The ANXA2/S100A10 Complex—Regulation of the Oncogenic Plasminogen Receptor

ANXA9 facilitates S100A4 and promotes breast cancer progression through modulating STAT3 pathway

Breast cancer has the highest global incidence and mortality rates among all cancer types. Abnormal expression of the Annexin family has been observed in different malignant tumors, including upregulated ANXA9 in breast cancer. We found highly expressed ANXA9 in metastatic breast cancer tissues, which is correlated with breast cancer progression. In vitro, the functional experiments indicated ANXA9 influenced breast cancer proliferation, motility, invasion, and apoptosis; in vivo, downregulation of ANXA9 suppressed breast cancer xenograft tumor growth and lung metastasis. Mechanically, on one side, we found that ANXA9 could mediate S100A4 and therefore regulate AKT/mTOR/STAT3 pathway to participate p53/Bcl-2 apoptosis; on the other side, we found ANXA9 transferred S100A4 from cells into the tumor microenvironment and mediated the excretion of cytokines IL-6, IL-8, CCL2, and CCL5 to participate angiogenesis via self- phosphorylation at site Ser2 and site Thr69. Our findings demonstrate significant involvement of ANXA9 in promoting breast cancer progression, thereby suggesting that therapeutic intervention via targeting ANXA9 may be effective in treating metastatic breast cancer.

LncNFYB promotes the proliferation of rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes via LncNFYB/ANXA2/ERK1/2 axis

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are specifically expressed in different diseases and regulate disease progression. To explore the functions of rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-specific lncRNA, we determined the lncRNA expression profile of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) obtained from patients with RA and osteoarthritis (OA) using a LncRNA microarray and identified up-regulated LncNFYB in RA as a potential therapeutic target. Using gain- and loss-of-function studies, LncNFYB was proven to promote FLS proliferation and cell cycle progress but not affect their invasion, migration, and apoptotic abilities. Further investigation discovered that LncRNA could combine with annexin A2 (ANXA2) and enhance the level of phospho-ANXA2 (Tyr24) in the plasma membrane area, which induced the activation of ERK1/2 to promote proliferation. These findings provide new insights into the biological functions of LncNFYB on modification of FLS, which may be exploited for the therapy of RA.

Recent Advances in Molecular and Cellular Functions of S100A10

S100A10 (p11, annexin II light chain, calpactin light chain) is a multifunctional protein with a wide range of physiological activity. S100A10 is unique among the S100 family members of proteins since it does not bind to Ca2+, despite its sequence and structural similarity. This review focuses on studies highlighting the structure, regulation, and binding partners of S100A10. The binding partners of S100A10 were collated and summarized.

S100A family is a group of immune markers associated with poor prognosis and immune cell infiltration in hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common human cancers with poor prognosis in the world. HCC has become the second leading cause of cancer-related death in China. It is urgent to identify novel biomarker and valid target to effectively diagnose, treat or predict the prognosis of HCC. It has been reported that S100A family is closely related to cell proliferation and migration of different cancers. However, the values of S100As in HCC remain to be further analyzed.

METHODS

We investigated the transcriptional and translational expression of S100As, as well as the value of this family in HCC patients from the various databases.

RESULTS

S100A10 was most relevant to HCC.

CONCLUSIONS

The results from HCC patients' tissues and different cells also confirmed the role of S100A10 in HCC. Furthermore, we proved that S100A10 could influenced the cell proliferation of HCC cells via ANXA2/Akt/mTOR pathway. However, it would appear that the relationship between S100A10 and HCC is complex and requires more research.

Pseudorabies Virus Regulates the Extracellular Translocation of Annexin A2 To Promote Its Proliferation

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) infection causes enormous economic losses to the pork industry and severe health consequences in many hosts. Annexin A2 (ANXA2) is a membrane-associated protein with various intracellular functions associated with many viral infections. However, the role of ANXA2 in alphaherpesvirus replication is still not explored. In the present study, we identified the interaction between ANXA2 and PRV US3. The deficiency of ANXA2 significantly restricted PRV proliferation. PRV infection or US3 overexpression led to ANXA2 extracellular translocation. Furthermore, we confirmed that PRV or US3 could lead to the phosphorylation of the Tyr23 ANXA2 and Tyr419 Src kinase, which was associated with the ANXA2 cell surface transposition. US3 can also bind to Src in an ANXA2-independent manner and enhance the interaction between Src and ANXA2. Additionally, inhibitors targeting ANXA2 (A2ti-1) or Src (PP2) could remarkably inhibit PRV propagation in vitro and protect mice from PRV infection in vivo. Collectively, our findings broaden our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of ANXA2 in alphaherpesvirus pathogenicity and suggest that ANXA2 is a potential therapeutic target for treating alphaherpesvirus-induced infectious diseases. IMPORTANCE PRV belongs to the alphaherpesvirus and has recently re-emerged in China, causing severe economic losses. Recent studies also indicate that PRV may pose a potential public health challenge. ANXA2 is a multifunctional calcium- and lipid-binding protein implicated in immune function, multiple human diseases, and viral infection. Herein, we found that ANXA2 was essential to PRV efficient proliferation. PRV infection resulted in the extracellular translocation of ANXA2 through phosphorylation of ANXA2 and Src. ANXA2 and Src formed a complex with PRV US3. Importantly, inhibitors targeting ANXA2 or Src prevented PRV infection in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, our studies reveal a novel strategy by which alphaherpesvirus modifies ANXA2 to promote its replication and highlight ANXA2 as a target in developing novel promising antivirus agents in viral therapy.

