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Liu Y, Liu Y, Zhang X, Yan G, Qi L, Yong VW, Xue M. The cerebroprotection and prospects of FNDC5/irisin in stroke. Neuropharmacology 2024; 253:109986. [PMID: 38705569 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.109986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Stroke, the leading cause of disability and cognitive impairment, is also the second leading cause of death worldwide. The drugs with multi-targeted brain cytoprotective effects are increasingly being advocated for the treatment of stroke. Irisin, a newly discovered myokine produced by cleavage of fibronectin type III domain 5, has been shown to regulate glucose metabolism, mitochondrial energy, and fat browning. A large amount of evidence indicated that irisin could exert anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and antioxidant properties in a variety of diseases such as myocardial infarction, inflammatory bowel disease, lung injury, and kidney or liver disease. Studies have found that irisin is widely distributed in multiple brain regions and also plays an important regulatory role in the central nervous system. The most common cause of a stroke is a sudden blockage of an artery (ischemic stroke), and in some circumstances, a blood vessel rupture can also result in a stroke (hemorrhagic stroke). After a stroke, complicated pathophysiological processes lead to serious brain injury and neurological dysfunction. According to recent investigations, irisin may protect elements of the neurovascular unit by acting on multiple pathological processes in stroke. This review aims to outline the currently recognized effects of irisin on stroke and propose possible directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Liu
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Gaili Yan
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Lingxiao Qi
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - V Wee Yong
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mengzhou Xue
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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Collu R, Yin Z, Giunti E, Daley S, Chen M, Morin P, Killick R, Wong STC, Xia W. Effect of the ROCK inhibitor fasudil on the brain proteomic profile in the tau transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1323563. [PMID: 38440100 PMCID: PMC10911083 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1323563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The goal of this study is to explore the pharmacological potential of the amyloid-reducing vasodilator fasudil, a selective Ras homolog (Rho)-associated kinases (ROCK) inhibitor, in the P301S tau transgenic mouse model (Line PS19) of neurodegenerative tauopathy and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods We used LC-MS/MS, ELISA and bioinformatic approaches to investigate the effect of treatment with fasudil on the brain proteomic profile in PS19 tau transgenic mice. We also explored the efficacy of fasudil in reducing tau phosphorylation, and the potential beneficial and/or toxic effects of its administration in mice. Results Proteomic profiling of mice brains exposed to fasudil revealed the activation of the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and blood-brain barrier (BBB) gap junction metabolic pathways. We also observed a significant negative correlation between the brain levels of phosphorylated tau (pTau) at residue 396 and both fasudil and its metabolite hydroxyfasudil. Conclusions Our results provide evidence on the activation of proteins and pathways related to mitochondria and BBB functions by fasudil treatment and support its further development and therapeutic potential for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Collu
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Bedford VA Healthcare System, Bedford, MA, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Zheng Yin
- T. T. and W. F. Chao Center for BRAIN, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston Methodist Academic Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Elisa Giunti
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Bedford VA Healthcare System, Bedford, MA, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sarah Daley
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Bedford VA Healthcare System, Bedford, MA, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mei Chen
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Bedford VA Healthcare System, Bedford, MA, United States
| | - Peter Morin
- Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Richard Killick
- King's College London, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen T. C. Wong
- T. T. and W. F. Chao Center for BRAIN, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston Methodist Academic Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Weiming Xia
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Bedford VA Healthcare System, Bedford, MA, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Kennedy College of Science, Lowell, MA, United States
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Hao Y, Su Y, He Y, Zhang W, Liu Y, Guo Y, Chen X, Liu C, Han S, Wang B, Liu Y, Zhao W, Mu L, Wang J, Peng H, Han J, Kong Q. Impaired cerebral microvascular endothelial cells integrity due to elevated dopamine in myasthenic model. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:10. [PMID: 38178152 PMCID: PMC10765813 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-03005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease characterized by pathogenic antibodies that target structures of the neuromuscular junction. However, some patients also experience autonomic dysfunction, anxiety, depression, and other neurological symptoms, suggesting the complex nature of the neurological manifestations. With the aim of explaining the symptoms related to the central nervous system, we utilized a rat model to investigate the impact of dopamine signaling in the central nervous and peripheral circulation. We adopted several screening methods, including western blot, quantitative PCR, mass spectrum technique, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence staining, and flow cytometry. In this study, we observed increased and activated dopamine signaling in both the central nervous system and peripheral circulation of myasthenia gravis rats. Furthermore, changes in the expression of two key molecules, Claudin5 and CD31, in endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier were also examined in these rats. We also confirmed that dopamine incubation reduced the expression of ZO1, Claudin5, and CD31 in endothelial cells by inhibiting the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Overall, this study provides novel evidence suggesting that pathologically elevated dopamine in both the central nervous and peripheral circulation of myasthenia gravis rats impair brain-blood barrier integrity by inhibiting junction protein expression in brain microvascular endothelial cells through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hao
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yinchun Su
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yifan He
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wenyuan Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yu Guo
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xingfan Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Chunhan Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Siyu Han
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Buyi Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yushuang Liu
- Medicine Department of Guangzhou Geriatric Hospital, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lili Mu
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jinghua Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Haisheng Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Junwei Han
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Qingfei Kong
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China.
- The Heilongjiang Provincial Joint Laboratory of Basic Medicine and Multiple Organ System Diseases (International Cooperation), Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China.
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Fiori MC, Altenberg GA. Purification, Reconstitution, and Functional Analysis of Connexin Hemichannels. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2801:1-16. [PMID: 38578409 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3842-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Connexins are the proteins that form the gap junction channels that are essential for cell-to-cell communication. These channels are formed by head-to-head docking of hemichannels (each from one of two adjacent cells). Free "undocked" hemichannels at the plasma membrane are mostly closed, although they are still important under physiological conditions. However, abnormal and sustained increase in hemichannel activity due to connexin mutations or acquired conditions can produce or contribute to cell damage. For example, mutations of Cx26, a connexin isoform, can increase hemichannel activity and cause deafness. Studies using purified isolated systems under well-controlled conditions are essential for a full understanding of molecular mechanisms of hemichannel function under normal conditions and in disease, and here, we present methodology for the expression, purification, and functional analysis of hemichannels formed by Cx26.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana C Fiori
- Clinical Research Institute, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Guillermo A Altenberg
- Department of Cell Physiology and Molecular Biophysics, and Center for Membrane Protein Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.
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Zhang Y, Liu Y, Yong VW, Xue M. Omarigliptin inhibits brain cell ferroptosis after intracerebral hemorrhage. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14339. [PMID: 37658227 PMCID: PMC10474264 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41635-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a disastrous disease without effective treatment. An extensive body of evidence indicate that neuronal ferroptosis is a key contributor to neurological disfunctions after ICH. Omarigliptin, also known as MK3102, is an anti-diabetic drug that inhibits dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP4). Recently, MK3102 is reported to exhibit anti-ferroptosis and anti-oxidative effects in different pathological conditions. However, the anti-ferroptosis ability of MK3102 in ICH injury is unknown. Hemin was administrated to model ICH injury in cultured primary cortical neurons, and collagenase VII was used to induce ICH in C57BL/6 mice. MK3102 was administered after ICH. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) was applied to detect cell viability. Neurological functions were assessed through the Focal deficits neurological scores and corner test. HE and TUNEL staining was applied to evaluate brain damage areas and cell death, respectively. Ferroptosis was evaluated in cultured neurons by fluorescent probe DCFH-DA, FerroOrange, Liperfluo and immunofluorescence of GPX4, AIFM2 and FACL4. Perls staining was performed to visualize Fe3+ deposition. Ferroptosis-related proteins in mouse brain were measured by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. MK3102 reduced the neurotoxicity of hemin in cultured primary cortical neurons. It improved neurological functions associated with a decrease in the number of dead neurons and the area of brain damage after ICH in mice. Moreover, MK3102 prominently upregulated glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) levels after ICH. In addition, the elevation of iron content, lipid peroxidation and FACL4 after ICH; and reduction of GPX4 and AIFM2; were mitigated by MK3102 in vitro and in vivo. The neuroprotective effect of MK3102 may be related to anti-ferroptosis by regulating GLP-1R after ICH injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - V Wee Yong
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Mengzhou Xue
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China.
