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Yang Y, Guo S, Hong CJ, Liang ZX, Ho CL. Initial cyclic-di-GMP upregulation triggers sporadic cellular expansion leading to improved cellular survival. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300542. [PMID: 38403404 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial second messenger c-di-GMP upregulation is associated with the transition from planktonic to sessile microbial lifestyle, inhibiting cellular motility, and virulence. However, in-depth elucidation of the cellular processes resulting from c-di-GMP upregulation has not been fully explored. Here, we report the role of upregulated cellular c-di-GMP in promoting planktonic cell growth of Escherichia coli K12 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. We found a rapid expansion of cellular growth during initial cellular c-di-GMP upregulation, resulting in a larger planktonic bacterial population. The initial increase in c-di-GMP levels promotes bacterial swarming motility during the growth phase, which is subsequently inhibited by the continuous increase of c-di-GMP, and ultimately facilitates the formation of biofilms. We demonstrated that c-di-GMP upregulation triggers key bacterial genes linked to bacterial growth, swarming motility, and biofilm formation. These genes are mainly controlled by the master regulatory genes csgD and csrA. This study provides us a glimpse of the bacterial behavior of evading potential threats through adapting lifestyle changes via c-di-GMP regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongshuai Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, China
| | - Siyu Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, China
| | - Can-Jian Hong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhao-Xun Liang
- Division of Structural Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chun Loong Ho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
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Sano K, Kobayashi H, Chuta H, Matsuyoshi N, Kato Y, Ogasawara H. CsgI (YccT) Is a Novel Inhibitor of Curli Fimbriae Formation in Escherichia coli Preventing CsgA Polymerization and Curli Gene Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054357. [PMID: 36901788 PMCID: PMC10002515 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Curli fimbriae are amyloids-found in bacteria (Escherichia coli)-that are involved in solid-surface adhesion and bacterial aggregation during biofilm formation. The curli protein CsgA is coded by a csgBAC operon gene, and the transcription factor CsgD is essential to induce its curli protein expression. However, the complete mechanism underlying curli fimbriae formation requires elucidation. Herein, we noted that curli fimbriae formation was inhibited by yccT-i.e., a gene that encodes a periplasmic protein of unknown function regulated by CsgD. Furthermore, curli fimbriae formation was strongly repressed by CsgD overexpression caused by a multicopy plasmid in BW25113-the non-cellulose-producing strain. YccT deficiency prevented these CsgD effects. YccT overexpression led to intracellular YccT accumulation and reduced CsgA expression. These effects were addressed by deleting the N-terminal signal peptide of YccT. Localization, gene expression, and phenotypic analyses revealed that YccT-dependent inhibition of curli fimbriae formation and curli protein expression was mediated by the two-component regulatory system EnvZ/OmpR. Purified YccT inhibited CsgA polymerization; however, no intracytoplasmic interaction between YccT and CsgA was detected. Thus, YccT-renamed CsgI (curli synthesis inhibitor)-is a novel inhibitor of curli fimbriae formation and has a dual role as an OmpR phosphorylation modulator and CsgA polymerization inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Sano
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, Division of Gene Research, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
- Department of Applied Biology, Graduated School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kobayashi
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, Division of Gene Research, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
- Department of Applied Biology, Graduated School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Chuta
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, Division of Gene Research, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
- Department of Applied Biology, Graduated School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| | - Nozomi Matsuyoshi
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, Division of Gene Research, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
- Department of Applied Biology, Graduated School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| | - Yuki Kato
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, Division of Gene Research, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
- Department of Applied Biology, Graduated School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ogasawara
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, Division of Gene Research, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
- Academic Assembly School of Humanities and Social Sciences Institute of Humanities, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
- Institute for Fiber Engineering (IFES), Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research (ICCER), Shinshu University, Tokida 3-15-1, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
- Renaissance Center for Applied Microbiology, Shinshu University, Nagano-shi, Nagano 380-8553, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-268-21-5803
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Fu Y, Maaβ S, Cavallo FM, de Jong A, Raangs E, Westra J, Buist G, Becher D, van Dijl JM. Differential Virulence of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Serotypes Explained by Exoproteome Heterogeneity. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0329822. [PMID: 36541765 PMCID: PMC9927298 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03298-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) is a Gram-negative bacterial pathogen associated with periodontitis and nonoral diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and Alzheimer´s disease. Aa isolates with the serotypes a, b, and c are globally most prevalent. Importantly, isolates displaying these serotypes have different clinical presentations. While serotype b isolates are predominant in severe periodontitis, serotypes a and c are generally encountered in mild periodontitis or healthy individuals. It is currently unknown how these differences are reflected in the overall secretion of virulence factors. Therefore, this study was aimed at a comparative analysis of exoproteomes from different clinical Aa isolates with serotypes a, b, or c by mass spectrometry, and a subsequent correlation of the recorded exoproteome profiles with virulence. Overall, we identified 425 extracellular proteins. Significant differences in the exoproteome composition of isolates with different