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Cao XH, Fan ZY, Chang YJ, Xu LP, Zhang XH, Huang XJ, Zhao XY. Prediction model for EBV infection following HLA haploidentical matched hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. J Transl Med 2024; 22:244. [PMID: 38448996 PMCID: PMC10916301 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05042-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is an effective treatment for hematological malignancies. However, viral infections, particularly EBV infection, frequently occur following allo-HSCT and can result in multi-tissue and organ damage. Due to the lack of effective antiviral drugs, these infections can even progress to post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD), thereby impacting the prognosis. In light of this, our objective is to develop a prediction model for EBV infection following allo-HSCT. METHODS A total of 466 patients who underwent haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (haplo-HSCT) between September 2019 and December 2020 were included in this study. The patients were divided into a development cohort and a validation cohort based on the timing of their transplantation. Our aim was to develop and validate a grading scale using these cohorts to predict the risk of EBV infection within the first year after haplo-HSCT. Additionally, single-cell RNA sequencing (sc-RNAseq) data from the bone marrow of healthy donors were utilized to assess the impact of age on immune cells and viral infection. RESULTS In the multivariate logistic regression model, four predictors were retained: donor age, female-to-male transplant, graft MNC (mononuclear cell) dose, and CD8 dose. Based on these predictors, an EBV reactivation predicting score system was constructed. The scoring system demonstrated good calibration in both the derivation and validation cohorts, as confirmed by the Hosmer-Lemeshow test (p > 0.05). The scoring system also exhibited favorable discriminative ability, as indicated by the C statistics of 0.72 in the derivation cohort and 0.60 in the validation cohort. Furthermore, the clinical efficacy of the scoring system was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier curves based on risk ratings. The results showed significant differences in EBV reactivation rates between different risk groups, with p-values less than 0.001 in both the derivation and validation cohorts, indicating robust clinical utility. The analysis of sc-RNAseq data from the bone marrow of healthy donors revealed that older age had a profound impact on the quantity and quality of immune subsets. Functional enrichment analysis highlighted that older age was associated with a higher risk of infection. Specifically, CD8 + T cells from older individuals showed enrichment in the pathway of "viral carcinogenesis", while older CD14 + monocytes exhibited enrichment in the pathway of "regulation of viral entry into host cell." These findings suggest that older age may contribute to an increased susceptibility to viral infections, as evidenced by the altered immune profiles observed in the sc-RNAseq data. CONCLUSION Overall, these results demonstrate the development and validation of an effective scoring system for predicting EBV reactivation after haplo-HSCT, and provide insights into the impact of age on immune subsets and viral infection susceptibility based on sc-RNAseq analysis of healthy donors' bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun-Hong Cao
- Peking University People's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Ze-Ying Fan
- Peking University People's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Jun Chang
- Peking University People's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Lan-Ping Xu
- Peking University People's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Zhang
- Peking University People's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Huang
- Peking University People's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Zhao
- Peking University People's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China.
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Ren C, Carrillo ND, Cryns VL, Anderson RA, Chen M. Environmental pollutants and phosphoinositide signaling in autoimmunity. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133080. [PMID: 38091799 PMCID: PMC10923067 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Environmental pollution stands as one of the most critical challenges affecting human health, with an estimated mortality rate linked to pollution-induced non-communicable diseases projected to range from 20% to 25%. These pollutants not only disrupt immune responses but can also trigger immunotoxicity. Phosphoinositide signaling, a pivotal regulator of immune responses, plays a central role in the development of autoimmune diseases and exhibits high sensitivity to environmental stressors. Among these stressors, environmental pollutants have become increasingly prevalent in our society, contributing to the initiation and exacerbation of autoimmune conditions. In this review, we summarize the intricate interplay between phosphoinositide signaling and autoimmune diseases within the context of environmental pollutants and contaminants. We provide an up-to-date overview of stress-induced phosphoinositide signaling, discuss 14 selected examples categorized into three groups of environmental pollutants and their connections to immune diseases, and shed light on the associated phosphoinositide signaling pathways. Through these discussions, this review advances our understanding of how phosphoinositide signaling influences the coordinated immune response to environmental stressors at a biological level. Furthermore, it offers valuable insights into potential research directions and therapeutic targets aimed at mitigating the impact of environmental pollutants on the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. SYNOPSIS: Phosphoinositide signaling at the intersection of environmental pollutants and autoimmunity provides novel insights for managing autoimmune diseases aggravated by pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Ren
- Department of Pharmacology, Joint Laboratory of Guangdong-Hong Kong Universities for Vascular Homeostasis and Diseases, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Noah D Carrillo
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Vincent L Cryns
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Richard A Anderson
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Mo Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Joint Laboratory of Guangdong-Hong Kong Universities for Vascular Homeostasis and Diseases, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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Boge CLK, Hayes McDonough M, Newman AM, Blumenstock J, Elgarten CW, Freedman JL, Olson TS, Li Y, Fisher BT. Disparities in Cytomegalovirus Infection Rates by Race and Ethnicity among Pediatric Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Recipients at a Single Center. Transplant Cell Ther 2024; 30:328.e1-328.e12. [PMID: 38191029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtct.2024.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Previous literature has reported cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection rate disparities among racial/ethnic groups of hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) recipients. Because race and ethnicity categorizations are social constructs unlikely to affect biological systems, it is likely there are covariates on the pathway to CMV detection, known as mediators, that can explain the observed disparity. Recent developments in mediation analysis methods enable the analysis of time-to-event outcomes, allowing an investigation of these disparities to also consider the timing of CMV infection detection relative to HCT. This study aimed to explore whether racial and ethnic CMV infection disparities existed within a population of HCT recipients at our center, and whether clinical covariates explained any observed association. The study cohort included all recipients of allogeneic HCT performed at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia between January 2004 and April 2017 who were CMV PCR-negative pretransplantation, had known donor/recipient CMV serology, and were under blood CMV PCR surveillance. Subjects were followed for 100 days post-HCT. Accelerated failure time models using subject's reported race/ethnicity, dichotomized into non-Hispanic White (NHW) and non-NHW, and exposure and time to CMV detection as outcomes examined whether selected clinical factors-donor/recipient CMV serostatus, recipient age, indication for HCT, hematopoietic cell source, match quality-mediated any identified exposure-outcome association. The analysis included 348 HCTs performed in 335 subjects, with 86 episodes (24.7%) in which CMV was detected via PCR analysis. The accelerated failure time model without mediators estimated that non-NHW subjects had fewer CMV-free survival days (time ratio, .21; 95% confidence interval, .10 to .44). Any hypothesized mediator mediated at most 5% of the total association between race/ethnicity and time to CMV detection. Non-NHW HCT recipients had fewer CMV-free survival days than NHW recipients; none of the clinical factors hypothesized to mediate this association accounted for a significant component of total association. Further research should focus on nonclinical factors influenced by systemic racism to better understand their effect on CMV infection among HCT recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig L K Boge
