1
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Hu A, Schmidt MHH, Heinig N. Microglia in retinal angiogenesis and diabetic retinopathy. Angiogenesis 2024:10.1007/s10456-024-09911-1. [PMID: 38564108 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-024-09911-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy has a high probability of causing visual impairment or blindness throughout the disease progression and is characterized by the growth of new blood vessels in the retina at an advanced, proliferative stage. Microglia are a resident immune population in the central nervous system, known to play a crucial role in regulating retinal angiogenesis in both physiological and pathological conditions, including diabetic retinopathy. Physiologically, they are located close to blood vessels and are essential for forming new blood vessels (neovascularization). In diabetic retinopathy, microglia become widely activated, showing a distinct polarization phenotype that leads to their accumulation around neovascular tufts. These activated microglia induce pathogenic angiogenesis through the secretion of various angiogenic factors and by regulating the status of endothelial cells. Interestingly, some subtypes of microglia simultaneously promote the regression of neovascularization tufts and normal angiogenesis in neovascularization lesions. Modulating the state of microglial activation to ameliorate neovascularization thus appears as a promising potential therapeutic approach for managing diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiyan Hu
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden School of Medicine, Fetscherstr 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mirko H H Schmidt
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden School of Medicine, Fetscherstr 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Nora Heinig
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden School of Medicine, Fetscherstr 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
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2
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Lang A, Benn A, Collins JM, Wolter A, Balcaen T, Kerckhofs G, Zwijsen A, Boerckel JD. Endothelial SMAD1/5 signaling couples angiogenesis to osteogenesis in juvenile bone. Commun Biol 2024; 7:315. [PMID: 38480819 PMCID: PMC10937971 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05915-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Skeletal development depends on coordinated angiogenesis and osteogenesis. Bone morphogenetic proteins direct bone formation in part by activating SMAD1/5 signaling in osteoblasts. However, the role of SMAD1/5 in skeletal endothelium is unknown. Here, we found that endothelial cell-conditional SMAD1/5 depletion in juvenile mice caused metaphyseal and diaphyseal hypervascularity, resulting in altered trabecular and cortical bone formation. SMAD1/5 depletion induced excessive sprouting and disrupting the morphology of the metaphyseal vessels, with impaired anastomotic loop formation at the chondro-osseous junction. Endothelial SMAD1/5 depletion impaired growth plate resorption and, upon long-term depletion, abrogated osteoprogenitor recruitment to the primary spongiosa. Finally, in the diaphysis, endothelial SMAD1/5 activity was necessary to maintain the sinusoidal phenotype, with SMAD1/5 depletion inducing formation of large vascular loops and elevated vascular permeability. Together, endothelial SMAD1/5 activity sustains skeletal vascular morphogenesis and function and coordinates growth plate remodeling and osteoprogenitor recruitment dynamics in juvenile mouse bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Lang
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, 10117, Germany.
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden (TUD), Fetscherstrasse 74, Dresden, 01307, Germany.
| | - Andreas Benn
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Joseph M Collins
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Angelique Wolter
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, 10117, Germany
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Welfare, Animal Behavior and Laboratory Animal Science, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, 14163, Germany
| | - Tim Balcaen
- Institute of Mechanics, Materials and Civil Engineering, Biomechanics lab, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Pole of Morphology, UCLouvain, Brussels, 1200, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Sustainable Chemistry for Metals and Molecules, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Greet Kerckhofs
- Institute of Mechanics, Materials and Civil Engineering, Biomechanics lab, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Pole of Morphology, UCLouvain, Brussels, 1200, Belgium
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Heverlee, 3001, Belgium
- Division for Skeletal Tissue Engineering, Prometheus, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - An Zwijsen
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Joel D Boerckel
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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3
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Al Tabosh T, Al Tarrass M, Tourvieilhe L, Guilhem A, Dupuis-Girod S, Bailly S. Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: from signaling insights to therapeutic advances. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e176379. [PMID: 38357927 PMCID: PMC10866657 DOI: 10.1172/jci176379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectsia (HHT) is an inherited vascular disorder with highly variable expressivity, affecting up to 1 in 5,000 individuals. This disease is characterized by small arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) in mucocutaneous areas (telangiectases) and larger visceral AVMs in the lungs, liver, and brain. HHT is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the BMP9-10/ENG/ALK1/SMAD4 signaling pathway. This Review presents up-to-date insights on this mutated signaling pathway and its crosstalk with proangiogenic pathways, in particular the VEGF pathway, that has allowed the repurposing of new drugs for HHT treatment. However, despite the substantial benefits of these new treatments in terms of alleviating symptom severity, this not-so-uncommon bleeding disorder still currently lacks any FDA- or European Medicines Agency-approved (EMA-approved) therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tala Al Tabosh
- Biosanté Unit U1292, Grenoble Alpes University, INSERM, CEA, Grenoble, France
| | - Mohammad Al Tarrass
- Biosanté Unit U1292, Grenoble Alpes University, INSERM, CEA, Grenoble, France
| | - Laura Tourvieilhe
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, National HHT Reference Center and Genetics Department, Femme-Mère-Enfants Hospital, Bron, France
| | - Alexandre Guilhem
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, National HHT Reference Center and Genetics Department, Femme-Mère-Enfants Hospital, Bron, France
- TAI-IT Autoimmunité Unit RIGHT-UMR1098, Burgundy University, INSERM, EFS-BFC, Besancon, France
| | - Sophie Dupuis-Girod
- Biosanté Unit U1292, Grenoble Alpes University, INSERM, CEA, Grenoble, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, National HHT Reference Center and Genetics Department, Femme-Mère-Enfants Hospital, Bron, France
| | - Sabine Bailly
- Biosanté Unit U1292, Grenoble Alpes University, INSERM, CEA, Grenoble, France
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4
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Zhang J. Non-coding RNAs and angiogenesis in cardiovascular diseases: a comprehensive review. Mol Cell Biochem 2024:10.1007/s11010-023-04919-5. [PMID: 38306012 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04919-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have key roles in the etiology of many illnesses, including heart failure, myocardial infarction, stroke, and in physiological processes like angiogenesis. In transcriptional regulatory circuits that control heart growth, signaling, and stress response, as well as remodeling in cardiac disease, ncRNAs have become important players. Studies on ncRNAs and cardiovascular disease have made great progress recently. Here, we go through the functions of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) like circular RNAs (circRNAs), and microRNAs (miRNAs) as well as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in modulating cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Medical School, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.
