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Biswas M, Nurunnabi M, Khatun Z. Understanding Mucosal Physiology and Rationale of Formulation Design for Improved Mucosal Immunity. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024. [PMID: 38787767 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.4c00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
The oral and nasal cavities serve as critical gateways for infectious pathogens, with microorganisms primarily gaining entry through these routes. Our first line of defense against these invaders is the mucosal membrane, a protective barrier that shields the body's internal systems from infection while also contributing to vital functions like air and nutrient intake. One of the key features of this mucosal barrier is its ability to protect the physiological system from pathogens. Additionally, mucosal tolerance plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis by regulating the pH and water balance within the body. Recognizing the importance of the mucosal barrier, researchers have developed various mucosal formulations to enhance the immune response. Mucosal vaccines, for example, deliver antigens directly to mucosal tissues, triggering local immune stimulation and ultimately inducing systemic immunity. Studies have shown that lipid-based formulations such as liposomes and virosomes can effectively elicit both local and systemic immune responses. Furthermore, mucoadhesive polymeric particles, with their prolonged delivery to target sites, have demonstrated an enhanced immune response. This Review delves into the critical role of material selection and delivery approaches in optimizing mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mila Biswas
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79902, United States
| | - Md Nurunnabi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79902, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Zehedina Khatun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79902, United States
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Chen G, Liu Y, Svirskis D, Li H, Ying M, Lu W, Wen J. Cryo-Milled β-Glucan Nanoparticles for Oral Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:546. [PMID: 38675207 PMCID: PMC11054815 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16040546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Gemcitabine is a nucleoside analog effective against a number of cancers. However, it has an oral bioavailability of less than 10%, due to its high hydrophilicity and low permeability through the intestinal epithelium. Therefore, the aim of this project was to develop a novel nanoparticulate drug delivery system for the oral delivery of gemcitabine to improve its oral bioavailability. In this study, gemcitabine-loaded β-glucan NPs were fabricated using a film-casting method followed by a freezer-milling technique. As a result, the NPs showed a small particle size of 447.6 ± 14.2 nm, and a high drug entrapment efficiency of 64.3 ± 2.1%. By encapsulating gemcitabine into β-glucan NPs, a sustained drug release profile was obtained, and the anomalous diffusion release mechanism was analyzed, indicating that the drug release was governed by diffusion through the NP matrix as well as matrix erosion. The drug-loaded NPs had a greater ex vivo drug permeation through the porcine intestinal epithelial membrane compared to the plain drug solution. Cytotoxicity studies showed a safety profile of the β-glucan polymers, and the IC50s of drug solution and drug-loaded β-glucan NPs were calculated as 228.8 ± 31.2 ng·mL-1 and 306.1 ± 46.3 ng·mL-1, respectively. Additionally, the LD50 of BALB/c nude mice was determined as 204.17 mg/kg in the acute toxicity studies. Notably, pharmacokinetic studies showed that drug-loaded β-glucan NPs could achieve a 7.4-fold longer T1/2 and a 5.1-fold increase in oral bioavailability compared with plain drug solution. Finally, in vivo pharmacodynamic studies showed the promising capability of gemcitabine-loaded β-glucan NPs to inhibit the 4T1 breast tumor growth, with a 3.04- and 1.74-fold reduction compared to the untreated control and drug solution groups, respectively. In conclusion, the presented freezer-milled β-glucan NP system is a suitable drug delivery method for the oral delivery of gemcitabine and demonstrates a promising potential platform for oral chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyu Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Yi Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Darren Svirskis
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 95 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Hongyu Li
- School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio & College of Pharmacy, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78759, USA
| | - Man Ying
