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Zhao L, Yao L, Liu M, Qiu S, He J, Lin J, Tao Z, Lu Y, Deng S, Chen H, Qiu SX. Longistylin A from Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. disturbs glycerophospholipid metabolism and cytokinin biosynthesis of Nocardia seriolae. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 330:118199. [PMID: 38631486 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Nocardiosis is an uncommon infectious disease that bears certain similarities to tuberculosis, with a continuous increase in its incidence and a poor prognosis. In traditional Chinese medicine, the leaves of Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. are employed to treat wounds, malaria, coughs, and abdominal pain. AIM OF THE STUDY In this study, we investigated the effects and mechanisms of longistylin A (LGA), a natural stilbene isolated from C. cajan, as a potential antibiotic against nocardiosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS LGA was isolated from the leaves of C. cajan and assessed using a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) determination against Nocardia seriolae. Multi-omics analysis encompassing genes, proteins, and metabolites was conducted to investigate the impact of LGA treatment on N. seriolae. Additionally, quantitative analysis of 40 cytokinins in N. seriolae mycelium was performed to assess the specific effects of LGA treatment on cytokinin levels. Cryo-scanning electron microscopy was utilized to examine morphological changes induced by LGA treatment, particularly in the presence of exogenous trans-zeatin-O-glucoside (tZOG). The therapeutic effect of LGA was investigated by feeding N. seriolae-infected largemouth bass. RESULTS LGA exhibited significant efficacy against N. seriolae, with MBC value of 2.56 μg/mL. Multi-omics analysis revealed that LGA disrupted glycerophospholipid metabolism and hormone biosynthesis by notably reducing the expression of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and calmodulin-like protein. Treatment with LGA markedly disrupted 12 distinct cytokinins in N. seriolae mycelium. Additionally, the addition of exogenous tZOG counteracted the inhibitory effects of LGA on filamentous growth, resulting in mycelial elongation and branching. Furthermore, LGA treatment improved the survival rate of largemouth bass infected with N. seriolae. CONCLUSIONS We found for the first time that LGA from C. cajan exhibited significant efficacy against N. seriolae by interfering with glycerophospholipid metabolism and cytokinin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Liyuan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Meilan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China; College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, China; Guangzhou Leader Biotechnology Co., LTD, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Silin Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Jiani He
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jindong Lin
- Guangzhou Leader Biotechnology Co., LTD, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Zhengguo Tao
- Guangzhou Leader Biotechnology Co., LTD, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Yu Lu
- Guangzhou Leader Biotechnology Co., LTD, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Shulin Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Hongfeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Sheng-Xiang Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
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Rico-Jiménez M, Udaondo Z, Krell T, Matilla MA. Auxin-mediated regulation of susceptibility to toxic metabolites, c-di-GMP levels, and phage infection in the rhizobacterium Serratia plymuthica. mSystems 2024:e0016524. [PMID: 38837409 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00165-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The communication between plants and their microbiota is highly dynamic and involves a complex network of signal molecules. Among them, the auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is a critical phytohormone that not only regulates plant growth and development, but is emerging as an important inter- and intra-kingdom signal that modulates many bacterial processes that are important during interaction with their plant hosts. However, the corresponding signaling cascades remain largely unknown. Here, we advance our understanding of the largely unknown mechanisms by which IAA carries out its regulatory functions in plant-associated bacteria. We showed that IAA caused important changes in the global transcriptome of the rhizobacterium Serratia plymuthica and multidisciplinary approaches revealed that IAA sensing interferes with the signaling mediated by other pivotal plant-derived signals such as amino acids and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. Exposure to IAA caused large alterations in the transcript levels of genes involved in amino acid metabolism, resulting in significant metabolic alterations. IAA treatment also increased resistance to toxic aromatic compounds through the induction of the AaeXAB pump, which also confers resistance to IAA. Furthermore, IAA promoted motility and severely inhibited biofilm formation; phenotypes that were associated with decreased c-di-GMP levels and capsule production. IAA increased capsule gene expression and enhanced bacterial sensitivity to a capsule-dependent phage. Additionally, IAA