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5
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Wang C, Xu J, Luo S, Huang J, Ji D, Qiu X, Song X, Cao X, Niu C, Zeng X, Zhang Z, Ma Y, Chen J, Chen D, Zhong X, Wei Y. Parental Exposure to Environmentally Relevant Concentrations of Bisphenol-A Bis(diphenyl phosphate) Impairs Vascular Development in Offspring through DNA/RNA Methylation-Dependent Transmission. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:16176-16189. [PMID: 37847870 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol-A bis(diphenyl phosphate) (BDP) has been increasingly detected in indoor environmental and human samples. Little is known about its developmental toxicity, particularly the intergenerational effects of parental exposure. In this study, adult zebrafish were exposed to BDP at 30-30,000 ng/L for 28 days, with results showing that exposure did not cause a transfer of BDP or its metabolites to offspring. Vascular morphometric profiling revealed that parental exposure to BDP at 30 and 300 ng/L exerted significant effects on the vascular development of offspring, encompassing diverse alterations in multiple types of blood vessels. N6-Methyladenosine (m6A) methylated RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing of larvae in the 300 ng/L group revealed 378 hypomethylated and 350 hypermethylated m6A peaks that were identified in mRNA transcripts of genes crucial for vascular development, including the Notch/Vegf signaling pathway. Concomitant changes in 5 methylcytosine (m5C) DNA methylation and gene expression of m6A modulators (alkbh5, kiaa1429, and ythdf1) were observed in both parental gonads and offspring exposed to BDP. These results reveal that parental exposure to low concentrations of BDP caused offspring vascular disorders by interfering with DNA and RNA methylation, uncovering a unique DNA-RNA modification pattern in the intergenerational transmission of BDP's developmental toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Jinkun Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Shili Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jiajing Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Di Ji
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xuelin Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xin Song
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiaolian Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Congying Niu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiangyu Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhuyi Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ya Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Junzhou Chen
- School of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiali Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yanhong Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
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Banerjee K, Lin Y, Gahn J, Cordero J, Gupta P, Mohamed I, Graupera M, Dobreva G, Schwartz MA, Ola R. SMAD4 maintains the fluid shear stress set point to protect against arterial-venous malformations. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e168352. [PMID: 37490341 PMCID: PMC10503796 DOI: 10.1172/jci168352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular networks form, remodel, and mature under the influence of both fluid shear stress (FSS) and soluble factors. Physiological FSS promotes and maintains vascular stability via synergy with bone morphogenic proteins 9 and 10 (BMP9 and BMP10). Conversely, mutation of the BMP receptors activin-like kinase 1 (ALK1), endoglin (ENG), or the downstream effector, SMAD family member 4 (SMAD4) leads to hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), characterized by fragile and leaky arterial-venous malformations (AVMs). How endothelial cells (ECs) integrate FSS and BMP signals in vascular development and homeostasis and how mutations give rise to vascular malformations is not well understood. Here, we aimed to elucidate the mechanism of synergy between FSS and SMAD signaling in vascular stability and how disruption of this synergy leads to AVMs. We found that loss of Smad4 increased the sensitivity of ECs to flow by lowering the FSS set point, with resulting AVMs exhibiting features of excessive flow-mediated morphological responses. Mechanistically, loss of SMAD4 disinhibits flow-mediated KLF4-TIE2-PI3K/Akt signaling, leading to cell cycle progression-mediated loss of arterial identity due to KLF4-mediated repression of cyclin dependent Kinase (CDK) inhibitors CDKN2A and CDKN2B. Thus, AVMs caused by Smad4 deletion are characterized by chronic high flow remodeling with excessive EC proliferation and loss of arterial identity as triggering events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yanzhu Lin
- Experimental Pharmacology Mannheim (EPM) and
| | | | - Julio Cordero
- Department of Cardiovascular Genomics and Epigenomics, European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Mannheim, Germany
| | | | | | - Mariona Graupera
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Badalona, Spain
| | - Gergana Dobreva
- Department of Cardiovascular Genomics and Epigenomics, European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Mannheim, Germany
| | - Martin A. Schwartz
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Roxana Ola
- Experimental Pharmacology Mannheim (EPM) and
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7
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Ola R, Hessels J, Hammill A, Friday C, Clancy M, Al-Samkari H, Meadows S, Iyer V, Akhurst R. Executive summary of the 14th HHT international scientific conference. Angiogenesis 2023; 26:27-37. [PMID: 37695357 PMCID: PMC10543799 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-023-09886-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (HHT) is an autosomal dominant vascular disorder characterized by small, dilated clustered vessels (telangiectasias) and by larger visceral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), which directly connect the feeding arteries with the draining veins. These lesions are fragile, prone to rupture, and lead to recurrent epistaxis and/or internal hemorrhage among other complications. Germline heterozygous loss-of-function (LOF) mutations in Bone Morphogenic Protein 9 (BMP9) and BMP10 signaling pathway genes (endoglin-ENG, activin like kinase 1 ACVRL1 aka ALK1, and SMAD4) cause different subtypes of HHT (HHT1, HHT2 and HHT-juvenile polyposis (JP)) and have a worldwide combined incidence of about 1:5000. Expert clinicians and international scientists gathered in Cascais, Portugal from September 29th to October 2nd, 2022 to present the latest scientific research in the HHT field and novel treatment strategies for people living with HHT. During the largest HHT scientific conference yet, participants included 293 in person and 46 virtually. An impressive 209 abstracts were accepted to the meeting and 59 were selected for oral presentations. The remaining 150 abstracts were presented during judged poster sessions. This review article summarizes the basic and clinical abstracts selected as oral presentations with their new observations and discoveries as well as surrounding discussion and debate. Two discussion-based workshops were also held during the conference, each focusing on mechanisms and clinical perspectives in either AVM formation and progression or current and future therapies for HHT. Our hope is that this paper will represent the current progress and the remaining unanswered questions surrounding HHT, in order to serve as an update for those within the field and an invitation to those scientists and clinicians as yet outside of the field of HHT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Ola
- Cardiovascular Pharmacology Mannheim (EPM), European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Josefien Hessels
- Department of Pulmonology, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Adrienne Hammill
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Division of Hematology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Cassi Friday
- HHT Foundation International, Inc (Cure HHT), Monkton, MD, USA.