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Zhangjiang Campus of Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Weiyue Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Zhangjiang Campus of Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jingyuan Wen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 95 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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Kumar R, Afrin H, Bhatt HN, Beaven E, Gangavarap A, Esquivel SV, Zahid MI, Nurunnabi M. Mucoadhesive Carrier-Mediated Oral Co-delivery of Bcl2 Inhibitors Improves Gastric Cancer Treatment. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:305-317. [PMID: 38157479 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c15226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Gastric cancer treatment is challenging due to the lack of early-stage diagnostic technology and targeted delivery systems. Currently, the available treatments for gastric cancer are surgery, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and radiation. These strategies are either invasive or require systemic delivery, exerting toxicities within healthy tissues. By creation of a targeted delivery system to the stomach, gastric cancer can be treated in the early stages. Such an approach reduces the negative effects on the rest of the body by minimizing systemic absorbance and random localization. With this in mind, we developed a mucoadhesive vehicle composed of β-Glucan And Docosahexaenoic Acid (GADA) for controlled drug/gene delivery. In the current study, we investigated the therapeutic effect of codelivery Bcl2 inhibitors navitoclax (NAVI) and siRNA (Bcl2) via oral using GADA. The therapeutic efficacy of the GADA-mediated oral NAVI/siRNA was investigated in a gastric cancer mouse model. Higher Bcl2 inhibition efficacy was observed in Western blotting and TUNEL assay in mice treated with GADA/NAVI/siRNA compared to free NAVI, siRNA, and NAVI/siRNA. Histology (H&E) and immunohistochemistry (Ki67, TUNEL, and BCl2) analyses confirmed a significant reduction of the tumor region. Interaction between GADA and mucus resulted in retention for over 6 h and thereby sustained local payload release. The developed oral carrier GADA is an emerging vehicle that has promising potential in oral delivery of both small and large molecules, and their mucoadhesive property results in improved therapeutic efficacy with minimal side effects compared to conventional treatment. This study opens a new window for the effective delivery of oral medicine for the treatment of gastric cancer and other gastrointestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79902, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Humayra Afrin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79902, United States
- Environmental Science & Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79965,United States
| | - Himanshu N Bhatt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79902, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Elfa Beaven
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79902, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Anushareddy Gangavarap
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79902, United States
| | - Stephanie V Esquivel
- Department of Aerospace & Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Md Ikhtiar Zahid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79902, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Md Nurunnabi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79902, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
- Environmental Science & Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79965,United States
- Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
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Xu L, He H, Du Y, Zhang S, Yu DG, Liu P. Electrosprayed Core (Cellulose Acetate)-Shell (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) Nanoparticles for Smart Acetaminophen Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2314. [PMID: 37765283 PMCID: PMC10537010 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Smart drug delivery, through which the drug molecules are delivered according to the requests of human biological rhythms or by maximizing drug therapeutic effects, is highly desired in pharmaceutics. Many biomacromolecules have been exploited for this application in the past few decades, both in industry and laboratories. Biphasic release, with an intentional pulsatile release and a following extended release stage, represents a typical smart drug delivery approach, which aims to provide fast therapeutic action and a long time period of effective blood drug concentration to the patients. In this study, based on the use of a well-known biomacromolecule, i.e., cellulose acetate (CA), as the drug (acetaminophen, ATP)-based sustained release carrier, a modified coaxial electrospraying process was developed to fabricate a new kind of core-shell nanoparticle. The nanoparticles were able to furnish a pulsatile release of ATP due to the shell polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). The time cost for a release of 30% was 0.32 h, whereas the core-shell particles were able to provide a 30.84-h sustained release of the 90% loaded ATP. The scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope results verified in terms of their round surface morphologies and the obvious core-shell double-chamber structures. ATP presented in both the core and shell sections in an amorphous state owing to its fine compatibility with CA and PVP. The controlled release mechanisms of ATP were suggested. The disclosed biomacromolecule-based process-structure-performance relationship can shed light on how to develop new sorts of advanced nano drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xu
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (L.X.); (Y.D.)
| | - Hua He
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yutong Du
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (L.X.); (Y.D.)
| | - Shengwei Zhang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China;
| | - Deng-Guang Yu
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (L.X.); (Y.D.)