- Pediatric IDEAS Research Group of Clinical Futures, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Molly Hayes McDonough
- Center for Healthcare Quality & Analytics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alexander M Newman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospitals, San Francisco and Oakland, California
| | - Jesse Blumenstock
- Pediatric IDEAS Research Group of Clinical Futures, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Caitlin W Elgarten
- Cell Therapy and Transplant Section, Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jason L Freedman
- Cell Therapy and Transplant Section, Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Timothy S Olson
- Cell Therapy and Transplant Section, Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Brian T Fisher
- Pediatric IDEAS Research Group of Clinical Futures, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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Chen CJ. Epstein-Barr virus reactivation and disease flare of systemic lupus erythematosus. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2024; 63:161-164. [PMID: 38485308 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2024.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
SLE affects females rather than males with a ratio of about 9:1. Owing to the high morbidity with multiple organ involvement, SLE flare-up remains a challenge for women's health. In an accumulation of the past 70 years of studies globally, EBV has been found to be strongly associated with SLE. In the past two decades, EBV reactivation has been proven as prevalent in SLE patients as well as being strongly associated with higher SLE activity and higher prevalence of SLE flare. Hence, strategies to control EBV reactivation in SLE including pharmacological (such as Tenofovir prodrugs TDF and TAF) and non-pharmacological approaches are being developed. The heterogeneity of SLE constitutes clinical challenges, suggesting a stratification of SLE into subgroups based on EBV reactivation or non-reactivation is reasonable. Future-wise, adding anti-EBV reactivation medication to current immunosuppressants for the subgroup of SLE patients with EBV reactivation could be beneficial to achieve long-term remission of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Jen Chen
- Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Abu Dail Y, Daas L, Flockerzi E, Munteanu C, Kahlert J, Smola S, Seitz B. PCR testing for herpesviruses in aqueous humor samples from patients with and without clinical corneal endothelial graft rejection. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29538. [PMID: 38506230 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
To compare prevalence of positive PCR tests for herpesviruses between patients with and without a history of clinical corneal endothelial allograft rejection (AGR). Retrospective cross-sectional study with two-group comparison. A total of 307 aqueous humor (AH) samples from 235 Patients and 244 eyes who underwent penetrating keratoplasty or Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty or had a diagnostic AH aspiration due to clinical AGR between 2019 and 2023 were tested for DNA of herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). PCR test results were compared between the two groups (with/without AGR). Another sub-analysis examined the results of patients without a history of herpetic keratitis. A total of 8% of eyes with clinical AGR (9/108) had a positive PCR result for one of the herpesviruses (HSV:3, CMV:3, EBV:2, VZV:1). All patients in the group without AGR had negative PCR results for all previous viruses (0/136). The difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001). The sub-analysis of eyes without a history of herpetic keratitis also revealed significantly more positive herpes PCR results (7/87) in eyes with AGR than in eyes without AGR (0/42, p = 0.005). Clinical AGR after keratoplasty shows a significant correlation to viral replication. Herpetic infection and AGR could occur simultaneously and act synergistically. Timely differentiation between active herpetic infection and/or AGR is pivotal for proper treatment and graft preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaser Abu Dail
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Saarland, Germany
| | - Loay Daas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Saarland, Germany
| | - Elias Flockerzi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Saarland, Germany
| | - Cristian Munteanu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Saarland, Germany
| | - Julian Kahlert
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Saarland, Germany
| | - Sigrun Smola
- Department of Virology, Institute of Virology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Saarland, Germany
- Department of Virology, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Berthold Seitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Saarland, Germany
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Eid K, Bjørk MH, Gilhus NE, Torkildsen Ø. Adverse Childhood Experiences and the Risk of Multiple Sclerosis Development: A Review of Potential Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1520. [PMID: 38338799 PMCID: PMC10855716 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), such as abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction, contribute to long-term systemic toxic stress and inflammation that may last well into adulthood. Such early-life stressors have been associated with increased susceptibility to multiple sclerosis (MS) in observational studies and with the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in animal models. In this review, we summarize the evidence for an ACE-mediated increase in MS risk, as well as the potential mechanisms for this association. ACEs dysregulate neurodevelopment, stress responses, and immune reactivity; they also alter the interplay between the immune system and neural networks. All of this may be relevant for MS risk. We further discuss how ACEs induce epigenetic changes and how the toxic stress caused by ACEs may reactivate the Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), a key risk factor for MS. We conclude by suggesting new initiatives to obtain further insights into this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Eid
- Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Jonas Lies vei 71, 5053 Bergen, Norway; (M.-H.B.); (N.E.G.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway;
| | - Marte-Helene Bjørk
- Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Jonas Lies vei 71, 5053 Bergen, Norway; (M.-H.B.); (N.E.G.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway;
- NorHead, Norwegian Center for Headache Research, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Nils Erik Gilhus
- Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Jonas Lies vei 71, 5053 Bergen, Norway; (M.-H.B.); (N.E.G.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway;
| | - Øivind Torkildsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway;
- Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
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Kiś J, Góralczyk M, Sikora D, Stępień E, Drop B, Polz-Dacewicz M. Can the Epstein-Barr Virus Play a Role in the Development of Prostate Cancer? Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:328. [PMID: 38254816 PMCID: PMC10814141 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16020328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the fourth most frequently diagnosed cancer worldwide, accounting for 7.3% of all cancers. PCa mortality is the fifth most common cause of cancer death. Despite well-known factors influencing the development of PCa, such as age, race/ethnicity and family history, many researchers have raised the possibility of persistent infections with oncogenic viruses. Therefore, we aimed to assess the frequency of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA in tissue collected from PCa patients. Next, the frequency and the level of Epstein-Barr virus capsid antigen (EBVCA) and Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) antibodies in both IgA and IgG classes were measured. The antibody titer was also analyzed depending on the risk group, Gleason score (GS) and tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) classification. Serum samples were analyzed using the Microblot-Array EBV IgM, IgA and IgG test kits. The study group consisted of 115 patients diagnosed and histopathologically confirmed with PCa. In 49% of patients included in the study, EBV DNA was detected in the tumor tissue. The studies showed both higher seroprevalence and higher antibody titers in patients with EBV-positive PCa compared to patients with EBV-negative PCa. We also observed a dependence of antibody titer on pathological features, such as GS, risk group and T stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Kiś
- 1st Clinical Military Hospital with Outpatient Clinic in Lublin, 20-049 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Góralczyk
- Department of Virology with Viral Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (D.S.); (E.S.); (M.P.-D.)
| | - Dominika Sikora
- Department of Virology with Viral Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (D.S.); (E.S.); (M.P.-D.)
| | - Ewa Stępień
- Department of Virology with Viral Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (D.S.); (E.S.); (M.P.-D.)
| | - Bartłomiej Drop
- Department of Medical Informatics and Statistics with e-Health Lab, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Polz-Dacewicz
- Department of Virology with Viral Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (D.S.); (E.S.); (M.P.-D.)