| | - Marianne Clancy
- HHT Foundation International, Inc (Cure HHT), Monkton, MD, USA
| | - Hanny Al-Samkari
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stryder Meadows
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Vivek Iyer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Rosemary Akhurst
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
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8
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Sokol L, Cuypers A, Truong ACK, Bouché A, Brepoels K, Souffreau J, Rohlenova K, Vinckier S, Schoonjans L, Eelen G, Dewerchin M, de Rooij LPMH, Carmeliet P. Prioritization and functional validation of target genes from single-cell transcriptomics studies. Commun Biol 2023; 6:648. [PMID: 37330599 PMCID: PMC10276815 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Translation of academic results into clinical practice is a formidable unmet medical need. Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) studies generate long descriptive ranks of markers with predicted biological function, but without functional validation, it remains challenging to know which markers truly exert the putative function. Given the lengthy/costly nature of validation studies, gene prioritization is required to select candidates. We address these issues by studying tip endothelial cell (EC) marker genes because of their importance for angiogenesis. Here, by tailoring Guidelines On Target Assessment for Innovative Therapeutics, we in silico prioritize previously unreported/poorly described, high-ranking tip EC markers. Notably, functional validation reveals that four of six candidates behave as tip EC genes. We even discover a tip EC function for a gene lacking in-depth functional annotation. Thus, validating prioritized genes from scRNA-seq studies offers opportunities for identifying targets to be considered for possible translation, but not all top-ranked scRNA-seq markers exert the predicted function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Sokol
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology (CCB), VIB and Department of Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anne Cuypers
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology (CCB), VIB and Department of Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anh-Co K Truong
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology (CCB), VIB and Department of Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ann Bouché
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology (CCB), VIB and Department of Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katleen Brepoels
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology (CCB), VIB and Department of Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joris Souffreau
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology (CCB), VIB and Department of Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katerina Rohlenova
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology (CCB), VIB and Department of Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec, Prague-West, Czech Republic
| | - Stefan Vinckier
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology (CCB), VIB and Department of Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luc Schoonjans
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology (CCB), VIB and Department of Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Heterogeneity, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Guy Eelen
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology (CCB), VIB and Department of Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mieke Dewerchin
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology (CCB), VIB and Department of Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laura P M H de Rooij
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology (CCB), VIB and Department of Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology (CCB), VIB and Department of Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Heterogeneity, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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9
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Alonso F, Dong Y, Li L, Jahjah T, Dupuy JW, Fremaux I, Reinhardt DP, Génot E. Fibrillin-1 regulates endothelial sprouting during angiogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2221742120. [PMID: 37252964 PMCID: PMC10265973 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2221742120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrillin-1 is an extracellular matrix protein that assembles into microfibrils which provide critical functions in large blood vessels and other tissues. Mutations in the fibrillin-1 gene are associated with cardiovascular, ocular, and skeletal abnormalities in Marfan syndrome. Here, we reveal that fibrillin-1 is critical for angiogenesis which is compromised by a typical Marfan mutation. In the mouse retina vascularization model, fibrillin-1 is present in the extracellular matrix at the angiogenic front where it colocalizes with microfibril-associated glycoprotein-1, MAGP1. In Fbn1C1041G/+ mice, a model of Marfan syndrome, MAGP1 deposition is reduced, endothelial sprouting is decreased, and tip cell identity is impaired. Cell culture experiments confirmed that fibrillin-1 deficiency alters vascular endothelial growth factor-A/Notch and Smad signaling which regulate the acquisition of endothelial tip cell/stalk cell phenotypes, and we showed that modulation of MAGP1 expression impacts these pathways. Supplying the growing vasculature of Fbn1C1041G/+ mice with a recombinant C-terminal fragment of fibrillin-1 corrects all defects. Mass spectrometry analyses showed that the fibrillin-1 fragment alters the expression of various proteins including ADAMTS1, a tip cell metalloprotease and matrix-modifying enzyme. Our data establish that fibrillin-1 is a dynamic signaling platform in the regulation of cell specification and matrix remodeling at the angiogenic front and that mutant fibrillin-1-induced defects can be rescued pharmacologically using a C-terminal fragment of the protein. These findings, identify fibrillin-1, MAGP1, and ADAMTS1 in the regulation of endothelial sprouting, and contribute to our understanding of how angiogenesis is regulated. This knowledge may have critical implications for people with Marfan syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Alonso
- Université de BordeauxF-33000Bordeaux, France
- INSERM U1026, BioTisF-33000Bordeaux, France
| | - Yuechao Dong
- Université de BordeauxF-33000Bordeaux, France
- INSERM U1026, BioTisF-33000Bordeaux, France
| | - Ling Li
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QCH3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Tiya Jahjah
