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Alamoudi R, Kanavakis G, Oeschger ES, Halazonetis D, Gkantidis N. Occlusal characteristics in modern humans with tooth agenesis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5840. [PMID: 38462644 PMCID: PMC10925589 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56449-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-syndromic permanent tooth agenesis affects a significant proportion of the population, especially if third molars are considered. Although tooth agenesis has been linked to a smaller craniofacial size, reduced facial convexity and a shorter skeletal face, the occlusal characteristics of individuals with tooth agenesis remain largely unexplored. Therefore, this study investigated potential associations between tooth agenesis and metric occlusal traits in 806 individuals (491 with 4.1 missing teeth per subject, including third molars, and 315 without any tooth agenesis). Dentoskeletal morphology was defined through anatomical landmarks on pre-treatment cephalometric radiographs. Multivariate regression models, adjusted for sex and age, showed that tooth agenesis was significantly associated with a reduced overjet, an increased interincisal angle, and shorter upper and lower dental arch lengths, but not with overbite. Moreover, apart from reduced tooth length and dentoalveolar effects, as the number of missing teeth increased the upper front teeth were progressively retruded according to the craniofacial complex and to the face. Thus, tooth agenesis has a substantial influence on dental and occlusal characteristics, as well as on the sagittal position and inclination of anterior teeth. These findings emphasize the necessity for personalized, multidisciplinary approaches in individuals with multiple agenesis to successfully meet treatment goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragda Alamoudi
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Georgios Kanavakis
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, UZB - University School of Dental Medicine, University of Basel, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Elias S Oeschger
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Demetrios Halazonetis
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Gkantidis
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.
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Henninger E, Friedli L, Makrygiannakis MA, Zymperdikas VF, Papadopoulos MA, Kanavakis G, Gkantidis N. Supernumerary Tooth Patterns in Non-Syndromic White European Subjects. Dent J (Basel) 2023; 11:230. [PMID: 37886915 PMCID: PMC10605437 DOI: 10.3390/dj11100230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Supernumerary teeth form at an incidence of about 3% in the population, with differences among races and various clinical consequences. Information on detailed patterns, and especially on white subjects, is scarce in the literature. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the patterns of non-syndromic permanent supernumerary teeth in a white European population. A record review was performed in different orthodontic clinics and identified 207 eligible individuals with 258 supernumerary teeth. Approximately 80% of the subjects had one supernumerary tooth, while 15% had two. Supernumerary tooth formation was more often evident in males (male/female: 1.65). However, there was no sexual dimorphism in its severity. The following pattern sequences, with decreasing prevalence order, were observed in the maxilla: 21 > 11 > 12 > 18 > 28 and in the mandible: 34 > 44 > 35 > 45 > 42. Supernumerary teeth were most often unilaterally present, without sexual dimorphism. In the maxilla, they were more often anteriorly present, whereas in the mandible, an opposite tendency was observed. Supernumerary teeth were consistently more often observed in the maxilla than in the mandible; 74% were impacted, 80% had normal orientation (13% horizontal, 7% inverted), and 53% had normal size. The present thorough supernumerary tooth pattern assessment enables a better understanding of this condition with clinical, developmental, and evolutionary implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Henninger
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; (E.H.); (L.F.)
| | - Luca Friedli
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; (E.H.); (L.F.)
| | - Miltiadis A. Makrygiannakis
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, GR-11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Vasileios F. Zymperdikas
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (V.F.Z.); (M.A.P.)
| | - Moschos A. Papadopoulos
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (V.F.Z.); (M.A.P.)
| | - Georgios Kanavakis
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, UZB—University School of Dental Medicine, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Nikolaos Gkantidis
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; (E.H.); (L.F.)
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Alamoudi R, Ghamri M, Mistakidis I, Gkantidis N. Sexual Dimorphism in Third Molar Agenesis in Humans with and without Agenesis of Other Teeth. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11121725. [PMID: 36552235 PMCID: PMC9774884 DOI: 10.3390/biology11121725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism in the human dentition is of interest from a developmental, evolutionary, and clinical point of view. Here, we investigated sexual dimorphism in third molar agenesis patterns and severity in non-syndromic white European individuals with (group A: 303 individuals) and without agenesis (group B: 303 individuals) of teeth other than the third molars. There was no sexual dimorphism in the patterns or the severity of third molar agenesis within groups. Both sexes showed a higher number of third molar agenesis per individual in group A than in group B. The most common third molar agenesis pattern was that of no third molars. For both females and males, bilateral third molar agenesis was approximately three times more frequent in group A than in group B (p < 0.001), whereas no difference was detected for unilateral agenesis. These findings indicate a strong genetic control of the developmental process of tooth formation, with any disruptions affecting both sexes in a similar manner. Overall, the higher vulnerability of third molar formation could be associated with the evolutionary trend in humans towards a reduced number of molar teeth, which seems to show no sex-related differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragda Alamoudi
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mohammed Ghamri
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Directorate of Health Affairs-Jeddah, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 11176, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Nikolaos Gkantidis
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-031-632-098
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Oeschger ES, Kanavakis G, Cocos A, Halazonetis DJ, Gkantidis N. Number of Teeth Is Related to Craniofacial Morphology in Humans. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11040544. [PMID: 35453743 PMCID: PMC9029740 DOI: 10.3390/biology11040544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary In modern humans, congenital absence of one or more permanent teeth has a prevalence of 22.6% when considering the third molars and of 6.4% when not. Its high prevalence, in conjunction with evolutionary findings pinpointing to a steady reduction in teeth number, raises the question whether the congenital absence of teeth in modern humans is an evolutionary trend rather than an anomaly. Previous studies have shown that modern humans with less teeth also have smaller faces; however, the association between teeth number and craniofacial morphology remains unclear. Here, we show that less teeth are associated with a flatter profile and a decreased facial height. These findings support the claim of a broader relationship between number of teeth and overall craniofacial development and have evolutionary implications, since face reduction comprises also an evolutionary trend in humans. Abstract One of the most common dental anomalies in humans is the congenital absence of teeth, referred to as tooth agenesis. The association of tooth agenesis to craniofacial morphology has been previously investigated but remains unclear. We investigated this association by applying geometric morphometric methods in a large sample of modern humans. In line with previous studies, we report here that a reduced teeth number is linked to a less convex profile, as well as to a shorter face. The effects were similar for males and females; they increased as the severity of the tooth agenesis increased and remained unaltered by the inclusion of third molars and of allometry in the analysis. Furthermore, in cases with tooth agenesis only in the maxilla, there was no detectable effect in mandibular shape, whereas maxillary shape was affected independently of the location of missing teeth. The robustness of the present sample along with the shape analysis and the statistical approach applied, allowed for thorough testing of various contributing factors regarding the presence but also the magnitude of effects. The present findings suggest a relationship between number of teeth and overall craniofacial development and have evolutionary implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias S. Oeschger
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Georgios Kanavakis
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, UZB—University School of Dental Medicine, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland;
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Alina Cocos
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, GR-11527 Athens, Greece; (A.C.); (D.J.H.)
| | - Demetrios J. Halazonetis
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, GR-11527 Athens, Greece; (A.C.); (D.J.H.)
| | - Nikolaos Gkantidis
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland;
- Correspondence:
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