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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Cao N, Liu X, Hou Y, Deng Y, Xin Y, Xin X, Xiang X, Liu X, Yu W. 18-α-glycyrrhetinic acid alleviates oxidative damage in periodontal tissue by modulating the interaction of Cx43 and JNK/NF-κB pathways. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1221053. [PMID: 37538174 PMCID: PMC10394238 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1221053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Periodontitis is a common chronic inflammatory disease in which oxidative stress is one of the key pathogenic factors. Connexin43 (Cx43) is the most critical and widely distributed connexin isoform. When the organism undergoes a severe and sustained stress response, Cx43-mediated gap junctions (GJs) are believed to underlie the biology of tissue injury exacerbation and amplification. Notably, 18-α-glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) is a classical pharmacological inhibitor of GJs and has antioxidant potential. However, the regulatory role of GA in the redox signaling of periodontal tissues and the potential mechanisms of Cx43 in the pathogenesis of periodontitis remain uncertain. Methods: In this study, we evaluated the effects and mechanisms of GA in alleviating oxidative damage of periodontal tissues and cells by constructing an H2O2-induced oxidative stress model in human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs) and a periodontitis model in rats. Results: Cellular experiments showed that GA effectively attenuated H2O2-induced oxidative damage in hPDLCs by inhibiting the expression and function of Cx43. In addition, pretreatment of hPDLCs with either GA or SP600125 (a JNK inhibitor) inhibited the Cx43/JNK/NF-κB pathway, restored cell viability, and reduced apoptosis. Animal experiment results showed that GA intervention reduced alveolar bone resorption and periodontal tissue destruction, inhibited osteoclast differentiation, improved mitochondrial structural abnormalities and dysfunction in periodontal tissue, and decreased oxidative stress levels and apoptosis in rats with periodontitis. Conclusion: Overall, our findings suggest that the Cx43/JNK/NF-κB pathway may play a vital role to promote periodontitis progression, while GA reduces oxidative stress and apoptosis by inhibiting the interaction of Cx43 and JNK/NF-κB pathways, thus alleviating oxidative damage in the periodontal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niuben Cao
- Department of Periodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaomeng Liu
- Department of Periodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yubo Hou
- Department of Periodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Deng
- Department of Periodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Xin
- Department of Periodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xirui Xin
- Department of Periodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xinchen Xiang
- Department of Periodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xinchan Liu
- Department of Dental Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Weixian Yu
- Department of Geriatric Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Changchun, China
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Zhang Y, Liu Y, Zhang X, Yong VW, Xue M. Omarigliptin Protects the Integrity of the Blood-Brain Barrier After Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Mice. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:2535-2548. [PMID: 37342770 PMCID: PMC10278948 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s411017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a fatal disease without effective treatment. The damage of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a key cause of brain edema and herniation after ICH. Omarigliptin (also known as MK3102) is a potent antidiabetic that inhibits dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP4); the latter has the ability to bind and degrade matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). The present study aims to investigate the protective effects of omarigliptin against the destruction of BBB following ICH in mice. Methods and Materials Collagenase VII was used to induce ICH in C57BL/6 mice. MK3102 (7 mg/kg/day) was administered after ICH. The modified neurological severity scores (mNSS) were carried out to assess neurological functions. Nissl staining was applied to evaluate neuronal loss. Brain water content, Evans blue extravasation, Western blots, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence were used to study the protective effects of BBB with MK3102 at 3 days after ICH. Results MK3102 reduced DPP4 expression and decreased hematoma formation and neurobehavioral deficits of ICH mice. This was correspondent with lowered activation of microglia/macrophages and infiltration of neutrophils after ICH. Importantly, MK3102 protected the integrity of the BBB after ICH, associated with decreased expression of MMP-9, and preservation of the tight junction proteins ZO-1 and Occludin on endothelial cells through putative degradation of MMP-9, and inhibition of the expression of CX43 on astrocytes. Conclusion Omarigliptin protects the integrity of the BBB in mice after ICH injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - V Wee Yong