- Université de BordeauxF-33000Bordeaux, France
- INSERM U1026, BioTisF-33000Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Isabelle Fremaux
- Université de BordeauxF-33000Bordeaux, France
- INSERM U1026, BioTisF-33000Bordeaux, France
| | - Dieter P. Reinhardt
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QCH3A 0C7, Canada
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QCH3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Elisabeth Génot
- Université de BordeauxF-33000Bordeaux, France
- INSERM U1026, BioTisF-33000Bordeaux, France
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10
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Davies EM, Gurung R, Le KQ, Roan KT, Harvey RP, Mitchell GM, Schwarz Q, Mitchell CA. PI(4,5)P 2-dependent regulation of endothelial tip cell specification contributes to angiogenesis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd6911. [PMID: 37000875 PMCID: PMC10065449 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add6911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic positioning of endothelial tip and stalk cells, via the interplay between VEGFR2 and NOTCH signaling, is essential for angiogenesis. VEGFR2 activates PI3K, which phosphorylates PI(4,5)P2 to PI(3,4,5)P3, activating AKT; however, PI3K/AKT does not direct tip cell specification. We report that PI(4,5)P2 hydrolysis by the phosphoinositide-5-phosphatase, INPP5K, contributes to angiogenesis. INPP5K ablation disrupted tip cell specification and impaired embryonic angiogenesis associated with enhanced DLL4/NOTCH signaling. INPP5K degraded a pool of PI(4,5)P2 generated by PIP5K1C phosphorylation of PI(4)P in endothelial cells. INPP5K ablation increased PI(4,5)P2, thereby releasing β-catenin from the plasma membrane, and concurrently increased PI(3,4,5)P3-dependent AKT activation, conditions that licensed DLL4/NOTCH transcription. Suppression of PI(4,5)P2 in INPP5K-siRNA cells by PIP5K1C-siRNA, restored β-catenin membrane localization and normalized AKT signaling. Pharmacological NOTCH or AKT inhibition in vivo or genetic β-catenin attenuation rescued angiogenesis defects in INPP5K-null mice. Therefore, PI(4,5)P2 is critical for β-catenin/DLL4/NOTCH signaling, which governs tip cell specification during angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Davies
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Rajendra Gurung
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Kai Qin Le
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Katherine T. T. Roan
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Richard P. Harvey
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine and School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Geraldine M. Mitchell
- O’Brien Institute Department of St Vincent’s Institute and University of Melbourne, Department of Surgery, St. Vincent’s Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
- Health Sciences Faculty, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Quenten Schwarz
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Christina A. Mitchell
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
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11
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Choi H, Kim BG, Kim YH, Lee SJ, Lee YJ, Oh SP. BMP10 functions independently from BMP9 for the development of a proper arteriovenous network. Angiogenesis 2023; 26:167-186. [PMID: 36348215 PMCID: PMC9908740 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-022-09859-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is a genetic vascular disorder characterized by the presence of arteriovenous malformation (AVM) in multiple organs. HHT is caused by mutations in genes encoding major constituents for transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family signaling: endoglin (ENG), activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ALK1), and SMAD4. The identity of physiological ligands for this ENG-ALK1 signaling pertinent to AVM formation has yet to be clearly determined. To investigate whether bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9), BMP10, or both are physiological ligands of ENG-ALK1 signaling involved in arteriovenous network formation, we generated a novel Bmp10 conditional knockout mouse strain. We examined whether global Bmp10-inducible knockout (iKO) mice develop AVMs at neonatal and adult stages in comparison with control, Bmp9-KO, and Bmp9/10-double KO (dKO) mice. Bmp10-iKO and Bmp9/10-dKO mice showed AVMs in developing retina, postnatal brain, and adult wounded skin, while Bmp9-KO did not display any noticeable vascular defects. Bmp10 deficiency resulted in increased proliferation and size of endothelial cells in AVM vessels. The impaired neurovascular integrity in the brain and retina of Bmp10-iKO and Bmp9/10-dKO mice was detected. Bmp9/10-dKO mice exhibited the lethality and vascular malformation similar to Bmp10-iKO mice, but their phenotypes were more pronounced. Administration of BMP10 protein, but not BMP9 protein, prevented retinal AVM in Bmp9/10-dKO and endothelial-specific Eng-iKO mice. These data indicate that BMP10 is indispensable for the development of a proper arteriovenous network, whereas BMP9 has limited compensatory functions for the loss of BMP10. We suggest that BMP10 is the most relevant physiological ligand of the ENG-ALK1 signaling pathway pertinent to HHT pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunwoo Choi
- Barrow Aneurysm & AVM Research Center, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, 350 W Thomas Road, Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA
| | - Bo-Gyeong Kim
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, 155 Gaetbeol-Ro, Yeonsu-Gu, 21999, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Hwan Kim
- Barrow Aneurysm & AVM Research Center, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, 350 W Thomas Road, Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA
| | - Se-Jin Lee
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Young Jae Lee
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, 155 Gaetbeol-Ro, Yeonsu-Gu, 21999, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biochemistry, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
| | - S Paul Oh
- Barrow Aneurysm & AVM Research Center, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, 350 W Thomas Road, Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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12
