Heps were evaluated by indocyanine-green uptake and release, and ammonia removal. RESULTS The maturity and hepatic functions of the hESC-Heps derived from this 3D system were better than those derived from 2D culture. Hepatocyte-enriched genes, such as HNF4α, AFP, and ALB, were expressed at higher levels in 3D hESC-Heps than in 2D hESC-Heps. 3D hESC-Heps could metabolize indocyanine green and had better capacity to scavenge ammonia. In addition, the 3D sodium alginate hydrogel microspheres could block viral entry into the microspheres, and thus protect hESC-Heps in 3D microspheres from viral infection. CONCLUSION We developed a novel 3D differentiation system for differentiating hESCs into hepatocyte-like cells by using alginate microcapsules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Xie
- Stem Cell Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- Guangdong Chaozhou Health Vocational College, Chaozhou 521000, China
- The Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhou
- Stem Cell Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- The Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Tingdang Liu
- Stem Cell Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- The Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Zhiqian Zhong
- Stem Cell Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- The Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Stem Cell Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- The Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Waqas Iqbal
- Stem Cell Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- The Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Qingdong Xie
- Stem Cell Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- The Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Chiju Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Thomas Ming Swi Chang
- Artificial Cells & Organs Research Centre, Departments of Physiology, Medicine & Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Pingnan Sun
- Stem Cell Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- The Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
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Function of the Long Noncoding RNAs in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Classification, Molecular Mechanisms, and Significant Therapeutic Potentials. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9080406. [PMID: 36004931 PMCID: PMC9405066 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9080406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common and serious type of primary liver cancer. HCC patients have a high death rate and poor prognosis due to the lack of clear signs and inadequate treatment interventions. However, the molecular pathways that underpin HCC pathogenesis remain unclear. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), a new type of RNAs, have been found to play important roles in HCC. LncRNAs have the ability to influence gene expression and protein activity. Dysregulation of lncRNAs has been linked to a growing number of liver disorders, including HCC. As a result, improved understanding of lncRNAs could lead to new insights into HCC etiology, as well as new approaches for the early detection and treatment of HCC. The latest results with respect to the role of lncRNAs in controlling multiple pathways of HCC were summarized in this study. The processes by which lncRNAs influence HCC advancement by interacting with chromatin, RNAs, and proteins at the epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-transcriptional levels were examined. This critical review also highlights recent breakthroughs in lncRNA signaling pathways in HCC progression, shedding light on the potential applications of lncRNAs for HCC diagnosis and therapy.
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