induced the expression of several genes involved in antibiotic resistance and led to changes in the susceptibility and responses to antibiotics with different mechanisms of action. Collectively, our study illustrates the complexity of IAA-mediated signaling in plant-associated bacteria. IMPORTANCE Signal sensing plays an important role in bacterial adaptation to ecological niches and hosts. This communication appears to be particularly important in plant-associated bacteria since they possess a large number of signal transduction systems that respond to a wide diversity of chemical, physical, and biological stimuli. IAA is emerging as a key inter- and intra-kingdom signal molecule that regulates a variety of bacterial processes. However, despite the extensive knowledge of the IAA-mediated regulatory mechanisms in plants, IAA signaling in bacteria remains largely unknown. Here, we provide insight into the diversity of mechanisms by which IAA regulates primary and secondary metabolism, biofilm formation, motility, antibiotic susceptibility, and phage sensitivity in a biocontrol rhizobacterium. This work has important implications for our understanding of bacterial ecology in plant environments and for the biotechnological and clinical applications of IAA, as well as related molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Rico-Jiménez
- Department of Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - Zulema Udaondo
- Department of Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, Spain
| | - Tino Krell
- Department of Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel A Matilla
- Department of Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
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Loboda M, Biliavska L, Iutynska G, Newitt J, Mariychuk R. Natural Products Biosynthesis by Streptomyces netropsis IMV Ac-5025 under Exogenous Sterol Action. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:146. [PMID: 38391532 PMCID: PMC10886242 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13020146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Streptomycetes are known as producers of bioactive substances, particularly antibiotics. Streptomyces netropsis IMV Ac-5025 simultaneously produces different classes of antibiotics, including polyene compounds, phytohormones, and sterols, but the metabolic pathways involved in their biosynthesis are largely understudied. The aim of this work was to explore the biosynthesis of polyene antibiotics, sterols, and phytohormones when the producer is cultivated in a nutrient medium supplemented with exogenous β-sitosterol. Gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography were applied to analyze the spectrum of bioactive compounds. The obtained results demonstrated not only an increase in the accumulation of biomass but also polyene antibiotics, intracellular sterols, auxins, and cytokinins, when cultivating S. netropsis IMV Ac-5025 in a liquid medium with the addition of β-sitosterol. The amount of biomass raised 1.5-2-fold, whilst the sum of polyene antibiotics increased 4.5-fold, sterols' sum (ergosterol, cholesterol, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, and 24-epibrassinolide) by 2.9-fold, auxins' sum (indole-3-acetic acid, indole-3-acetic acid hydrazide, indole-3-carbinol, indole-3-butyric acid, indole-3-carboxaldehyde, and indole-3-carboxylic acid) by 6-fold, and cytokinins' sum (zeatin, isopentyladenine, zeatin riboside, and isopentenyladenosine) by 11-fold. Thus, we put forward the hypothesis that β-sitosterol plays a regulatory role in the network of biosynthetic reactions of S. netropsis IMV Ac-5025.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Loboda
- Department of General and Soil Microbiology, D.K. Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Akademika Zabolotnoho Str., 154, 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Liudmyla Biliavska
- Department of General and Soil Microbiology, D.K. Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Akademika Zabolotnoho Str., 154, 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Galyna Iutynska
- Department of General and Soil Microbiology, D.K. Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Akademika Zabolotnoho Str., 154, 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Jake Newitt
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Ruslan Mariychuk
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Science, University of Presov, 08001 Presov, Slovakia
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Aoki MM, Kisiala AB, Mathavarajah S, Schincaglia A, Treverton J, Habib E, Dellaire G, Emery RJN, Brunetti CR, Huber RJ. From biosynthesis and beyond-Loss or overexpression of the cytokinin synthesis gene, iptA, alters cytokinesis and mitochondrial and amino acid metabolism in Dictyostelium discoideum. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23366. [PMID: 38102957 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301936rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins (CKs) are a class of growth-promoting signaling molecules that affect multiple cellular and developmental processes. These phytohormones are well studied in plants, but their presence continues to be uncovered in organisms spanning all kingdoms, which poses new questions about their roles and functions outside of plant systems. Cytokinin production can be initiated by one of two different biosynthetic enzymes, adenylate isopentenyltransfases (IPTs) or tRNA isopentenyltransferases (tRNA-IPTs). In this study, the social amoeba, Dictyostelium discoideum, was used to study the role of CKs by generating deletion and overexpression strains of its single adenylate-IPT gene, iptA. The life cycle of D. discoideum is unique and possesses both single- and multicellular stages. Vegetative amoebae grow and divide while food resources are plentiful, and multicellular development is initiated upon starvation, which includes distinct life cycle stages. CKs are produced in D. discoideum throughout its life cycle and their functions have been well studied during the later stages of multicellular development of D. discoideum. To investigate potential expanded roles of CKs, this study focused on vegetative growth and early developmental stages. We found that iptA-deficiency results in cytokinesis defects, and both iptA-deficiency and overexpression results in dysregulated tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and amino acid metabolism, as well as increased levels of adenosine monophosphate (AMP). Collectively, these findings extend our understanding of CK function in amoebae, indicating that iptA loss and overexpression alter biological processes during vegetative growth that are distinct from those reported during later development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Aoki
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anna B Kisiala
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Jared Treverton
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elias Habib
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Graham Dellaire
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - R J Neil Emery
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Craig R Brunetti
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert J Huber
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
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Dabravolski SA, Isayenkov SV. Evolution of the Cytokinin Dehydrogenase (CKX) Domain. J Mol Evol 2021; 89:665-677. [PMID: 34757471 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-021-10035-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant hormone cytokinins are important regulators of plant development, response to environmental stresses and interplay with other plant hormones. Cytokinin dehydrogenases (CKXs) are proteins responsible for the irreversible break-down of cytokinins to the adenine and aldehyde. Even though plant CKXs have been extensively studied, homologous proteins from other taxa remain mainly uncharacterised. Here we present our study on the molecular evolution and divergence of the CKX from bacteria, fungi, amoeba and viridiplantae. Although CKXs are present in eukaryotes and prokaryotes, they are missing in algae and metazoan taxa. The prevalent domain architecture consists of the FAD-binding and cytokinin binding domains, whereas some bacteria appear to have only cytokinin binding domain proteins. The CKXs play important role in the various aspects of plant life including control of plant development, response to biotic and abiotic stress, influence nutrition. Results of our study suggested that CKX originates from the FAD-linked C-terminal oxidase and has a defence-oriented function. The obtained results significantly extend the current understanding of the cytokinin dehydrogenases structure-function from the relationship to homologues from other taxa and provide a starting point baseline for their future functional characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siarhei A Dabravolski
- Department of Clinical Diagnostics, Vitebsk State Academy of Veterinary Medicine [UO VGAVM], Dovatora str. 7/11, 21002, Vitebsk, Belarus
| | - Stanislav V Isayenkov
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, China.
- Department of Plant Food Products and Biofortification, Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics, NAS of Ukraine, Osipovskogo str., 2a, Kyiv-123, Kyiv, 04123, Ukraine.
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Cytokinin and Ethylene Cell Signaling Pathways from Prokaryotes to Eukaryotes. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112526. [PMID: 33238457 PMCID: PMC7700396 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinins (CKs) and ethylene (ET) are among the most ancient organic chemicals on Earth. A wide range of organisms including plants, algae, fungi, amoebae, and bacteria use these substances as signaling molecules to regulate cellular processes. Because of their ancestral origin and ubiquitous occurrence, CKs and ET are also considered to be ideal molecules for inter-kingdom communication. Their signal transduction pathways were first historically deciphered in plants and are related to the two-component systems, using histidine kinases as primary sensors. Paradoxically, although CKs and ET serve as signaling molecules in different kingdoms, it has been supposed for a long time that the canonical CK and ET signaling pathways are restricted to terrestrial plants. These considerations have now been called into question following the identification over recent years of genes encoding CK and ET receptor homologs in many other lineages within the tree of life. These advances shed new light on the dissemination and evolution of these hormones as both intra- and inter-specific communication molecules in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms.
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