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Jacques C, Marchand F, Chatelais M, Brulefert A, Floris I. Understanding the Mode of Action of a Micro-Immunotherapy Formulation: Pre-Clinical Evidence from the Study of 2LEBV ® Active Ingredients. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:102. [PMID: 38255717 PMCID: PMC10821216 DOI: 10.3390/life14010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is often kept silent and asymptomatic; however, its reactivation induces a chronic and/or recurrent infection that is associated with numerous diseases, including cancer and inflammation-related disorders. As no specific treatment is currently available, the immune factors-based micro-immunotherapy (MI) medicine 2LEBV® could be considered a valuable therapeutic option to sustain the immune system in EBV reactivation. METHODS The present work aimed to investigate, for the first time, the effect of 2LEBV® in several in vitro models of uninfected immune-related cells. RESULTS 2LEBV® displayed phagocytosis-enhancing capabilities in granulocytes. In human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), it increased the intra- and extra-cellular expression of interleukin (IL)-2. Moreover, it modulated the secretion of other cytokines, increasing IL-4, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels or lowering other cytokines levels such as IL-9. Finally, 2LEBV® reduced the expression of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-II in endothelial cells and macrophages. CONCLUSIONS Although these data are still preliminary and the chosen models do not consider the underlying EBV-reactivation mechanisms, they still provide a better understanding of the mechanisms of action of 2LEBV®, both at functional and molecular levels. Furthermore, they open perspectives regarding the potential targets of 2LEBV® in its employment as a therapeutic intervention for EBV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Jacques
- Pre-Clinical Research Department, Labo’Life France, Pescalis-Les Magnys, 79320 Moncoutant-sur-Sevre, France;
| | - Flora Marchand
- ProfileHIT, 7 rue du Buisson, 44680 Sainte-Pazanne, France; (F.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Mathias Chatelais
- ProfileHIT, 7 rue du Buisson, 44680 Sainte-Pazanne, France; (F.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Adrien Brulefert
- QIMA Life Sciences, 1 bis rue des Plantes—CS 50011, 86160 Gençay, France;
| | - Ilaria Floris
- Pre-Clinical Research Department, Labo’Life France, Pescalis-Les Magnys, 79320 Moncoutant-sur-Sevre, France;
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9
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Boesl F, Goereci Y, Gerhard A, Bremer B, Raeder V, Schweitzer F, Hoppmann U, Behrens J, Bellmann-Strobl J, Paul F, Wildemann B, Jarius S, Prüss H, Audebert HJ, Warnke C, Franke C. Cerebrospinal fluid findings in patients with neurological manifestations in post-COVID-19 syndrome. J Neurol 2024; 271:59-70. [PMID: 37999770 PMCID: PMC10769962 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-12092-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Information on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings in patients with neurological manifestations in post-COVID-19 syndrome is scarce. METHODS Retrospective evaluation of 84 CSF samples in patients fulfilling post-COVID-19 criteria in two neurological post-COVID-19 outpatient clinics. RESULTS In 68% of samples, all CSF parameters were normal. The most frequent pathological CSF finding was elevation of total protein (median total protein 33.3 mg/dl [total range 18.5-116.2]) in 20 of 83 (24%) samples. The second most prevalent pathological finding was a blood-CSF barrier dysfunction as measured by elevation of QAlb (median QAlb 4.65 [2.4-13.2]) in 11/84 (13%). Pleocytosis was found in only 5/84 (6%) samples and was mild in all of them. CSF-restricted oligoclonal bands were found in 5/83 (6%) samples. Anti-neuronal autoantibodies in CSF were negative in most cases, whilst 12/68 (18%) samples were positive for anti-myelin autoantibodies in serum. PCR for herpesviridae (HSV-1/-2, VZV, EBV, CMV, HHV6) showed, if at all, only weakly positive results in CSF or EDTA whole blood/plasma. CONCLUSIONS The majority of samples did not show any pathologies. The most frequent findings were elevation of total protein and blood-CSF barrier dysfunction with no signs of intrathecal inflammation. CSF analysis still keeps its value for exclusion of differential diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Boesl
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Yasemin Goereci
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ameli Gerhard
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Benno Bremer
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vanessa Raeder
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Finja Schweitzer
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Uta Hoppmann
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, A Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Janina Behrens
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, A Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Judith Bellmann-Strobl
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, A Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Friedemann Paul
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, A Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Brigitte Wildemann
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sven Jarius
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Harald Prüss
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Berlin, Germany
| | - Heinrich J Audebert
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Clemens Warnke
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christiana Franke
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Berlin, Germany
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10
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Sausen DG, Poirier MC, Spiers LM, Smith EN. Mechanisms of T cell evasion by Epstein-Barr virus and implications for tumor survival. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1289313. [PMID: 38179040 PMCID: PMC10764432 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1289313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a prevalent oncogenic virus estimated to infect greater than 90% of the world's population. Following initial infection, it establishes latency in host B cells. EBV has developed a multitude of techniques to avoid detection by the host immune system and establish lifelong infection. T cells, as important contributors to cell-mediated immunity, make an attractive target for these immunoevasive strategies. Indeed, EBV has evolved numerous mechanisms to modulate T cell responses. For example, it can augment expression of programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1), which inhibits T cell function, and downregulates the interferon response, which has a strong impact on T cell regulation. It also modulates interleukin secretion and can influence major histocompatibility complex (MHC) expression and presentation. In addition to facilitating persistent EBV infection, these immunoregulatory mechanisms have significant implications for evasion of the immune response by tumor cells. This review dissects the mechanisms through which EBV avoids detection by host T cells and discusses how these mechanisms play into tumor survival. It concludes with an overview of cancer treatments targeting T cells in the setting of EBV-associated malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. G. Sausen
- School of Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
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11
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Diao H, Xue WQ, Wang TM, Yang DW, Deng CM, Li DH, Zhang WL, Liao Y, Wu YX, Chen XY, Zhou T, Li XZ, Zhang PF, Zheng XH, Zhang SD, Hu YZ, Cao SM, Liu Q, Ye WM, He YQ, Jia WH. The interaction and mediation effects between the host genetic factors and Epstein-Barr virus VCA-IgA in the risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29224. [PMID: 37970759 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated strong associations between host genetic factors and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) VCA-IgA with the risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). However, the specific interplay between host genetics and EBV VCA-IgA on NPC risk is not well understood. In this two-stage case-control study (N = 4804), we utilized interaction and mediation analysis to investigate the interplay between host genetics (genome-wide association study-derived polygenic risk score [PRS]) and EBV VCA-IgA antibody level in the NPC risk. We employed a four-way decomposition analysis to assess the extent to which the genetic effect on NPC risk is mediated by or interacts with EBV VCA-IgA. We consistently found a significant interaction between the PRS and EBV VCA-IgA on NPC risk (discovery population: synergy index [SI] = 2.39, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.85-3.10; replication population: SI = 3.10, 95% CI = 2.17-4.44; all pinteraction < 0.001). Moreover, the genetic variants included in the PRS demonstrated similar interactions with EBV VCA-IgA antibody. We also observed an obvious dose-response relationship between the PRS and EBV VCA-IgA antibody on NPC risk (all ptrend < 0.001). Furthermore, our decomposition analysis revealed that a substantial proportion (approximately 90%) of the genetic effects on NPC risk could be attributed to host genetic-EBV interaction, while the risk effects mediated by EBV VCA-IgA antibody were weak and statistically insignificant. Our study provides compelling evidence for an interaction between host genetics and EBV VCA-IgA antibody in the development of NPC. These findings emphasize the importance of implementing measures to control EBV infection as a crucial strategy for effectively preventing NPC, particularly in individuals at high genetic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Diao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Qiong Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tong-Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Da-Wei Yang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chang-Mi Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan-Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Xia Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue-Yin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi-Zhao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei-Fen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shao-Dan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ye-Zhu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Su-Mei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Cancer Prevention Center, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Cancer Prevention Center, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Min Ye
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics and Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yong-Qiao He
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Hua Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Tang SW, Helmeste DM, Leonard BE. COVID-19 as a polymorphic inflammatory spectrum of diseases: a review with focus on the brain. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2023; 35:248-269. [PMID: 36861428 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2023.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
There appear to be huge variations and aberrations in the reported data in COVID-19 2 years now into the pandemic. Conflicting data exist at almost every level and also in the reported epidemiological statistics across different regions. It is becoming clear that COVID-19 is a polymorphic inflammatory spectrum of diseases, and there is a wide range of inflammation-related pathology and symptoms in those infected with the virus. The host's inflammatory response to COVID-19 appears to be determined by genetics, age, immune status, health status and stage of disease. The interplay of these factors may decide the magnitude, duration, types of pathology, symptoms and prognosis in the spectrum of COVID-19 disorders, and whether neuropsychiatric disorders continue to be significant. Early and successful management of inflammation reduces morbidity and mortality in all stages of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu Wa Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Institute of Brain Medicine, Hong Kong, China