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mengzhou Xue
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China
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Caruso G, Di Pietro L, Caraci F. Gap Junctions and Connexins in Microglia-Related Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation: Perspectives for Drug Discovery. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13030505. [PMID: 36979440 PMCID: PMC10046203 DOI: 10.3390/biom13030505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia represent the immune system of the brain. Their role is central in two phenomena, neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, which are at the roots of different pathologies related to the central nervous system (CNS). In order to maintain the homeostasis of the brain and re-establish the equilibrium after a threatening imbalance, microglia communicate with each other and other cells within the CNS by receiving specific signals through membrane-bound receptors and then releasing neurotrophic factors into either the extracellular milieu or directly into the cytoplasm of nearby cells, such as astrocytes and neurons. These last two mechanisms rely on the activity of protein structures that enable the formation of channels in the membrane, namely, connexins and pannexins, that group and form gap junctions, hemichannels, and pannexons. These channels allow the release of gliotransmitters, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and glutamate, together with calcium ion (Ca2+), that seem to play a pivotal role in inter-cellular communication. The aim of the present review is focused on the physiology of channel protein complexes and their contribution to neuroinflammatory and oxidative stress-related phenomena, which play a central role in neurodegenerative disorders. We will then discuss how pharmacological modulation of these channels can impact neuroinflammatory phenomena and hypothesize that currently available nutraceuticals, such as carnosine and N-acetylcysteine, can modulate the activity of connexins and pannexins in microglial cells and reduce oxidative stress in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Caruso
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Unit of Neuropharmacology and Translational Neurosciences, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0957385036
| | - Lucia Di Pietro
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Scuola Superiore di Catania, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Filippo Caraci
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Unit of Neuropharmacology and Translational Neurosciences, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy
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Li Z, Liu Y, Wei R, Yong VW, Xue M. The Important Role of Zinc in Neurological Diseases. Biomolecules 2022; 13:28. [PMID: 36671413 PMCID: PMC9855948 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is one of the most abundant metal ions in the central nervous system (CNS), where it plays a crucial role in both physiological and pathological brain functions. Zinc promotes antioxidant effects, neurogenesis, and immune system responses. From neonatal brain development to the preservation and control of adult brain function, zinc is a vital homeostatic component of the CNS. Molecularly, zinc regulates gene expression with transcription factors and activates dozens of enzymes involved in neuronal metabolism. During development and in adulthood, zinc acts as a regulator of synaptic activity and neuronal plasticity at the cellular level. There are several neurological diseases that may be affected by changes in zinc status, and these include stroke, neurodegenerative diseases, traumatic brain injuries, and depression. Accordingly, zinc deficiency may result in declines in cognition and learning and an increase in oxidative stress, while zinc accumulation may lead to neurotoxicity and neuronal cell death. In this review, we explore the mechanisms of brain zinc balance, the role of zinc in neurological diseases, and strategies affecting zinc for the prevention and treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Li
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Translational Cerebrovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Translational Cerebrovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ruixue Wei
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Translational Cerebrovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - V. Wee Yong
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Mengzhou Xue