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Lang A, Benn A, Wolter A, Balcaen T, Collins J, Kerckhofs G, Zwijsen A, Boerckel JD. Endothelial SMAD1/5 signaling couples angiogenesis to osteogenesis during long bone growth. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.07.522994. [PMID: 36712097 PMCID: PMC9881901 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.07.522994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal development depends on coordinated angiogenesis and osteogenesis. Bone morphogenetic proteins direct bone development by activating SMAD1/5 signaling in osteoblasts. However, the role of SMAD1/5 in skeletal endothelium is unknown. Here, we found that endothelial cell-conditional SMAD1/5 depletion in juvenile mice caused metaphyseal and diaphyseal hypervascularity, resulting in altered cancellous and cortical bone formation. SMAD1/5 depletion induced excessive sprouting, disrupting the columnar structure of the metaphyseal vessels and impaired anastomotic loop morphogenesis at the chondro-osseous junction. Endothelial SMAD1/5 depletion impaired growth plate resorption and, upon long term depletion, abrogated osteoprogenitor recruitment to the primary spongiosa. Finally, in the diaphysis, endothelial SMAD1/5 activity was necessary to maintain the sinusoidal phenotype, with SMAD1/5 depletion inducing formation of large vascular loops, featuring elevated endomucin expression, ectopic tip cell formation, and hyperpermeability. Together, endothelial SMAD1/5 activity sustains skeletal vascular morphogenesis and function and coordinates growth plate remodeling and osteoprogenitor recruitment dynamics during bone growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Lang
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Benn
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Angelique Wolter
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Animal Welfare, Animal Behavior and Laboratory Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tim Balcaen
- Biomechanics lab, Institute of Mechanics, Materials and Civil Engineering, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Pole of Morphology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joseph Collins
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Greet Kerckhofs
- Biomechanics lab, Institute of Mechanics, Materials and Civil Engineering, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Pole of Morphology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
- Prometheus, Division for Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - An Zwijsen
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joel D. Boerckel
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Drapé E, Anquetil T, Larrivée B, Dubrac A. Brain arteriovenous malformation in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: Recent advances in cellular and molecular mechanisms. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:1006115. [PMID: 36504622 PMCID: PMC9729275 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.1006115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is a genetic disorder characterized by vessel dilatation, such as telangiectasia in skin and mucosa and arteriovenous malformations (AVM) in internal organs such as the gastrointestinal tract, lungs, and brain. AVMs are fragile and tortuous vascular anomalies that directly connect arteries and veins, bypassing healthy capillaries. Mutations in transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling pathway components, such as ENG (ENDOGLIN), ACVRL1 (ALK1), and SMAD4 (SMAD4) genes, account for most of HHT cases. 10-20% of HHT patients develop brain AVMs (bAVMs), which can lead to vessel wall rupture and intracranial hemorrhages. Though the main mutations are known, mechanisms leading to AVM formation are unclear, partially due to lack of animal models. Recent mouse models allowed significant advances in our understanding of AVMs. Endothelial-specific deletion of either Acvrl1, Eng or Smad4 is sufficient to induce AVMs, identifying endothelial cells (ECs) as primary targets of BMP signaling to promote vascular integrity. Loss of ALK1/ENG/SMAD4 signaling is associated with NOTCH signaling defects and abnormal arteriovenous EC differentiation. Moreover, cumulative evidence suggests that AVMs originate from venous ECs with defective flow-migration coupling and excessive proliferation. Mutant ECs show an increase of PI3K/AKT signaling and inhibitors of this signaling pathway rescue AVMs in HHT mouse models, revealing new therapeutic avenues. In this review, we will summarize recent advances and current knowledge of mechanisms controlling the pathogenesis of bAVMs, and discuss unresolved questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Drapé
- Centre de Recherche, CHU St. Justine, Montréal, QC, Canada,Département de Pharmacologie et de Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Typhaine Anquetil
- Centre de Recherche, CHU St. Justine, Montréal, QC, Canada,Département De Pathologie et Biologie Cellulaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Bruno Larrivée
- Département d’Ophtalmologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada,Centre De Recherche, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, QC, Canada,*Correspondence: Bruno Larrivée,
| | - Alexandre Dubrac
- Centre de Recherche, CHU St. Justine, Montréal, QC, Canada,Département De Pathologie et Biologie Cellulaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada,Département d’Ophtalmologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada,Alexandre Dubrac,
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14
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Tregub PP, Averchuk AS, Baranich TI, Ryazanova MV, Salmina AB. Physiological and Pathological Remodeling of Cerebral Microvessels. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012683. [PMID: 36293539 PMCID: PMC9603917 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that the remodeling of cerebral microvessels plays an important role in plastic changes in the brain associated with development, experience, learning, and memory consolidation. At the same time, abnormal neoangiogenesis, and deregulated regulation of microvascular regression, or pruning, could contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental diseases, stroke, and neurodegeneration. Aberrant remodeling of microvesselsis associated with blood-brain barrier breakdown, development of neuroinflammation, inadequate microcirculation in active brain regions, and leads to the dysfunction of the neurovascular unit and progressive neurological deficits. In this review, we summarize current data on the mechanisms of blood vessel regression and pruning in brain plasticity and in Alzheimer's-type neurodegeneration. We discuss some novel approaches to modulating cerebral remodeling and preventing degeneration-coupled aberrant microvascular activity in chronic neurodegeneration.