The Role of the Plasminogen/Plasmin System in Inflammation of the Oral Cavity

The oral cavity is a unique environment that consists of teeth surrounded by periodontal tissues, oral mucosae with minor salivary glands, and terminal parts of major salivary glands that open into the oral cavity. The cavity is constantly exposed to viral and microbial pathogens. Recent studies indicate that components of the plasminogen (Plg)/plasmin (Pm) system are expressed in tissues of the oral cavity, such as the salivary gland, and contribute to microbial infection and inflammation, such as periodontitis. The Plg/Pm system fulfills two major functions: (a) the destruction of fibrin deposits in the bloodstream or damaged tissues, a process called fibrinolysis, and (b) non-fibrinolytic actions that include the proteolytic modulation of proteins. One can observe both functions during inflammation. The virus that causes the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) exploits the fibrinolytic and non-fibrinolytic functions of the Plg/Pm system in the oral cavity. During COVID-19, well-established coagulopathy with the development of microthrombi requires constant activation of the fibrinolytic function. Furthermore, viral entry is modulated by receptors such as TMPRSS2, which is necessary in the oral cavity, leading to a derailed immune response that peaks in cytokine storm syndrome. This paper outlines the significance of the Plg/Pm system for infectious and inflammatory diseases that start in the oral cavity.

S100A10 Promotes Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Cells Proliferation, Migration and Adhesion through JNK/LAMB3-LAMC2 Axis

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most aggressive tumors, characterized by diagnosis at an advanced stage and a poor prognosis. As a member of the S100 protein family, S100A10 regulates multiple biological functions related to cancer progression and metastasis. However, the role of S100A10 in PDAC is still not completely elucidated. In this study, we reported that S100A10 was significantly up-regulated in PDAC tissue and associated with a poor prognosis by integrated bioinformatic analysis and human PDAC tissue samples. In vitro, down-regulation of S100A10 reduced the proliferation, migration, and adhesion of PDAC cell lines, whereas up-regulation of S100A10 showed the opposite effect. Furthermore, LAMB3 was proved to be activated by S100A10 using RNA-sequencing and western blotting. The effect of LAMB3 on the proliferation, migration, and adhesion of PDAC cells was similar to that of S100A10. Up-regulation or down-regulation of LAMB3 could reverse the corresponding effect of S100A10. Moreover, we validated S100A10 activates LAMB3 through the JNK pathway, and LAMB3 was further proved to interact with LAMC2. Mice-bearing orthotopic pancreatic tumors showed that S100A10 knocked-down PANC-1 cells had a smaller tumor size than the control group. In conclusion, S100A10 promotes PDAC cells proliferation, migration, and adhesion through JNK/LAMB3-LAMC2 axis.

Annexin A2 (AnxA2) association with the clinicopathological data in different breast cancer subtypes: A possible role for AnxA2 in tumor heterogeneity and cancer progression

BACKGROUND

Breast cancer is a highly heterogeneous type of neoplasia with molecular and biochemical alterations in the ductal epithelium. AnxA2 has a diverse functions and through intracellular interaction with other molecules promotes carcinogenesis.

AIMS

To study the possible involvement of AnxA2 in breast cancer heterogeneity and cancer progression.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Tumor tissue and serum were obtained from different breast cancer subtypes. Tumor tissues were processed for histopathological studies. AnxA2 levels were assessed in the tissues by H scoring and in the serum by ELISA. AnxA2 levels were correlated with HER2 and Ki67 and with clinicopathological data. Normal breast tissues and serum from healthy subjects were used as controls.

RESULTS

AnxA2 showed a peculiar distribution in tumor tissues and nearby interstitial tissues. Pattern of expressions varied in different subtypes with the highest expression in triple negative subtype. Tissue and serum AnxA2 showed significant co-upregulations in breast cancer. Moreover, they showed positive correlations with HER2 and Ki67 and associations with clinicopathological data including cancer staging and lymph node metastasis.

CONCLUSION

For the best of our knowledge this is the first study showing correlation between AnxA2, the proposed prognostic marker and the well-established tumor markers; HER2 and Ki67. AnxA2 might contribute to breast cancer heterogeneity and is associated with poor prognosis. AnxA2 might be a prognostic marker and an additional marker for breast cancer grading and clinical staging. Interestingly, tissue and serum AnxA2 showed a strong correlation. Thus, assessing serum AnxA2 can be a noninvasive prognostic tool.

Single-cell transcriptome analysis of regenerating RGCs reveals potent glaucoma neural repair genes

Axon regeneration holds great promise for neural repair of CNS axonopathies, including glaucoma. Pten deletion in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) promotes potent optic nerve regeneration, but only a small population of Pten-null RGCs are actually regenerating RGCs (regRGCs); most surviving RGCs (surRGCs) remain non-regenerative. Here, we developed a strategy to specifically label and purify regRGCs and surRGCs, respectively, from the same Pten-deletion mice after optic nerve crush, in which they differ only in their regeneration capability. Smart-Seq2 single-cell transcriptome analysis revealed novel regeneration-associated genes that significantly promote axon regeneration. The most potent of these, Anxa2, acts synergistically with its ligand tPA in Pten-deletion-induced axon regeneration. Anxa2, its downstream effector ILK, and Mpp1 dramatically protect RGC somata and axons and preserve visual function in a clinically relevant model of glaucoma, demonstrating the exciting potential of this innovative strategy to identify novel effective neural repair candidates.