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Translational Cerebrovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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Li Z, Khan S, Liu Y, Wei R, Yong VW, Xue M. Therapeutic strategies for intracerebral hemorrhage. Front Neurol 2022; 13:1032343. [PMID: 36408517 PMCID: PMC9672341 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1032343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the second highest cause of death globally, with an increasing incidence in developing countries. Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) accounts for 10-15% of all strokes. ICH is associated with poor neurological outcomes and high mortality due to the combination of primary and secondary injury. Fortunately, experimental therapies are available that may improve functional outcomes in patients with ICH. These therapies targeting secondary brain injury have attracted substantial attention in their translational potential. Here, we summarize recent advances in therapeutic strategies and directions for ICH and discuss the barriers and issues that need to be overcome to improve ICH prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Li
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Translational Cerebrovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Suliman Khan
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Translational Cerebrovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Translational Cerebrovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruixue Wei
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Translational Cerebrovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, China
| | - V. Wee Yong
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Mengzhou Xue
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Translational Cerebrovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, China
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11
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Liu Y, Mu Y, Li Z, Yong VW, Xue M. Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer in brain ischemia and intracerebral hemorrhage. Front Immunol 2022; 13:986469. [PMID: 36119117 PMCID: PMC9471314 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.986469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence from preclinical and clinical studies link neuroinflammation to secondary brain injury after stroke, which includes brain ischemia and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN), a cell surface transmembrane protein, is a key factor in neuroinflammation. It is widely elevated in several cell types after stroke. The increased EMMPRIN appears to regulate the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and exacerbate the pathology of stroke-induced blood-brain barrier dysfunction, microvascular thrombosis and neuroinflammation. In light of the neurological effects of EMMPRIN, we present in this review the complex network of roles that EMMPRIN has in brain ischemia and ICH. We first introduce the structural features and biological roles of EMMPRIN, followed by a description of the increased expression of EMMPRIN in brain ischemia and ICH. Next, we discuss the pathophysiological roles of EMMPRIN in brain ischemia and ICH. In addition, we summarize several important treatments for stroke that target the EMMPRIN signaling pathway. Finally, we suggest that EMMPRIN may have prospects as a biomarker of stroke injury. Overall, this review collates experimental and clinical evidence of the role of EMMPRIN in stroke and provides insights into its pathological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Intracerebral Hemorrhage and Brain Injury, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanling Mu
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Intracerebral Hemorrhage and Brain Injury, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhe Li
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Intracerebral Hemorrhage and Brain Injury, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Voon Wee Yong
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Voon Wee Yong, ; Mengzhou Xue,
| | - Mengzhou Xue
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Intracerebral Hemorrhage and Brain Injury, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Voon Wee Yong, ; Mengzhou Xue,
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12
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Connexins Signatures of the Neurovascular Unit and Their Physio-Pathological Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179510. [PMID: 36076908 PMCID: PMC9455936 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis is closely linked to the delicate balance of the microenvironment in which different cellular components of the neurovascular unit (NVU) coexist. Intercellular communication plays a pivotal role in exchanges of signaling molecules and mediators essential for survival functions, as well as in the removal of disturbing elements that can lead to related pathologies. The specific signatures of connexins (Cxs), proteins which form either gap junctions (GJs) or hemichannels (HCs), represent the biological substrate of the pathophysiological balance. Connexin 43 (Cx43) is undoubtedly one of the most important factors in glia–neuro–vascular crosstalk. Herein, Cxs signatures of every NVU component are highlighted and their critical influence on functional processes in healthy and pathological conditions of nervous microenvironment is reviewed.