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15
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Arthur HM, Roman BL. An update on preclinical models of hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia: Insights into disease mechanisms. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:973964. [PMID: 36250069 PMCID: PMC9556665 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.973964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoglin (ENG) is expressed on the surface of endothelial cells (ECs) where it efficiently binds circulating BMP9 and BMP10 ligands to initiate activin A receptor like type 1 (ALK1) protein signalling to protect the vascular architecture. Patients heterozygous for ENG or ALK1 mutations develop the vascular disorder known as hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT). Many patients with this disorder suffer from anaemia, and are also at increased risk of stroke and high output heart failure. Recent work using animal models of HHT has revealed new insights into cellular and molecular mechanisms causing this disease. Loss of the ENG (HHT1) or ALK1 (HHT2) gene in ECs leads to aberrant arteriovenous connections or malformations (AVMs) in developing blood vessels. Similar phenotypes develop following combined EC specific loss of SMAD1 and 5, or EC loss of SMAD4. Taken together these data point to the essential role of the BMP9/10-ENG-ALK1-SMAD1/5-SMAD4 pathway in protecting the vasculature from AVMs. Altered directional migration of ECs in response to shear stress and increased EC proliferation are now recognised as critical factors driving AVM formation. Disruption of the ENG/ALK1 signalling pathway also affects EC responses to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and crosstalk between ECs and vascular smooth muscle cells. It is striking that the vascular lesions in HHT are both localised and tissue specific. Increasing evidence points to the importance of a second genetic hit to generate biallelic mutations, and the sporadic nature of such somatic mutations would explain the localised formation of vascular lesions. In addition, different pro-angiogenic drivers of AVM formation are likely to be at play during the patient’s life course. For example, inflammation is a key driver of vessel remodelling in postnatal life, and may turn out to be an important driver of HHT disease. The current wealth of preclinical models of HHT has led to increased understanding of AVM development and revealed new therapeutic approaches to treat AVMs, and form the topic of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M. Arthur
- Biosciences Institute, Centre for Life, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Helen M. Arthur,
| | - Beth L. Roman
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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16
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Long X, Qiu Z, Li C, Wang Y, Li J, Zhao R, Rong J, Gu N, Yuan J, Ge J, Shi B. CircERBB2IP promotes post-infarction revascularization via the miR-145a-5p/Smad5 axis. MOLECULAR THERAPY - NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 28:573-586. [PMID: 35592503 PMCID: PMC9096260 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2022.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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Dong Y, Alonso F, Jahjah T, Fremaux I, Grosset CF, Génot E. miR-155 regulates physiological angiogenesis but an miR-155-rich microenvironment disrupts the process by promoting unproductive endothelial sprouting. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:208. [PMID: 35347477 PMCID: PMC11072784 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04231-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis involves cell specification orchestrated by regulatory interactions between the vascular endothelial growth factor and Notch signaling pathways. However, the role of microRNAs in these regulations remains poorly explored. Here we show that a controlled level of miR-155 is essential for proper angiogenesis. In the mouse retina angiogenesis model, antimiR-155 altered neovascularization. In vitro assays established that endogenous miR-155 is involved in podosome formation, activation of the proteolytic machinery and cell migration but not in morphogenesis. The role of miR-155 was explored using miR-155 mimics. In vivo, exposing the developing vasculature to miR-155 promoted hypersprouting, thus phenocopying defects associated with Notch deficiency. Mechanistically, miR-155 overexpression weakened Notch signaling by reducing Smad1/5 expression, leading to the formation of tip cell-like cells which did not reach full invasive capacity and became unable to undergo morphogenesis. These results identify miR-155 as a novel regulator of physiological angiogenesis and as a novel actor of pathological angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuechao Dong
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Centre de Recherche cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Florian Alonso
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Centre de Recherche cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Tiya Jahjah
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Centre de Recherche cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Isabelle Fremaux
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Centre de Recherche cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Christophe F Grosset
- Univ. of Bordeaux, INSERM, Biotherapy of Genetic Diseases, Inflammatory Disorders and Cancer, U1035, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Elisabeth Génot
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Centre de Recherche cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, 33000, Bordeaux, France.