| | - Daiga Maret Helmeste
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Institute of Brain Medicine, Hong Kong, China
| | - Brian E Leonard
- Institute of Brain Medicine, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Pharmacology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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13
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Zhang Q, Xu M. EBV-induced T-cell responses in EBV-specific and nonspecific cancers. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1250946. [PMID: 37841280 PMCID: PMC10576448 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1250946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous human tumor virus associated with various malignancies, including B-lymphoma, NK and T-lymphoma, and epithelial carcinoma. It infects B lymphocytes and epithelial cells within the oropharynx and establishes persistent infection in memory B cells. With a balanced virus-host interaction, most individuals carry EBV asymptomatically because of the lifelong surveillance by T cell immunity against EBV. A stable anti-EBV T cell repertoire is maintained in memory at high frequency in the blood throughout persistent EBV infection. Patients with impaired T cell immunity are more likely to develop life-threatening lymphoproliferative disorders, highlighting the critical role of T cells in achieving the EBV-host balance. Recent studies reveal that the EBV protein, LMP1, triggers robust T-cell responses against multiple tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) in B cells. Additionally, EBV-specific T cells have been identified in EBV-unrelated cancers, raising questions about their role in antitumor immunity. Herein, we summarize T-cell responses in EBV-related cancers, considering latency patterns, host immune status, and factors like human leukocyte antigen (HLA) susceptibility, which may affect immune outcomes. We discuss EBV-induced TAA-specific T cell responses and explore the potential roles of EBV-specific T cell subsets in tumor microenvironments. We also describe T-cell immunotherapy strategies that harness EBV antigens, ranging from EBV-specific T cells to T cell receptor-engineered T cells. Lastly, we discuss the involvement of γδ T-cells in EBV infection and associated diseases, aiming to elucidate the comprehensive interplay between EBV and T-cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center (SYSUCC), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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14
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Krishna B, Wills M, Sithole N. Long COVID: what is known and what gaps need to be addressed. Br Med Bull 2023; 147:6-19. [PMID: 37434326 PMCID: PMC10502447 DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldad016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Long COVID is a chronic condition that follows after acute COVID-19 and is characterized by a wide range of persistent, cyclic symptoms. SOURCES OF DATA PubMed search for publications featuring 'Long COVID' or 'post-acute sequelae of COVID-19'. AREAS OF AGREEMENT Long COVID occurs frequently post-acute COVID-19, with a majority of people experiencing at least one symptom (such as cough, fatigue, myalgia, anosmia and dyspnoea) 4 weeks after infection. AREAS OF CONTROVERSY The specific symptoms and the minimum duration of symptoms required to be defined as Long COVID. GROWING POINTS There is a consistent reduction in Long COVID incidence amongst vaccinated individuals, although the extent of this effect remains unclear. AREAS TIMELY FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH There is an urgent need to understand the causes of Long COVID, especially extreme fatigue more than 6 months after infection. We must understand who is at risk and whether reinfections similarly risk Long COVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Krishna
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Mark Wills
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Nyaradzai Sithole
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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15
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Massey J, Artuz C, Dyer Z, Jackson K, Khoo M, Visweswaran M, Withers B, Moore J, Ma D, Sutton I. Diversification and expansion of the EBV-reactive cytotoxic T lymphocyte repertoire following autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplant for multiple sclerosis. Clin Immunol 2023; 254:109709. [PMID: 37495004 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Both genetic susceptibility and environmental exposures are thought to be involved in multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis. Of all viruses potentially relevant to MS aetiology, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the best-studied. EBV is a B cell lymphotropic virus which is able to evade the immune system by establishing latent infection in memory B cells, and EBV reactivation is restricted by CD8 cytotoxic T cell (CTL) responses in immune competent individuals. Autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) is considered to be the most effective therapy in the treatment of relapsing MS even though chemotherapy-induced lymphopenia can associate with the re-emergence of latent viruses. Despite the increasing interest in EBV and MS pathogenesis the relationship between AHSCT, EBV and viral immunity in people with MS has not been investigated to date. This study analysed immune responses to EBV in a well characterised cohort of 13 individuals with MS by utilising pre-AHSCT, and 6-, 12- and 24-month post AHSCT bio-banked peripheral blood mononuclear cells and plasma samples. It is demonstrated that the infused stem cell product contains latently EBV-infected memory B cells, and that EBV viremia occurs in the immune-compromised recipient post-transplant. High throughput TCR analysis detected expansion and diversification of the CD8 CTL responses reactive with EBV lytic and latent antigens from 6 to 24 months following AHSCT. Increased levels of latent EBV infection found within the B cell pool following treatment, as measured by EBV genomic detection, did not associate with disease relapse. This is the first study of EBV immunity following application of AHSCT in the treatment of MS and not only raises important questions about the role of EBV infection in MS pathogenesis, but is of clinical importance given the expanding clinical trials of adoptive EBV-specific CTLs in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Massey
- Department of Neurology, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; Blood Stem Cell and Cancer Research Group, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Crisbel Artuz
- Blood Stem Cell and Cancer Research Group, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Zoe Dyer
- Blood Stem Cell and Cancer Research Group, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Katherine Jackson
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Melissa Khoo
- Blood Stem Cell and Cancer Research Group, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Malini Visweswaran
- Blood Stem Cell and Cancer Research Group, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Barbara Withers
- Blood Stem Cell and Cancer Research Group, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW, Sydney, Australia; Department of Haematology, St Vincent's Hospital; Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - John Moore
- Blood Stem Cell and Cancer Research Group, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW, Sydney, Australia; Department of Haematology, St Vincent's Hospital; Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - David Ma
- Blood Stem Cell and Cancer Research Group, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW, Sydney, Australia; Department of Haematology, St Vincent's Hospital; Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Ian Sutton
- School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW, Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology, St Vincent's Clinic; Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
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16
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Knorr AL, Wexler RS, Fuller L. Treatment of Epstein-Barr Induced Hepatitis with High Dose Intravenous Vitamin C: A Case Report. Integr Med (Encinitas) 2023; 22:24-27. [PMID: 37752927 PMCID: PMC10519236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Vitamin C has been previously studied for use with acute and chronic Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) and hepatitis C. However, it has never been evaluated for its impact on EBV induced hepatitis. In this case report, we present a patient's history with EBV induced hepatitis treated with high dose vitamin C. Methods A 36-year-old female presented to the National University of Natural Medicine Health Center with reactivated EBV-induced viral hepatitis. She reported severe fatigue, brain fog, maintenance and initiation insomnia, periocular hyperpigmentation, blurry vision, and decreased concentration. The patient's diagnosis was confirmed with a diagnostic evaluation of her EBV titers and liver enzymes, all of which were elevated. After assessing for contraindications, the patient was treated with intravenous (IV) vitamin C starting at a 10g dose and increasing weekly for 3 weeks to a dose of 25g. Results After 12 weeks of treatment with high dose IV vitamin C, as well as other immune-supportive nutrient therapy, the patient reported a decrease in fatigue severity, brain fog, vision disturbances, exercise limitations, and insomnia severity. Discussion We recommend that physicians consider the administration of high-dose IV vitamin C for all concurrent cases of EBV and hepatitis in both acute and chronic conditions. As recognition of reactivated viral infections grows, high-dose IV vitamin C for other latent viral infections such as COVID-19, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex, varicella zoster, and HIV should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriane L. Knorr
- National University of Natural Medicine (NUNM) Health Centers, Portland, OR
| | - Ryan S. Wexler
- National University of Natural Medicine (NUNM) Health Centers, Portland, O; Helfgott Research Institute at National University of Natural Medicine, Portland, OR
| | - Leslie Fuller
- National University of Natural Medicine (NUNM) Health Centers, Portland, OR; University of Western States, Portland, OR
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17
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Bernal KDE, Whitehurst CB. Incidence of Epstein-Barr virus reactivation is elevated in COVID-19 patients. Virus Res 2023; 334:199157. [PMID: 37364815 PMCID: PMC10292739 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19, an infectious respiratory illness, is caused by infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Individuals with underlying medical conditions are at increased risk of developing serious illnesses such as long COVID. Recent studies have observed Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) reactivation in patients with severe illness or long COVID, which may contribute to associated symptoms. We determined the frequency of EBV reactivation in COVID-19 positive patients compared to COVID-19 negative patients. 106 blood plasma samples were collected from COVID-19 positive and negative patients and EBV reactivation was determined by detection of EBV DNA and antibodies against EBV lytic genes in individuals with previous EBV infection. 27.1% (13/48) of EBV reactivations, based on qPCR detection of EBV genomes, are from the COVID positive group while only 12.5% (6/48) of reactivations belonged to the negative group. 20/52 (42.30%) of the COVID PCR negative group had detectable antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein (Np); indicative of past infection. A significantly higher SARS-CoV-2 Np protein level was found in the COVID-19 positive group. In conclusion, COVID-19 patients experienced increased reactivation of EBV in comparison to COVID negative patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keishanne Danielle E Bernal
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, New York Medical College, Basic Medical Sciences Building, 15 Dana Rd. Valhalla, NY 10595; Westlake High School, 825 Westlake Dr., Thornwood, NY 10594
| | - Christopher B Whitehurst
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, New York Medical College, Basic Medical Sciences Building, 15 Dana Rd. Valhalla, NY 10595.