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13
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Neuroprotective Effects of Chlorogenic Acid in a Mouse Model of Intracerebral Hemorrhage Associated with Reduced Extracellular Matrix Metalloproteinase Inducer. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12081020. [PMID: 35892330 PMCID: PMC9332591 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlorogenic acid (CGA) has been reported to have various biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-apoptosis effects. However, the role of CGA in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and the underlying mechanisms remain undiscovered. The current study aims to investigate the effect of CGA on neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis after inhibition of EMMPRIN in a collagenase-induced ICH mouse model. Dose optimization data showed that intraperitoneal administration of CGA (30 mg/kg) significantly attenuated neurological impairments and reduced brain water content at 24 h and 72 h compared with ICH mice given vehicle. Western blot and immunofluorescence analyses revealed that CGA remarkably decreased the expression of extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) in perihematomal areas at 72 h after ICH. CGA also reduced the expression of matrix metalloproteinases-2/9 (MMP-2/9) at 72 h after ICH. CGA diminished Evans blue dye extravasation and reduced the loss of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and occludin. CGA-treated mice had fewer activated Iba-1-positive microglia and MPO-positive neutrophils. Finally, CGA suppressed cell death around the hematoma and reduced overall brain injury. These outcomes highlight that CGA treatment confers neuroprotection in ICH likely by inhibiting expression of EMMPRIN and MMP-2/9, and alleviating neuroinflammation, blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption, cell death and brain injury.
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14
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Wang F, Zhang X, Liu Y, Li Z, Wei R, Zhang Y, Zhang R, Khan S, Yong VW, Xue M. Neuroprotection by Ozanimod Following Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Mice. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:927150. [PMID: 35782389 PMCID: PMC9242004 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.927150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The destruction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is associated with poor prognosis. Modulation of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor (S1PR) may improve outcomes from ICH. Ozanimod (RPC-1063) is a newly developed S1PR regulator which can selectively modulate type 1/5 sphingosine receptors. Here, we studied the impact of Ozanimod on neuroprotection in an experimental mouse model of ICH, induced by injecting collagenase type VII into the basal ganglia. Ozanimod was administered by gavage 2 h after surgery and once a day thereafter until sacrifice. The results demonstrate that Ozanimod treatment improved neurobehavioral deficits in mice and decreased weight loss after ICH. Ozanimod significantly reduced the density of activated microglia and infiltrated neutrophils in the perihematoma region. Furthermore, Ozanimod reduced hematoma volume and water content of the ICH brain. The results of TUNEL staining indicate that Ozanimod mitigated brain cell death. The quantitative data of Evans blue (EB) staining showed that Ozanimod reduced EB dye leakage. Overall, Ozanimod reduces the destruction of the BBB and exert neuroprotective roles following ICH in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhe Li
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruixue Wei
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruiyi Zhang
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Suliman Khan
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - V. Wee Yong
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, The Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- *Correspondence: V. Wee Yong,
| | - Mengzhou Xue
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Mengzhou Xue,
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15
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Zhang Y, Khan S, Liu Y, Wu G, Yong VW, Xue M. Oxidative Stress Following Intracerebral Hemorrhage: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Targets. Front Immunol 2022; 13:847246. [PMID: 35355999 PMCID: PMC8959663 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.847246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a highly fatal disease with mortality rate of approximately 50%. Oxidative stress (OS) is a prominent cause of brain injury in ICH. Important sources of reactive oxygen species after hemorrhage are mitochondria dysfunction, degradated products of erythrocytes, excitotoxic glutamate, activated microglia and infiltrated neutrophils. OS harms the central nervous system after ICH mainly through impacting inflammation, killing brain cells and exacerbating damage of the blood brain barrier. This review discusses the sources and the possible molecular mechanisms of OS in producing brain injury in ICH, and anti-OS strategies to ameliorate the devastation of ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Suliman Khan
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guofeng Wu
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - V Wee Yong
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Mengzhou Xue
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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16