| | - Ping Liu
- The Base of Achievement Transformation, Shidong Hospital Affiliated to University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200443, China
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Herdiana Y. Chitosan Nanoparticles for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Treatment. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3485. [PMID: 37631542 PMCID: PMC10460071 DOI: 10.3390/polym15163485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is a chronic ailment that results from the backward flow of stomach acid into the esophagus, causing heartburn and acid regurgitation. This review explores nanotechnology as a novel treatment approach for GERD. Chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) offer several advantages, including biocompatibility, biodegradability, and targeted drug delivery capabilities. CSNPs have been extensively studied due to their ability to encapsulate and release medications in a controlled manner. Different nanoparticle (NP) delivery systems, including gels, microspheres, and coatings, have been developed to enhance drug retention, drug targeting, and controlled release in the esophagus. These nanoparticles can target specific molecular pathways associated with acid regulation, esophageal tissue protection, and inflammation modulation. However, the optimization of nanoparticle formulations faces challenges, including ensuring stability, scalability, and regulatory compliance. The future may see CSNPs combined with other treatments like proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) or mucosal protectants for a synergistic therapeutic approach. Thus, CSNPs provide exciting opportunities for novel GERD treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yedi Herdiana
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
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Afrin H, Esquivel SV, Kumar R, Zahid MI, Oporeza B, Rahman MF, Boland T, Nurunnabi M. β-Glucan-Mediated Oral Codelivery of 5FU and Bcl2 siRNA Attenuates Stomach Cancer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:32188-32200. [PMID: 37350332 PMCID: PMC10787598 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c03528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Based on cancer-related deaths, stomach cancer is ranked fifth, and first among Hispanics. Lack of technologies for early diagnosis and unavailability of target-specific therapeutics are largely the causes of the poor therapeutic outcomes from existing chemotherapeutics. Currently available therapeutic modalities are invasive and require systemic delivery, although the cancer is localized in the stomach at its early stage. Therefore, we hypothesize that an oral local delivery approach can extend the retention duration of the therapeutics modalities within the stomach and thereby enhance therapeutic efficacy. To accomplish this, we have developed a ß-glucan (BG)-based oral delivery vehicle that can adhere to the mucus lining of the stomach for an extended period while controlling the release of Bcl2 siRNA and 5-fluorouracil (5FU) payload for over 6 h. We found that Bcl2 siRNA selectively knocked down the Bcl2 gene in a C57BL/6 stomach cancer mouse model followed by upregulation of apoptosis and remission of cancer. BG was found to be very effective in maintaining the stability of siRNA for at least 6 h, when submerged in simulated gastric juice tested in vitro. To investigate the potential therapeutic effects in vivo, we used a stomach cancer mouse model, where C57BL/6 mice were treated with 5FU, BG/5FU, siRNA, BG/siRNA, and BG/5FU/siRNA. Higher inhibition of Bcl2 and therapeutic efficacy were observed in mice treated with BG/5FU/siRNA confirmed with Western blotting and a TUNEL assay. Significant reduction in the tumor region was observed with histology (H&E) and immunohistochemistry (Ki67, TUNEL, and Bcl2) analyses. Overall, the oral formulation shows improved efficacy with nonsignificant side effects compared to the conventional treatment tested in the gastric cancer mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humayra Afrin
- Environmental Science & Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79965, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79902, United States
| | - Stephanie Vargas Esquivel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79902, United States
- Department of Aerospace & Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79965, United States
| | - Raj Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79902, United States
- Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79965, United States
- Department of Industrial, Manufacturing and Systems Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79965, United States
| | - Md Ikhtiar Zahid
- Environmental Science & Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79965, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79902, United States
| | - Beu Oporeza
- Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79965, United States
| | - Md Fashiar Rahman
- Department of Industrial, Manufacturing and Systems Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79965, United States
| | - Thomas Boland
- Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79965, United States
| | - Md Nurunnabi
- Environmental Science & Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79965, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79902, United States
- Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79965, United States
- Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79965, United States
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Zhou J, Dai Y, Fu J, Yan C, Yu DG, Yi T. Dual-Step Controlled Release of Berberine Hydrochloride from the Trans-Scale Hybrids of Nanofibers and Microparticles. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1011. [PMID: 37371591 DOI: 10.3390/biom13061011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this nano era, nanomaterials and nanostructures are popular in developing novel functional materials. However, the combinations of materials at micro and macro scales can open new routes for developing novel trans-scale products with improved or even new functional performances. In this work, a brand-new hybrid, containing both nanofibers and microparticles, was fabricated using a sequential electrohydrodynamic atomization (EHDA) process. Firstly, the microparticles loaded with drug (berberine hydrochloride, BH) molecules in the cellulose acetate (CA) were fabricated using a solution electrospraying process. Later, these microparticles were suspended into a co-dissolved solution that contained BH and a hydrophilic polymer (polypyrrolidone, PVP) and were co-electrospun into the nanofiber/microparticle hybrids. The EHDA processes were recorded, and the resultant trans-scale products showed a typical hybrid topography, with microparticles distributed all over the nanofibers, which was demonstrated by SEM assessments. FTIR and XRD demonstrated that the components within the hybrids were presented in an amorphous state and had fine compatibility with each other. In vitro dissolution tests verified that the hybrids were able to provide the designed dual-step drug release profiles, a combination of the fast release step of BH from the hydrophilic PVP nanofibers through an erosion mechanism and the sustained release step of BH from the insoluble CA microparticles via a typical Fickian diffusion mechanism. The present protocols pave a new way for developing trans-scale functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Zhou
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Yelin Dai
- Wenqi Middle School, East Jiangchuan Road 980, Shanghai 200240, China
- High School Affiliated to Fudan University, Qingpu Campus, Longpu Road 500, Shanghai 201700, China
| | - Junhao Fu
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Chao Yan
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Deng-Guang Yu
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Tao Yi
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sports, Macao Polytechnic University, Macau 999078, China
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