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18
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Kulikauskas MR, X S, Bautch VL. The versatility and paradox of BMP signaling in endothelial cell behaviors and blood vessel function. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:77. [PMID: 35044529 PMCID: PMC8770421 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04033-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Blood vessels expand via sprouting angiogenesis, and this process involves numerous endothelial cell behaviors, such as collective migration, proliferation, cell–cell junction rearrangements, and anastomosis and lumen formation. Subsequently, blood vessels remodel to form a hierarchical network that circulates blood and delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissue. During this time, endothelial cells become quiescent and form a barrier between blood and tissues that regulates transport of liquids and solutes. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling regulates both proangiogenic and homeostatic endothelial cell behaviors as blood vessels form and mature. Almost 30 years ago, human pedigrees linked BMP signaling to diseases associated with blood vessel hemorrhage and shunts, and recent work greatly expanded our knowledge of the players and the effects of vascular BMP signaling. Despite these gains, there remain paradoxes and questions, especially with respect to how and where the different and opposing BMP signaling outputs are regulated. This review examines endothelial cell BMP signaling in vitro and in vivo and discusses the paradox of BMP signals that both destabilize and stabilize endothelial cell behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly R Kulikauskas
- Curriculum in Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Shaka X
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Victoria L Bautch
- Curriculum in Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- McAllister Heart Institute, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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19
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Zhao X, Li X, Liu P, Li P, Xu X, Chen Y, Cheng Y, Zhu D, Fu X. 17β-estradiol promotes angiogenesis through non-genomic activation of Smad1 signaling in endometriosis. Vascul Pharmacol 2021; 142:106932. [PMID: 34763099 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2021.106932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
17β-estradiol (E2) plays a key role in endometriosis through regulation of angiogenesis. Smad1 has been reported to be up-regulated in patients with endometriosis. However, the role of Smad1 in E2-mediated angiogenesis during the development of endometriosis remains to be determined. This study aimed to explore the role of Smad1 in E2-mediated angiogenesis during endometriosis and its underlying mechanisms. Immunofluorescence staining and Western blotting were performed to examine the expression of p-Smad1 in ectopic and control endometrium. Western blotting was used to examine activation of Smad1 signaling in NMECs, EMECs and HUVECs. Tube formation assay was performed to examine the effect of E2 on angiogenesis. Cell proliferation and migration was determined using in real-time by xCELLigence RTCA DP instrument. We found that the expression of p-Smad1 was significantly up-regulated in ectopic endometrium and ectopic intima microvascular endothelial cells. E2 non-genomically stimulated phosphorylation of Smad1 in HUVECs. c-Src and p44/42 MAPK(ERK1/2) signaling pathways are required for E2's induction on Smad1 phosphorylation. Moreover, caveolae is involved in E2-induced Smad1 phosphorylation in vascular endothelial cells. E2 promoted tube formation of vascular endothelial cells through c-Src/ERK1/2/Smad1 signaling pathway. Knockdown of Smad1 expression attenuated E2-induced proliferation and migration of HUVECs. In conclusion, E2 promotes proliferation, migration and tube formation of HUVECs through c-Src/ERK1/2/Smad1 signaling pathway. Our data shed new lights on the mechanisms through which E2 contributes to endometriosis, and may provide novel strategies to treat endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Zhao
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510260, PR China; Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, 510630, China
| | - Xiaosa Li
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510260, PR China; Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511518, PR China
| | - Pei Liu
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510260, PR China; Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, 510630, China
| | - Ping Li
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510260, PR China
| | - Xingyan Xu
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510260, PR China
| | - Yiwen Chen
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510260, PR China
| | - Yang Cheng
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Municipal First People's Hospital of Guangzhou, Guangzhou 510180, PR China.
| | - Dongxing Zhu
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510260, PR China.
| | - Xiaodong Fu
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510260, PR China.
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20
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Zeng A, Wang SR, He YX, Yan Y, Zhang Y. Progress in understanding of the stalk and tip cells formation involvement in angiogenesis mechanisms. Tissue Cell 2021; 73:101626. [PMID: 34479073 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2021.101626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Vascular sprouting is a key process of angiogenesis and mainly related to the formation of stalk and tip cells. Many studies have found that angiogenesis has a great clinical significance in promoting the functional repair of impaired tissues and anti-angiogenesis is a key to treatment of many tumors. Therefore, how the pathways regulate angiogenesis by regulating the formation of stalk and tip cells is an urgent problem for researchers. This review mainly summarizes the research progress of pathways affecting the formation of stalk and tip cells during angiogenesis in recent years, including the main signaling pathways (such as VEGF-VEGFR-Dll4-Notch signaling pathway, ALK-Smad signaling pathway,CCN1-YAP/YAZ signaling pathway and other signaling pathways) and cellular actions (such as cellular metabolisms, intercellular tension and other actions), aiming to further give the readers an insight into the mechanism of regulating the formation of stalk and tip cells during angiogenesis and provide more targets for anti-angiogenic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Zeng
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, Jilin Province, China
| | - Shu-Rong Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yu-Xi He
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yu Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, Jilin Province, China.
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21
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Elmasry K, Habib S, Moustafa M, Al-Shabrawey M. Bone Morphogenetic Proteins and Diabetic Retinopathy. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11040593. [PMID: 33919531 PMCID: PMC8073699 DOI: 10.3390/biom11040593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) play an important role in bone formation and repair. Recent studies underscored their essential role in the normal development of several organs and vascular homeostasis in health and diseases. Elevated levels of BMPs have been linked to the development of cardiovascular complications of diabetes mellitus. However, their particular role in the pathogenesis of microvascular dysfunction associated with diabetic retinopathy (DR) is still under-investigated. Accumulated evidence from our and others’ studies suggests the involvement of BMP signaling in retinal inflammation, hyperpermeability and pathological neovascularization in DR and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Therefore, targeting BMP signaling in diabetes is proposed as a potential therapeutic strategy to halt the development of microvascular dysfunction in retinal diseases, particularly in DR. The goal of this review article is to discuss the biological functions of BMPs, their underlying mechanisms and their potential role in the pathogenesis of DR in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Elmasry
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
- Culver Vision discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
- Department of Anatomy, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Dakahlia Governorate 35516, Egypt
| | - Samar Habib
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Dakahlia Governorate 35516, Egypt;
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Mohamed Moustafa
- Culver Vision discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Mohamed Al-Shabrawey
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
- Culver Vision discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(706)721-4278 or +1-(706)721-4279
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22
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Snodgrass RO, Chico TJA, Arthur HM. Hereditary Haemorrhagic Telangiectasia, an Inherited Vascular Disorder in Need of Improved Evidence-Based Pharmaceutical Interventions. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:174. [PMID: 33513792 PMCID: PMC7911152 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is characterised by arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). These vascular abnormalities form when arteries and veins directly connect, bypassing the local capillary system. Large AVMs may occur in the lungs, liver and brain, increasing the risk of morbidity and mortality. Smaller AVMs, known as telangiectases, are prevalent on the skin and mucosal lining of the nose, mouth and gastrointestinal tract and are prone to haemorrhage. HHT is primarily associated with a reduction in endoglin (ENG) or ACVRL1 activity due to loss-of-function mutations. ENG and ACVRL1 transmembrane receptors are expressed on endothelial cells (ECs) and bind to circulating ligands BMP9 and BMP10 with high affinity. Ligand binding to the receptor complex leads to activation of the SMAD1/5/8 signalling pathway to regulate downstream gene expression. Various genetic animal models demonstrate that disruption of this pathway in ECs results in AVMs. The vascular abnormalities underlying AVM formation result from abnormal EC responses to angiogenic and haemodynamic cues, and include increased proliferation, reduced migration against the direction of blood flow and an increased EC footprint. There is growing evidence that targeting VEGF signalling has beneficial outcomes in HHT patients and in animal models of this disease. The anti-VEGF inhibitor bevacizumab reduces epistaxis and has a normalising effect on high cardiac output in HHT patients with hepatic AVMs. Blocking VEGF signalling also reduces vascular malformations in mouse models of HHT1 and HHT2. However, VEGF signalling is complex and drives numerous downstream pathways, and it is not yet clear which pathway (or combination of pathways) is critical to target. This review will consider the recent evidence gained from HHT clinical and preclinical studies that are increasing our understanding of HHT pathobiology and informing therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan O. Snodgrass
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; (R.O.S.); (T.J.A.C.)