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18
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Lin KM, Weng LF, Chen SYJ, Lin SJ, Tsai CH. Upregulation of IQGAP2 by EBV transactivator Rta and its influence on EBV life cycle. J Virol 2023; 97:e0054023. [PMID: 37504571 PMCID: PMC10506479 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00540-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a human oncogenic γ-herpesvirus that establishes persistent infection in more than 90% of the world's population. EBV has two life cycles, latency and lytic replication. Reactivation of EBV from latency to the lytic cycle is initiated and controlled by two viral immediate-early transcription factors, Zta and Rta, encoded by BZLF1 and BRLF1, respectively. In this study, we found that IQGAP2 expression was elevated in EBV-infected B cells and identified Rta as a viral gene responsible for the IQGAP2 upregulation in both B cells and nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell lines. Mechanistically, we showed that Rta increases IQGAP2 expression through direct binding to the Rta-responsive element in the IQGAP2 promoter. We also demonstrated the direct interaction between Rta and IQGAP2 as well as their colocalization in the nucleus. Functionally, we showed that the induced IQGAP2 is required for the Rta-mediated Rta promoter activation in the EBV lytic cycle progression and may influence lymphoblastoid cell line clumping morphology through regulating E-cadherin expression. IMPORTANCE Elevated levels of antibodies against EBV lytic proteins and increased EBV DNA copy numbers in the sera have been reported in patients suffering from Burkitt's lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma, indicating that EBV lytic cycle progression may play an important role in the pathogenesis of EBV-associated diseases and highlighting the need for a more complete mechanistic understanding of the EBV lytic cycle. Rta acts as an essential transcriptional activator to induce lytic gene expression and thus trigger EBV reactivation. In this study, scaffolding protein IQGAP2 was found to be upregulated prominently following EBV infection via the direct binding of Rta to the RRE in the IQGAP2 promoter but not in response to other biological stimuli. Importantly, IQGAP2 was demonstrated to interact with Rta and promote the EBV lytic cycle progression. Suppression of IQGAP2 was also found to decrease E-cadherin expression and affect the clumping morphology of lymphoblastoid cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Min Lin
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Fang Weng
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shi-Yo Jill Chen
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sue-Jane Lin
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hwa Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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19
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Chinna P, Bratl K, Lambarey H, Blumenthal MJ, Schäfer G. The Impact of Co-Infections for Human Gammaherpesvirus Infection and Associated Pathologies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13066. [PMID: 37685871 PMCID: PMC10487760 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The two oncogenic human gammaherpesviruses Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) cause significant disease burden, particularly in immunosuppressed individuals. Both viruses display latent and lytic phases of their life cycle with different outcomes for their associated pathologies. The high prevalence of infectious diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), particularly HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, and more recently, COVID-19, as well as their associated inflammatory responses, could potentially impact either virus' infectious course. However, acute or lytically active EBV and/or KSHV infections often present with symptoms mimicking these predominant diseases leading to misdiagnosis or underdiagnosis of oncogenic herpesvirus-associated pathologies. EBV and/or KSHV infections are generally acquired early in life and remain latent until lytic reactivation is triggered by various stimuli. This review summarizes known associations between infectious agents prevalent in SSA and underlying EBV and/or KSHV infection. While presenting an overview of both viruses' biphasic life cycles, this review aims to highlight the importance of co-infections in the correct identification of risk factors for and diagnoses of EBV- and/or KSHV-associated pathologies, particularly in SSA, where both oncogenic herpesviruses as well as other infectious agents are highly pervasive and can lead to substantial morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prishanta Chinna
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (P.C.); (K.B.); (H.L.); (M.J.B.)
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Katrin Bratl
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (P.C.); (K.B.); (H.L.); (M.J.B.)
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Humaira Lambarey
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (P.C.); (K.B.); (H.L.); (M.J.B.)
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Melissa J. Blumenthal
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (P.C.); (K.B.); (H.L.); (M.J.B.)
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Georgia Schäfer
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (P.C.); (K.B.); (H.L.); (M.J.B.)
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
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20
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Gouzouasis V, Tastsoglou S, Giannakakis A, Hatzigeorgiou AG. Virus-Derived Small RNAs and microRNAs in Health and Disease. Annu Rev Biomed Data Sci 2023; 6:275-298. [PMID: 37159873 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biodatasci-122220-111429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short noncoding RNAs that can regulate all steps of gene expression (induction, transcription, and translation). Several virus families, primarily double-stranded DNA viruses, encode small RNAs (sRNAs), including miRNAs. These virus-derived miRNAs (v-miRNAs) help the virus evade the host's innate and adaptive immune system and maintain an environment of chronic latent infection. In this review, the functions of the sRNA-mediated virus-host interactions are highlighted, delineating their implication in chronic stress, inflammation, immunopathology, and disease. We provide insights into the latest viral RNA-based research-in silico approaches for functional characterization of v-miRNAs and other RNA types. The latest research can assist toward the identification of therapeutic targets to combat viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios Gouzouasis
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Immunology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
- DIANA-Lab, Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, Lamia, Greece;
- DIANA-Lab, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Spyros Tastsoglou
- DIANA-Lab, Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, Lamia, Greece;
- DIANA-Lab, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonis Giannakakis
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Artemis G Hatzigeorgiou
- DIANA-Lab, Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, Lamia, Greece;
- DIANA-Lab, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
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21
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Papa V, Li Pomi F, Borgia F, Genovese S, Pioggia G, Gangemi S. "Mens Sana in Cute Sana"-A State of the Art of Mutual Etiopathogenetic Influence and Relevant Pathophysiological Pathways between Skin and Mental Disorders: An Integrated Approach to Contemporary Psychopathological Scenarios. Cells 2023; 12:1828. [PMID: 37508493 PMCID: PMC10377895 DOI: 10.3390/cells12141828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The negative socioeconomic impact of mental health disorders and skin diseases has increased in part due to the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, which has been a fertile ground for the emergence of psychopathologies. It is firmly established that there is a direct thread of etiopathogenetic communication between skin diseases and neuropsychiatric disorders, and the literature has tried to reveal the pathophysiological mechanisms governing such bidirectionality. This paper discusses this complex network of molecular pathways that are targeted by conventional and biological pharmacological agents that appear to impact two pathological spheres that previously seemed to have little connection. This molecular discussion is supplemented with a literature review, from a clinical viewpoint, regarding skin-brain etiopathogenetic bidirectionality. We focus on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which can be considered for all intents and purposes a systemic inflammatory disease that also affects the skin. A brief overview is also provided on the diagnostic-therapeutic and follow-up potential of oxidative and inflammatory markers potentially involved in the pathophysiological mechanisms treated. The aim is to clarify how these mechanisms may be useful in defining different stress-coping strategies and thus individual phenotypes of stress sensitivity/resistance in order to promote personalized medicine in the field of psychodermatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Papa
- School and Operative Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (V.P.); (S.G.)