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Zhang Y, Zhang X, Wee Yong V, Xue M. Vildagliptin improves neurological function by inhibiting apoptosis and ferroptosis following intracerebral hemorrhage in mice. Neurosci Lett 2022; 776:136579. [PMID: 35304193 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a fatal health problem which lacks effective treatment. The apoptosis caused by hematoma constituents, and the ferroptosis due to iron overload, are prominent contributors of neurologic impairment after ICH. Targeting cell death pathways may thus be a therapeutic strategy for neuroprotection and functional recovery in ICH. Vildagliptin (Vilda), a dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 inhibitor, has been reported to have potent anti-apoptosis and anti-ferroptotic capacity. However, it is not clear whether Vilda has anti-cell death efficacy in ICH. In the present study, the potential neuroprotective effect of Vilda in ICH mice was investigated. Mice were randomly divided into three groups: sham, ICH + saline or ICH + Vilda. ICH was induced by collagenase type VII micro-injection into the right basal ganglia. Vilda (50 mg/kg/day; gavage) daily treatment for 3 days after ICH improved neurological deficit scores, reduced hematoma volume, and inhibited degeneration of neurons. The activation of microglia/macrophages and infiltration of neutrophil were restrained by Vilda. Moreover, Vilda attenuated brain cell apoptosis as determined by TUNEL staining, raised Bcl-2 protein level, and simultaneously suppressed Bax as validated by western blots. In addition, Vilda reduced malondialdehyde level, elevated glutathione peroxidase brain content, and alleviated iron deposition at 3 days after ICH in mice. In conclusion, Vilda exerts neuroprotective effects in ICH, at least in part by inhibiting neuroinflammation, and preventing neuronal apoptosis and ferroptosis following ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Departments of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- Departments of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - V Wee Yong
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Mengzhou Xue
- Departments of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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17
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Holden JM, Al Hussein Al Awamlh S, Croteau LP, Boal AM, Rex TS, Risner ML, Calkins DJ, Wareham LK. Dysfunctional cGMP Signaling Leads to Age-Related Retinal Vascular Alterations and Astrocyte Remodeling in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063066. [PMID: 35328488 PMCID: PMC8954518 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The nitric oxide-guanylyl cyclase-1-cyclic guanylate monophosphate (NO-GC-1-cGMP) pathway is integral to the control of vascular tone and morphology. Mice lacking the alpha catalytic domain of guanylate cyclase (GC1-/-) develop retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration with age, with only modest fluctuations in intraocular pressure (IOP). Increasing the bioavailability of cGMP in GC1-/- mice prevents neurodegeneration independently of IOP, suggesting alternative mechanisms of retinal neurodegeneration. In continuation to these studies, we explored the hypothesis that dysfunctional cGMP signaling leads to changes in the neurovascular unit that may contribute to RGC degeneration. We assessed retinal vasculature and astrocyte morphology in young and aged GC1-/- and wild type mice. GC1-/- mice exhibit increased peripheral retinal vessel dilation and shorter retinal vessel branching with increasing age compared to Wt mice. Astrocyte cell morphology is aberrant, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) density is increased in young and aged GC1-/- mice, with areas of dense astrocyte matting around blood vessels. Our results suggest that proper cGMP signaling is essential to retinal vessel morphology with increasing age. Vascular changed are preceded by alterations in astrocyte morphology which may together contribute to retinal neurodegeneration and loss of visual acuity observed in GC1-/- mice.
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18
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Zhang Y, Khan S, Liu Y, Zhang R, Li H, Wu G, Tang Z, Xue M, Yong VW. Modes of Brain Cell Death Following Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:799753. [PMID: 35185473 PMCID: PMC8851202 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.799753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating form of stroke with high rates of mortality and morbidity. It induces cell death that is responsible for neurological deficits postinjury. There are no therapies that effectively mitigate cell death to treat ICH. This review aims to summarize our knowledge of ICH-induced cell death with a focus on apoptosis and necrosis. We also discuss the involvement of ICH in recently described modes of cell death including necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, autophagy, and parthanatos. We summarize treatment strategies to mitigate brain injury based on particular cell death pathways after ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Translational Cerebrovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Suliman Khan
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Translational Cerebrovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Translational Cerebrovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruiyi Zhang
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Translational Cerebrovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongmin Li
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Translational Cerebrovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guofeng Wu
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhouping Tang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengzhou Xue
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Translational Cerebrovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Mengzhou Xue,
| | - V. Wee Yong
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- V. Wee Yong,
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