| | - Timothy J. A. Chico
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; (R.O.S.); (T.J.A.C.)
| | - Helen M. Arthur
- Biosciences Institute, Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE1 3BZ, UK
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23
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Santamaría R, González-Álvarez M, Delgado R, Esteban S, Arroyo AG. Remodeling of the Microvasculature: May the Blood Flow Be With You. Front Physiol 2020; 11:586852. [PMID: 33178049 PMCID: PMC7593767 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.586852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The vasculature ensures optimal delivery of nutrients and oxygen throughout the body, and to achieve this function it must continually adapt to varying tissue demands. Newly formed vascular plexuses during development are immature and require dynamic remodeling to generate well-patterned functional networks. This is achieved by remodeling of the capillaries preserving those which are functional and eliminating other ones. A balanced and dynamically regulated capillary remodeling will therefore ensure optimal distribution of blood and nutrients to the tissues. This is particularly important in pathological contexts in which deficient or excessive vascular remodeling may worsen tissue perfusion and hamper tissue repair. Blood flow is a major determinant of microvascular reshaping since capillaries are pruned when relatively less perfused and they split when exposed to high flow in order to shape the microvascular network for optimal tissue perfusion and oxygenation. The molecular machinery underlying blood flow sensing by endothelial cells is being deciphered, but much less is known about how this translates into endothelial cell responses as alignment, polarization and directed migration to drive capillary remodeling, particularly in vivo. Part of this knowledge is theoretical from computational models since blood flow hemodynamics are not easily recapitulated by in vitro or ex vivo approaches. Moreover, these events are difficult to visualize in vivo due to their infrequency and briefness. Studies had been limited to postnatal mouse retina and vascular beds in zebrafish but new tools as advanced microscopy and image analysis are strengthening our understanding of capillary remodeling. In this review we introduce the concept of remodeling of the microvasculature and its relevance in physiology and pathology. We summarize the current knowledge on the mechanisms contributing to capillary regression and to capillary splitting highlighting the key role of blood flow to orchestrate these processes. Finally, we comment the potential and possibilities that microfluidics offers to this field. Since capillary remodeling mechanisms are often reactivated in prevalent pathologies as cancer and cardiovascular disease, all this knowledge could be eventually used to improve the functionality of capillary networks in diseased tissues and promote their repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Santamaría
- Department of Vascular Pathophysiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - María González-Álvarez
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Delgado
- Department of Vascular Pathophysiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Esteban
- Department of Vascular Pathophysiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia G. Arroyo
- Department of Vascular Pathophysiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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24
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Hiepen C, Mendez PL, Knaus P. It Takes Two to Tango: Endothelial TGFβ/BMP Signaling Crosstalk with Mechanobiology. Cells 2020; 9:E1965. [PMID: 32858894 PMCID: PMC7564048 DOI: 10.3390/cells9091965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are members of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) superfamily of cytokines. While some ligand members are potent inducers of angiogenesis, others promote vascular homeostasis. However, the precise understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying these functions is still a growing research field. In bone, the tissue in which BMPs were first discovered, crosstalk of TGFβ/BMP signaling with mechanobiology is well understood. Likewise, the endothelium represents a tissue that is constantly exposed to multiple mechanical triggers, such as wall shear stress, elicited by blood flow or strain, and tension from the surrounding cells and to the extracellular matrix. To integrate mechanical stimuli, the cytoskeleton plays a pivotal role in the transduction of these forces in endothelial cells. Importantly, mechanical forces integrate on several levels of the TGFβ/BMP pathway, such as receptors and SMADs, but also global cell-architecture and nuclear chromatin re-organization. Here, we summarize the current literature on crosstalk mechanisms between biochemical cues elicited by TGFβ/BMP growth factors and mechanical cues, as shear stress or matrix stiffness that collectively orchestrate endothelial function. We focus on the different subcellular compartments in which the forces are sensed and integrated into the TGFβ/BMP growth factor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Petra Knaus
- Knaus-Lab/Signal Transduction, Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (C.H.); (P.-L.M.)
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