| | - Federica Li Pomi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Dermatology, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy;
| | - Francesco Borgia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Dermatology, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy;
| | - Sara Genovese
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 98164 Messina, Italy; (S.G.); (G.P.)
| | - Giovanni Pioggia
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 98164 Messina, Italy; (S.G.); (G.P.)
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- School and Operative Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (V.P.); (S.G.)
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22
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Wang C, Ramasamy A, Verduzco-Gutierrez M, Brode WM, Melamed E. Acute and post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a review of risk factors and social determinants. Virol J 2023; 20:124. [PMID: 37328773 PMCID: PMC10276420 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02061-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection leading to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused more than 762 million infections worldwide, with 10-30% of patients suffering from post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infections (PASC). Initially thought to primarily affect the respiratory system, it is now known that SARS-CoV-2 infection and PASC can cause dysfunction in multiple organs, both during the acute and chronic stages of infection. There are also multiple risk factors that may predispose patients to worse outcomes from acute SARS-CoV-2 infection and contribute to PASC, including genetics, sex differences, age, reactivation of chronic viruses such as Epstein Barr Virus (EBV), gut microbiome dysbiosis, and behavioral and lifestyle factors, including patients' diet, alcohol use, smoking, exercise, and sleep patterns. In addition, there are important social determinants of health, such as race and ethnicity, barriers to health equity, differential cultural perspectives and biases that influence patients' access to health services and disease outcomes from acute COVID-19 and PASC. Here, we review risk factors in acute SARS-CoV-2 infection and PASC and highlight social determinants of health and their impact on patients affected with acute and chronic sequelae of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chumeng Wang
- Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Akshara Ramasamy
- Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Monica Verduzco-Gutierrez
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - W Michael Brode
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Esther Melamed
- Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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23
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Chen B, Julg B, Mohandas S, Bradfute SB. Viral persistence, reactivation, and mechanisms of long COVID. eLife 2023; 12:e86015. [PMID: 37140960 PMCID: PMC10159620 DOI: 10.7554/elife.86015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 global pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has infected hundreds of millions of individuals. Following COVID-19 infection, a subset can develop a wide range of chronic symptoms affecting diverse organ systems referred to as post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), also known as long COVID. A National Institutes of Health-sponsored initiative, RECOVER: Researching COVID to Enhance Recovery, has sought to understand the basis of long COVID in a large cohort. Given the range of symptoms that occur in long COVID, the mechanisms that may underlie these diverse symptoms may also be diverse. In this review, we focus on the emerging literature supporting the role(s) that viral persistence or reactivation of viruses may play in PASC. Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA or antigens is reported in some organs, yet the mechanism by which they do so and how they may be associated with pathogenic immune responses is unclear. Understanding the mechanisms of persistence of RNA, antigen or other reactivated viruses and how they may relate to specific inflammatory responses that drive symptoms of PASC may provide a rationale for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
| | - Boris Julg
- Infectious Diseases Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and HarvardBostonUnited States
| | - Sindhu Mohandas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Steven B Bradfute
- Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueUnited States
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24
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Sausen DG, Basith A, Muqeemuddin S. EBV and Lymphomagenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15072133. [PMID: 37046794 PMCID: PMC10093459 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15072133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical significance of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) cannot be understated. Not only does it infect approximately 90% of the world’s population, but it is also associated with numerous pathologies. Diseases linked to this virus include hematologic malignancies such as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, primary CNS lymphoma, and NK/T-cell lymphoma, epithelial malignancies such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma and gastric cancer, autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, Graves’ disease, and lupus. While treatment for these disease states is ever evolving, much work remains to more fully elucidate the relationship between EBV, its associated disease states, and their treatments. This paper begins with an overview of EBV latency and latency-associated proteins. It will then review EBV’s contributions to select hematologic malignancies with a focus on the contribution of latent proteins as well as their associated management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G. Sausen
- School of Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
| | - Ayeman Basith
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
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25
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Hatch-McChesney A, Radcliffe PN, Pitts KP, Karis AJ, O'Brien RP, Krieger S, Nelman-Gonzalez M, Diak DM, Mehta SK, Crucian B, McClung JP, Smith TJ, Margolis LM, Karl JP. Changes in Immune Function during Initial Military Training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:548-557. [PMID: 36563092 PMCID: PMC9924970 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Initial military training (IMT) is a transitionary period wherein immune function may be suppressed and infection risk heightened due to physical and psychological stress, communal living, and sleep deprivation. This study characterized changes in biomarkers of innate and adaptive immune function, and potential modulators of those changes, in military recruits during IMT. METHODS Peripheral leukocyte distribution and mitogen-stimulated cytokine profiles were measured in fasted blood samples, Epstein-Barr (EBV), varicella zoster (VZV), and herpes simplex 1 (HSV1) DNA was measured in saliva by quantitative polymerase chain reaction as an indicator of latent herpesvirus reactivation, and diet quality was determined using the healthy eating index measured by food frequency questionnaire in 61 US Army recruits (97% male) at the beginning (PRE) and end (POST) of 22-wk IMT. RESULTS Lymphocytes and terminally differentiated cluster of differentiation (CD)4+ and CD8+ T cells increased PRE to POST, whereas granulocytes, monocytes, effector memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and central memory CD8+ T cells decreased ( P ≤ 0.02). Cytokine responses to anti-CD3/CD28 stimulation were higher POST compared with PRE, whereas cytokine responses to lipopolysaccharide stimulation were generally blunted ( P < 0.05). Prevalence of EBV reactivation was higher at POST ( P = 0.04), but neither VZV nor HSV1 reactivation was observed. Diet quality improvements were correlated with CD8+ cell maturation and blunted proinflammatory cytokine responses to anti-CD3/CD28 stimulation. CONCLUSIONS Lymphocytosis, maturation of T-cell subsets, and increased T-cell reactivity were evident POST compared with PRE IMT. Although EBV reactivation was more prevalent at POST, no evidence of VZV or HSV1 reactivation, which are more common during severe stress, was observed. Findings suggest increases in the incidence of EBV reactivation were likely appropriately controlled by recruits and immune-competence was not compromised at the end of IMT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anthony J Karis
