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Lorente AI, Maza-Peón S, Hidalgo-García C, López-de-Celis C, Rodríguez-Sanz J, Pérez-Bellmunt A, Maza-Frechín M. Skull fractures by glass bottles tested on cadaveric heads. Int J Legal Med 2024; 138:1165-1171. [PMID: 38112757 PMCID: PMC11003884 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-023-03133-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Head trauma is frequently related to the misuse of drinking vessels as weapons. Forensic reports usually evaluate these blunt injuries as having occurred in scenarios where the alcohol intake is high. Fatal consequences are seen in blows with glass bottles aiming at the head. To prove the outcome that a glass bottle thrown to the head could cause, three intact human cadaver heads were impacted with 1-liter glass bottles at 9.5 m/s using a drop-tower. The impact location covered the left temporal bone, sphenoid bone, and zygomatic arch. The contact between the head and the bottle was produced at an angle of 90° with (1) the valve of the bottle, (2) the bottom of the bottle, and (3) with the head rotated 20° in the frontal plane touching again with the bottom of the bottle. The three bottles remained intact after the impact, and the injury outcomes were determined by computed tomography (CT). The alterations were highly dependent on the impact orientation. The outcome varied from no injury to severe bone fractures. In the most injurious case (#3), fractures were identified in the cranial base, sphenoid bone, and zygomatic bone. These testing conditions were selected to replicate one specific legal case, as required by the plaintiff. Physical disputes with bar glassware can lead to complex combinations of blunt and sharp-force injuries. Controlled biomechanical studies can benefit forensic analyses of violence involving glassware by providing a better understanding of the underlying injury mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Lorente
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón (I3A), Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Mariano Esquillor s/n, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain.
- Center for Applied Biomechanics, University of Virginia, 4040 Lewis and Clark Drive, Charlottesville, VA, 22911, USA.
| | - Samuel Maza-Peón
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón (I3A), Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Mariano Esquillor s/n, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - César Hidalgo-García
- Researching Unit of Physiotherapy, University of Zaragoza, c/Domingo Miral s/n, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Carlos López-de-Celis
- Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Actium Functional Anatomy Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, C/Josep Trueta, s/n, 08195, Sant Cugat del Valles (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Jacobo Rodríguez-Sanz
- Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Actium Functional Anatomy Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, C/Josep Trueta, s/n, 08195, Sant Cugat del Valles (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Albert Pérez-Bellmunt
- Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Actium Functional Anatomy Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, C/Josep Trueta, s/n, 08195, Sant Cugat del Valles (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Mario Maza-Frechín
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón (I3A), Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Mariano Esquillor s/n, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
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Zwirner J, Chen J, Jermy M. On the mechanical significance of vascular imprints of the human neurocranium when impacted at 11 m/s. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2024; 151:106386. [PMID: 38219431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2024.106386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The course of the middle meningeal vessels can be traced through imprints on the inner table of the human neurocranium. It is as yet unexplored whether these notches lower the load-bearing capacity of the bone when compared to areas that are free of vascular imprints. Here, 310 temporo-parietal samples with and without vascular imprints, from 52 human Crosado-embalmed cadavers, were tested in a three-point bending setup with a half-cylindrical impactor (1 mm radius of curvature) contacting the sample at 11 m/s. The maximum forces before breaking, and the thicknesses of the samples, were statistically compared, including comparing the avascular group to several groups with vascular imprints of different orientations. Furthermore, the influence of sample length and impact location were investigated. To investigate structure and mechanical function of vascular imprints concomitantly, scanning electron microscopy was performed on selected samples in two different planes. The results showed that avascular samples were on average thicker (p < 0.001) and stronger (p ≤ 0.050) compared to samples with vascular imprints. When only thickness-matched samples were analysed, the observed maximum forces of vascular and avascular samples were statistically similar (p ≥ 0.531). Regarding the load-bearing capacity of samples with vascular imprints, it was irrelevant whether the imprint was placed parallel to and directly underneath the impactor, parallel to and offset from the impactor, or perpendicular to the impactor (p > 0.999). The overall results of this study were statistically unrelated to both sample length (p ≥ 0.720) and impact location (p > 0.999). Scanning electron microscopy revealed that vascular imprints are formed through a curve of the inner table. Perforating holes of the inner table are present in avascular areas, however, they are considerably larger in size and higher in number within vascular imprints. In conclusion, vascular imprints are formed through curving of the inner table. In numerical models of human head mechanics, vascular imprints can be accounted for through a simple thinning of the bone assuming the same load-bearing capacity as for the surrounding imprint-free areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zwirner
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Butenfeld 34, 22529, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Oral Sciences, University of Otago, 310 Great King Street North, 9016 Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | - J Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, 69 Creyke Road, Christchurch, 8041, New Zealand.
| | - M Jermy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, 69 Creyke Road, Christchurch, 8041, New Zealand.