serotypes were observed in terms of protein identification and abundance. In particular, serotype a isolates presented more extracellular proteins than serotype b or c isolates. These differences are mirrored in their virulence in infection models based on human salivary gland epithelial cells and neutrophils. Remarkably, serotype a isolates displayed stronger adhesive capabilities and induced more lysis of epithelial cells and neutrophils than serotype b or c isolates. Conversely, serotype c isolates showed relatively low leukotoxicity, while provoking NETosis to similar extents as serotype a and b isolates. Altogether, we conclude that the differential virulence presentation by Aa isolates with the dominant serotypes a, b, or c can be explained by their exoproteome heterogeneity. IMPORTANCE Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease that causes progressive destruction of alveolar bone and supporting tissues around the teeth, ultimately resulting in tooth loss. The bacterium Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) is a prevalent causative agent of periodontitis, but this oral pathogen is also associated with serious extraoral diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and Alzheimer's disease. Clinical Aa isolates are usually distinguished by serotyping, because of known serotype-specific differences in virulence. Aa with serotype b is associated with aggressive forms of periodontitis, while isolates with serotypes a or c are usually encountered in cases of mild periodontitis or healthy individuals. The molecular basis for these differences in virulence was so far unknown. In the present study, we pinpoint serotype-specific differences in virulence factor production by clinical Aa isolates. We consider these findings important, because they provide new leads for future preventive or therapeutic approaches to fight periodontitis and associated morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Fu
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medical Microbiology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sandra Maaβ
- University of Greifswald, Institute of Microbiology, Department of Microbial Proteomics, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Francis M. Cavallo
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medical Microbiology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Anne de Jong
- University of Groningen, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Erwin Raangs
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medical Microbiology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Johanna Westra
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Girbe Buist
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medical Microbiology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Dörte Becher
- University of Greifswald, Institute of Microbiology, Department of Microbial Proteomics, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jan Maarten van Dijl
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medical Microbiology, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Novel Insight into the Effects of CpxR on Salmonella enteritidis Cells during the Chlorhexidine Treatment and Non-Stressful Growing Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168938. [PMID: 34445643 PMCID: PMC8396259 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The development and spread of antibiotics and biocides resistance is a significant global challenge. To find a solution for this emerging problem, the discovery of novel bacterial cellular targets and the critical pathways associated with antimicrobial resistance is needed. In the present study, we investigated the role of the two most critical envelope stress response regulators, RpoE and CpxR, on the physiology and susceptibility of growing Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis cells using the polycationic antimicrobial agent, chlorhexidine (CHX). It was shown that deletion of the cpxR gene significantly increased the susceptibility of this organism, whereas deletion of the rpoE gene had no effect on the pathogen’s susceptibility to this antiseptic. It has been shown that a lack of the CpxR regulator induces multifaceted stress responses not only in the envelope but also in the cytosol, further affecting the key biomolecules, including DNA, RNA, and proteins. We showed that alterations in cellular trafficking and most of the stress responses are associated with a dysfunctional CpxR regulator during exponential growth phase, indicating that these physiological changes are intrinsically associated with the lack of the CpxR regulator. In contrast, induction of type II toxin-antitoxin systems and decrease of abundances of enzymes and proteins associated with the recycling of muropeptides and resistance to polymixin and cationic antimicrobial peptides were specific responses of the ∆cpxR mutant to the CHX treatment. Overall, our study provides insight into the effects of CpxR on the physiology of S. Enteritidis cells during the exponential growth phase and CHX treatment, which may point to potential cellular targets for the development of an effective antimicrobial agent.
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Insights into the Oxidative Stress Response of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis Revealed by the Next Generation Sequencing Approach. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9090849. [PMID: 32927804 PMCID: PMC7555449 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9090849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As a facultative intracellular pathogen, Salmonella Enteritidis must develop an effective oxidative stress response to survive exposure to reactive oxygen species within the host. To study this defense mechanism, we carried out a series of oxidative stress assays in parallel with a comparative transcriptome analyses using a next generation sequencing approach. It was shown that the expression of 45% of the genome was significantly altered upon exposure to H2O2. Quantitatively the most significant (≥100 fold) gene expression alterations were observed among genes encoding the sulfur utilization factor of Fe-S cluster formation and iron homeostasis. Our data point out the multifaceted nature of the oxidative stress response. It includes not only numerous mechanisms of DNA and protein repair and redox homeostasis, but also the key genes associated with osmotic stress, multidrug efflux, stringent stress, decrease influx of small molecules, manganese and phosphate starvation stress responses. Importantly, this study revealed that oxidatively stressed S. Enteritidis cells simultaneously repressed key motility encoding genes and induced a wide range of adhesin- and salmonellae-essential virulence-encoding genes, that are critical for the biofilm formation and intracellular survival, respectively. This finding indicates a potential intrinsic link between oxidative stress and pathogenicity in non-typhoidal Salmonella that needs to be empirically evaluated.
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