- U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA
| | - Rory P O'Brien
- U.S. Army Maneuver Center of Excellence, Fort Benning, GA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - James P McClung
- U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA
| | - Tracey J Smith
- U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA
| | - Lee M Margolis
- U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA
| | - J Philip Karl
- U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA
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26
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Melani C, Dowdell K, Pittaluga S, Dunleavy K, Roschewski M, Song JY, Calattini S, Kawada JI, Price DA, Chattopadhyay PK, Roederer M, Lucas AN, Steinberg SM, Jaffe ES, Cohen JI, Wilson WH. Interferon alfa-2b in patients with low-grade lymphomatoid granulomatosis and chemotherapy with DA-EPOCH-R in patients with high-grade lymphomatoid granulomatosis: an open-label, single-centre, phase 2 trial. THE LANCET HAEMATOLOGY 2023; 10:e346-e358. [PMID: 37011643 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3026(23)00029-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphomatoid granulomatosis is a rare Epstein-Barr virus-associated B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder with a median overall survival of less than 2 years. In this study, we hypothesised that low-grade lymphomatoid granulomatosis is immune-dependent and high-grade lymphomatoid granulomatosis is immune-independent. On the basis of this hypothesis, we investigated the activity and safety of new treatment with immunotherapy in patients with low-grade disease and standard chemotherapy in patients with high-grade disease. METHODS In this open-label, single-centre, phase 2 trial, we enrolled patients aged 12 years or older with untreated, or relapsed or refractory lymphomatoid granulomatosis at the National Cancer Institute (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA). Patients with low-grade disease received dose-escalated interferon alfa-2b, starting at 7·5 million international units subcutaneously three times per week for up to 1 year past best response, and patients with high-grade disease received six cycles every 3 weeks of intravenous, dose-adjusted etoposide, prednisone, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and rituximab (DA-EPOCH-R). Starting doses were 50 mg/m2 per day as a continuous intravenous infusion from day 1 to day 4 (96 h) for etoposide; 60 mg/m2 twice daily by mouth from day 1 to day 5 for prednisone; 0·4 mg/m2 per day as a continuous intravenous infusion from day 1 to day 4 (96 h) for vincristine; 750 mg/m2 intravenous on day 5 for cyclophosphamide; 10 mg/m2 per day as a continuous intravenous infusion from day 1 to day 4 (96 h) for doxorubicin; and 375 mg/m2 intravenous on day 1 for rituximab. The doses of doxorubicin, etoposide, and cyclophosphamide were adjusted up or down on the basis of neutrophil and platelet nadirs. Patients with residual or progressive disease after initial therapy crossed over to alternative therapy. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients who had an overall response and the 5-year progression-free survival after initial or cross-over treatment. Analysis of response included all participants who underwent restaging imaging; safety analysis included all patients who received any dose of study drugs. The trial is open for enrolment and is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00001379. FINDINGS 67 patients were enrolled between Jan 10, 1991, and Sept 5, 2019 (42 [63%] were male). 45 patients received initial treatment with interferon alfa-2b (16 of whom crossed over to DA-EPOCH-R) and 18 received initial treatment with DA-EPOCH-R (eight of whom crossed over to interferon alfa-2b); four underwent surveillance only. After initial treatment with interferon alfa-2b, the overall response was 64% (28 of 44 evaluable patients) with 61% (27 of 44) having a complete response, whereas, after cross-over treatment with interferon alfa-2b, the overall response was 63% (five of eight evaluable patients) with 50% (four of eight) having a complete response. After initial treatment with DA-EPOCH-R, the overall response was 76% (13 of 17 evaluable patients) with 47% (eight of 17) having a complete response, whereas, after cross-over treatment with DA-EPOCH-R, the overall response was 67% (ten of 15 evaluable patients) with 47% (seven of 15) having a complete response. 5-year progression-free survival was 48·5% (95% CI 33·2-62·1) after initial treatment with interferon alfa-2b, 50·0% (15·2-77·5) after cross-over treatment with interferon alfa-2b, 25·4% (8·2-47·2) after initial treatment with DA-EPOCH-R, and 62·5% (34·9-81·1) after cross-over treatment with DA-EPOCH-R. The most common grade 3 or worse adverse events in patients treated with interferon alfa-2b included neutropenia (27 [53%] of 51 patients), lymphopenia (24 [47%]), and leukopenia (24 [47%]). The four most common grade 3 or worse adverse events in patients treated with DA-EPOCH-R included neutropenia (29 [88%] of 33 patients), leukopenia (28 [85%]), infection (18 [55%]), and lymphopenia (17 [52%]). Serious adverse events occurred in 13 (25%) of 51 patients receiving treatment with interferon alfa-2b and 21 (64%) of 33 patients receiving DA-EPOCH-R, with five treatment-related deaths: one thromboembolic, one infection, and one haemophagocytic syndrome with interferon alfa-2b, and one infection and one haemophagocytic syndrome with DA-EPOCH-R. INTERPRETATION Interferon alfa-2b is efficacious for treating low-grade lymphomatoid granulomatosis and hence reducing progression to high-grade disease, whereas patients with high-grade lymphomatoid granulomatosis showed expected responses to chemotherapy. Uncontrolled immune regulation of Epstein-Barr virus is hypothesised to result in the emergence of low-grade disease after chemotherapy, for which treatment with interferon alfa-2b is efficacious. FUNDING Intramural Research Programs of the National Cancer Institute and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health.
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27
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Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Epithelial Associated Malignancies: Exploring Pathologies and Current Treatments. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214389. [PMID: 36430864 PMCID: PMC9699474 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is one of eight known herpesviruses with the potential to infect humans. Globally, it is estimated that between 90-95% of the population has been infected with EBV. EBV is an oncogenic virus that has been strongly linked to various epithelial malignancies such as nasopharyngeal and gastric cancer. Recent evidence suggests a link between EBV and breast cancer. Additionally, there are other, rarer cancers with weaker evidence linking them to EBV. In this review, we discuss the currently known epithelial malignancies associated with EBV. Additionally, we discuss and establish which treatments and therapies are most recommended for each cancer associated with EBV.
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28
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How EBV Infects: The Tropism and Underlying Molecular Mechanism for Viral Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112372. [PMID: 36366470 PMCID: PMC9696472 DOI: 10.3390/v14112372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with a variety of human malignancies, including Burkitt's lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, nasopharyngeal carcinoma and gastric cancers. EBV infection is crucial for the oncogenesis of its host cells. The prerequisite for the establishment of infection is the virus entry. Interactions of viral membrane glycoproteins and host membrane receptors play important roles in the process of virus entry into host cells. Current studies have shown that the main tropism for EBV are B cells and epithelial cells and that EBV is also found in the tumor cells derived from NK/T cells and leiomyosarcoma. However, the process of EBV infecting B cells and epithelial cells significantly differs, relying on heterogenous glycoprotein-receptor interactions. This review focuses on the tropism and molecular mechanism of EBV infection. We systematically summarize the key molecular events that mediate EBV cell tropism and its entry into target cells and provide a comprehensive overview.