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Lindgren N, Henningsen MJ, Jacobsen C, Villa C, Kleiven S, Li X. Prediction of skull fractures in blunt force head traumas using finite element head models. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2024; 23:207-225. [PMID: 37656360 PMCID: PMC10902046 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-023-01768-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic head injuries remain a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Although skull fractures are one of the most common head injuries, the fundamental mechanics of cranial bone and its impact tolerance are still uncertain. In the present study, a strain-rate-dependent material model for cranial bone has been proposed and implemented in subject-specific Finite Element (FE) head models in order to predict skull fractures in five real-world fall accidents. The subject-specific head models were developed following an established image-registration-based personalization pipeline. Head impact boundary conditions were derived from accident reconstructions using personalized human body models. The simulated fracture lines were compared to those visible in post-mortem CT scans of each subject. In result, the FE models did predict the actual occurrence and extent of skull fractures in all cases. In at least four out of five cases, predicted fracture patterns were comparable to ones from CT scans and autopsy reports. The tensile material model, which was tuned to represent rate-dependent tensile data of cortical skull bone from literature, was able to capture observed linear fractures in blunt indentation loading of a skullcap specimen. The FE model showed to be sensitive to modeling parameters, in particular to the constitutive parameters of the cortical tables. Nevertheless, this study provides a currently lacking strain-rate dependent material model of cranial bone that has the capacity to accurately predict linear fracture patterns. For the first time, a procedure to reconstruct occurrences of skull fractures using computational engineering techniques, capturing the all-in-all fracture initiation, propagation and final pattern, is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Lindgren
- Division of Neuronic Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Mikkel J Henningsen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christina Jacobsen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Chiara Villa
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Svein Kleiven
- Division of Neuronic Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiaogai Li
- Division of Neuronic Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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Semple BD, Panagiotopoulou O. Cranial Bone Changes Induced by Mild Traumatic Brain Injuries: A Neglected Player in Concussion Outcomes? Neurotrauma Rep 2023; 4:396-403. [PMID: 37350792 PMCID: PMC10282977 DOI: 10.1089/neur.2023.0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), particularly when repetitive in nature, are increasingly recognized to have a range of significant negative implications for brain health. Much of the ongoing research in the field is focused on the neurological consequences of these injuries and the relationship between TBIs and long-term neurodegenerative conditions such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy and Alzheimer's disease. However, our understanding of the complex relationship between applied mechanical force at impact, brain pathophysiology, and neurological function remains incomplete. Past research has shown that mild TBIs, even below the threshold that results in cranial fracture, induce changes in cranial bone structure and morphology. These structural and physiological changes likely have implications for the transmission of mechanical force into the underlying brain parenchyma. Here, we review this evidence in the context of the current understanding of bone mechanosensitivity and the consequences of TBIs or concussions. We postulate that heterogeneity of the calvarium, including differing bone thickness attributable to past impacts, age, or individual variability, may be a modulator of outcomes after subsequent TBIs. We advocate for greater consideration of cranial responses to TBI in both experimental and computer modeling of impact biomechanics, and raise the hypothesis that calvarial bone thickness represents a novel biomarker of brain injury vulnerability post-TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridgette D. Semple
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Olga Panagiotopoulou
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Carmo GP, Grigioni J, Fernandes FAO, Alves de Sousa RJ. Biomechanics of Traumatic Head and Neck Injuries on Women: A State-of-the-Art Review and Future Directions. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12010083. [PMID: 36671775 PMCID: PMC9855362 DOI: 10.3390/biology12010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The biomechanics of traumatic injuries of the human body as a consequence of road crashes, falling, contact sports, and military environments have been studied for decades. In particular, traumatic brain injury (TBI), the so-called "silent epidemic", is the traumatic insult responsible for the greatest percentage of death and disability, justifying the relevance of this research topic. Despite its great importance, only recently have research groups started to seriously consider the sex differences regarding the morphology and physiology of women, which differs from men and may result in a specific outcome for a given traumatic event. This work aims to provide a summary of the contributions given in this field so far, from clinical reports to numerical models, covering not only the direct injuries from inertial loading scenarios but also the role sex plays in the conditions that precede an accident, and post-traumatic events, with an emphasis on neuroendocrine dysfunctions and chronic traumatic encephalopathy. A review on finite element head models and finite element neck models for the study of specific traumatic events is also performed, discussing whether sex was a factor in validating them. Based on the information collected, improvement perspectives and future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo P. Carmo
- Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation (TEMA), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Campus Universitário de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jeroen Grigioni
- Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation (TEMA), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Campus Universitário de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Fábio A. O. Fernandes
- Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation (TEMA), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Campus Universitário de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- LASI—Intelligent Systems Associate Laboratory, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal
| | - Ricardo J. Alves de Sousa
- Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation (TEMA), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Campus Universitário de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- LASI—Intelligent Systems Associate Laboratory, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-234-370-200
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Sybilski K, Fernandes FAO, Ptak M, Alves de Sousa RJ. Injury Biomechanics Evaluation of a Driver with Disabilities during a Road Accident-A Numerical Approach. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7956. [PMID: 36431442 PMCID: PMC9696234 DOI: 10.3390/ma15227956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Numerical methods are often a robust way to predict how external mechanical loads affect individual biological structures. Computational models of biological systems have been developed over the years, reaching high levels of detail, complexity, and precision. In this study, two cases were analysed, differing in the airbag operation; in the first, the airbag was normally activated, and in the second case, the airbag was disabled. We analysed a model of a disabled person without a left leg who steers a vehicle using a specialized knob on the steering wheel. In both cases, a head-on collision between a car moving at an initial speed of 50 km/h and a rigid obstacle was analysed. We concluded that the activated airbag for a person with disabilities reduces the effects of asymmetries in the positioning of the belts and body support points. Moreover, all the biomechanical parameters, analysed on the 50th percentile dummy, i.e., HIC, seat belt contact force and neck injury criterion (Nij) support the use of an airbag. The resulting accelerations, measured in the head of the dummy, were induced into a finite element head model (YEAHM) to kinematically drive the head and simulate both accidents, with and without the airbag. In the latter, the subsequent head injury prediction revealed a form of contrecoup injury, more specifically cerebral contusion based on the intracranial pressure levels that were achieved. Therefore, based on the in-depth investigation, a frontal airbag can significantly lower the possibility of injuries for disabled drivers, including cerebral contusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Sybilski
- Institute of Mechanics and Computational Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Military University of Technology, gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Fábio A. O. Fernandes
- TEMA—Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- LASI—Intelligent Systems Associate Laboratory, Portugal
| | - Mariusz Ptak
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Lukasiewicza 7/9, 50-371 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Ricardo J. Alves de Sousa
- TEMA—Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- LASI—Intelligent Systems Associate Laboratory, Portugal
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Mechanical Strength Study of a Cranial Implant Using Computational Tools. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12020878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The human head is sometimes subjected to impact loads that lead to skull fracture or other injuries that require the removal of part of the skull, which is called craniectomy. Consequently, the removed portion is replaced using autologous bone or alloplastic material. The aim of this work is to develop a cranial implant to fulfil a defect created on the skull and then study its mechanical performance by integrating it on a human head finite element model. The material chosen for the implant was PEEK, a thermoplastic polymer that has been recently used in cranioplasty. A6 numerical model head coupled with an implant was subjected to analysis to evaluate two parameters: the number of fixation screws that enhance the performance and ensure the structural integrity of the implant, and the implant’s capacity to protect the brain compared to the integral skull. The main findings point to the fact that, among all tested configurations of screws, the model with eight screws presents better performance when considering the von Mises stress field and the displacement field on the interface between the implant and the skull. Additionally, under the specific analyzed conditions, it is observable that the model with the implant offers more efficient brain protection when compared with the model with the integral skull.
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Toma M, Concu R. Computational Biology: A New Frontier in Applied Biology. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10050374. [PMID: 33925472 PMCID: PMC8145007 DOI: 10.3390/biology10050374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
All living things are related to one another [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Toma
- Serota Academic Center (Room 138), New York Institute of Technology, Department of Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Northern Boulevard, P.O. Box 8000, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
- Correspondence: (M.T.); (R.C.)
| | - Riccardo Concu
- Faculty of Science, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (M.T.); (R.C.)
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Špirk S, Špička J, Vychytil J, Křížek M, Stehlík A. Utilization of the Validated Windshield Material Model in Simulation of Tram to Pedestrian Collision. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14020265. [PMID: 33430339 PMCID: PMC7825814 DOI: 10.3390/ma14020265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The rail industry has been significantly affected by the passive safety technology in the last few years. The tram front-end design must fulfill the new requirements for pedestrian passive safety performance in the near future. The requirements are connected with a newly prepared technical guide “Tramway front end design” prepared by Technical Agency for ropeways and Guided Transport Systems. This paper describes research connected with new tram front-end design safe for pedestrians. The brief description of collision scenario and used human-body model “Virthuman” is provided. The numerical simulations (from field of passive safety) are supported by experiments. The interesting part is the numerical model of the tram windshield experimentally validated here. The results of simulations are discussed at the end of paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Špirk
- Regional Technological Institute, University of West Bohemia in Pilsen, Univerzitni 8, 306 14 Pilsen, Czech Republic; (J.Š.); (M.K.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-37763-8728
| | - Jan Špička
- Regional Technological Institute, University of West Bohemia in Pilsen, Univerzitni 8, 306 14 Pilsen, Czech Republic; (J.Š.); (M.K.); (A.S.)
- New Technologies—Research Centre, University of West Bohemia in Pilsen, Univerzitni 8, 301 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic;
| | - Jan Vychytil
- New Technologies—Research Centre, University of West Bohemia in Pilsen, Univerzitni 8, 301 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic;
| | - Michal Křížek
- Regional Technological Institute, University of West Bohemia in Pilsen, Univerzitni 8, 306 14 Pilsen, Czech Republic; (J.Š.); (M.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Adam Stehlík
- Regional Technological Institute, University of West Bohemia in Pilsen, Univerzitni 8, 306 14 Pilsen, Czech Republic; (J.Š.); (M.K.); (A.S.)
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