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29
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Kanduc D. The Role of Codon Usage, tRNA Availability, and Cell Proliferation in EBV Latency and (Re)Activation. Glob Med Genet 2022; 9:219-225. [PMID: 36118264 PMCID: PMC9477563 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1751301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein–Barr nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) protein synthesis is inhibited during Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) latency and is resumed in EBV (re)activation. In analyzing the molecular mechanisms underpinning the translation of
EBNA1
in the human host, this article deals with two orders of data. First, it shows that the heavily biased codon usage of the
EBNA1
open reading frame cannot be translated due to its noncompliance with the human codon usage pattern and the corresponding tRNA pool. The
EBNA1
codon bias resides in the sequence composed exclusively of glycine and alanine, i.e., the Gly-Ala repeat (GAR). Removal of the nucleotide sequence coding for GAR results in an
EBNA1
codon usage pattern with a lower codon bias, thus conferring translatability to EBNA1. Second, the data bring cell proliferation to the fore as a conditio sine qua non for qualitatively and quantitatively modifying the host's tRNA pool as required by the translational needs of EBNA1, thus enabling viral reactivation. Taken together, the present work provides a biochemical mechanism for the pathogen's shift from latency to (re)activation and confirms the role of human codon usage as a first-line tool of innate immunity in inhibiting pathogens' expression. Immunologically, this study cautions against using codon optimization and proliferation-inducing substances such as glucocorticoids and adjuvants, which can (re)activate the otherwise quiescent, asymptomatic, and innocuous EBV infection. Lastly, the data pose the question whether the causal pathogenic role attributed to EBV should instead be ascribed to the carcinogenesis-associated cellular proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darja Kanduc
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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30
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Nawata A, Shirayama R, Oshida K, Sato T, Ito T, Shiba E, Kusuhara K, Hisaoka M. Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome with Epstein-Barr virus-associated hemophagocytosis: A clinicopathological conference. Lupus 2022; 31:1385-1393. [PMID: 35938616 DOI: 10.1177/09612033221118819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (CAPS) is a severe variant of antiphospholipid syndrome associated with multiorgan thrombosis in a short term. We present the case of a 14-year-old immunocompetent girl who developed renal, intestinal, and pulmonary infarction; thrombocytopenia; and hemolytic anemia within 1 week. She was diagnosed with thrombotic microangiopathy. Hence, plasma exchange and corticosteroid therapy were initiated, which improved thrombocytopenia. However, the patient's platelet count decreased. Her general condition gradually worsened with eventual death. An autopsy revealed multiple infarctions in the kidneys bilaterally, jejunum, ileum, and pulmonary parenchyma. Microthrombi were not detected. Massive hemophagocytosis was observed in the splenic pulp, lymph nodes, and bone marrow. Several Epstein-Barr viruses (EBVs)-encoded small ribonucleic acid (RNA)-positive lymphocytes were also found in the bone marrow. The presence of antibodies to both viral capsid antigen-immunoglobulin G and EBV nuclear antigen indicated past infection. Antiphospholipid antibody was positive after her death. The patient was finally diagnosed with CAPS and EBV-associated hemophagocytosis, possibly due to EBV reactivation. Establishing a clinical diagnosis of CAPS was relatively difficult because two different causes of thrombocytopenia, CAPS and hemophagocytosis, led to a difficulty in understanding this case's pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Nawata
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, School of Medicine, 13137University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
| | - Rie Shirayama
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, 13137University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
| | - Koichi Oshida
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, 13137University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Sato
- Department of Pediatrics, 13780Kitakyushu City Yahata Hospital, Japan
| | - Takuma Ito
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, 13137University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
| | - Eisuke Shiba
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, School of Medicine, 13137University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
| | - Koichi Kusuhara
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, 13137University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
| | - Masanori Hisaoka
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, School of Medicine, 13137University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
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31
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Paganelli R. Resurrecting Epstein–Barr Virus. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11070772. [PMID: 35890017 PMCID: PMC9318925 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11070772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Paganelli
- UniCamillus International Medical University, Via di Sant'Alessandro, 8, 00131 Rome, Italy
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Musialik J, Kolonko A, Więcek A. Increased EBV DNAemia after Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Solid Organ Transplants. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10070992. [PMID: 35891156 PMCID: PMC9325163 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10070992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The reactivation of latent viruses during SARS-CoV-2 infection is well recognized, and coinfection with Epstein−Barr virus (EBV) has been associated with severe clinical cases of COVID-19 infection. In transplant patients, EBV infection presents a significant challenge. Assessing the potential impact of SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations on EBV infections in stable kidney and liver transplant recipients was the objective of our study. Ten solid-organ-transplant (SOT) patients (eight kidney and two liver) vaccinated with standard doses of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines were included. EBV DNA viral load measurements were conducted prior to the vaccination and during a follow-up period (at the first month and after six months) after the second vaccine dose. After the second dose, a significant increase in median viremia was observed (p < 0.01) in 9 patients, and in one patient, the reactivation of EBV infection was found. Six months later, the median viremia decreased significantly (p < 0.05). The EBV viral load should be closely monitored as it could lead to the earlier diagnosis and treatment of EBV-related complications. Despite experiencing a decrease in the viral load six months post-vaccination, some patients still had a viral load over the baseline, which increased the risk of potential complications.
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Herbert A, Fedorov A, Poptsova M. Mono a Mano: ZBP1’s Love–Hate Relationship with the Kissing Virus. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063079. [PMID: 35328502 PMCID: PMC8955656 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Z-DNA binding protein (ZBP1) very much represents the nuclear option. By initiating inflammatory cell death (ICD), ZBP1 activates host defenses to destroy infectious threats. ZBP1 is also able to induce noninflammatory regulated cell death via apoptosis (RCD). ZBP1 senses the presence of left-handed Z-DNA and Z-RNA (ZNA), including that formed by expression of endogenous retroelements. Viruses such as the Epstein–Barr “kissing virus” inhibit ICD, RCD and other cell death signaling pathways to produce persistent infection. EBV undergoes lytic replication in plasma cells, which maintain detectable levels of basal ZBP1 expression, leading us to suggest a new role for ZBP1 in maintaining EBV latency, one of benefit for both host and virus. We provide an overview of the pathways that are involved in establishing latent infection, including those regulated by MYC and NF-κB. We describe and provide a synthesis of the evidence supporting a role for ZNA in these pathways, highlighting the positive and negative selection of ZNA forming sequences in the EBV genome that underscores the coadaptation of host and virus. Instead of a fight to the death, a state of détente now exists where persistent infection by the virus is tolerated by the host, while disease outcomes such as death, autoimmunity and cancer are minimized. Based on these new insights, we propose actionable therapeutic approaches to unhost EBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Herbert
- InsideOutBio, 42 8th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Faculty of Computer Science, National Research University Higher School of Economics, 11 Pokrovsky Bulvar, 101000 Moscow, Russia; (A.F.); (M.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Aleksandr Fedorov
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Faculty of Computer Science, National Research University Higher School of Economics, 11 Pokrovsky Bulvar, 101000 Moscow, Russia; (A.F.); (M.P.)
| | - Maria Poptsova
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Faculty of Computer Science, National Research University Higher School of Economics, 11 Pokrovsky Bulvar, 101000 Moscow, Russia; (A.F.); (M.P.)
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Darshani P, Sen Sarma S, Srivastava AK, Baishya R, Kumar D. Anti-viral triterpenes: a review. PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS : PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SOCIETY OF EUROPE 2022; 21:1761-1842. [PMID: 35283698 PMCID: PMC8896976 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-022-09808-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Triterpenes are naturally occurring derivatives biosynthesized following the isoprene rule of Ruzicka. The triterpenes have been reported to possess a wide range of therapeutic applications including anti-viral properties. In this review, the recent studies (2010-2020) concerning the anti-viral activities of triterpenes have been summarized. The structure activity relationship studies have been described as well as brief biosynthesis of these triterpenes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Darshani
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja SC Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
| | - Shreya Sen Sarma
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja SC Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
| | - Amit K. Srivastava
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja SC Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
| | - Rinku Baishya
- Natural Product Chemistry Group, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (NEIST), NH-37, Pulibor, Jorhat, Assam India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja SC Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
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