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Gomez-Larrauri A, Gangoiti P, Camacho L, Presa N, Martin C, Gomez-Muñoz A. Phosphatidic Acid Stimulates Lung Cancer Cell Migration through Interaction with the LPA1 Receptor and Subsequent Activation of MAP Kinases and STAT3. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1804. [PMID: 37509443 PMCID: PMC10376810 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11071804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidic acid (PA) is a key bioactive glycerophospholipid that is implicated in the regulation of vital cell functions such as cell growth, differentiation, and migration, and is involved in a variety of pathologic processes. However, the molecular mechanisms by which PA exerts its pathophysiological actions are incompletely understood. In the present work, we demonstrate that PA stimulates the migration of the human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) A549 adenocarcinoma cells, as determined by the transwell migration assay. PA induced the rapid phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) ERK1-2, p38, and JNK, and the pretreatment of cells with selective inhibitors of these kinases blocked the PA-stimulated migration of cancer cells. In addition, the chemotactic effect of PA was inhibited by preincubating the cells with pertussis toxin (PTX), a Gi protein inhibitor, suggesting the implication of a Gi protein-coupled receptor in this action. Noteworthy, a blockade of LPA receptor 1 (LPA1) with the specific LPA1 antagonist AM966, or with the selective LPA1 inhibitors Ki1645 or VPC32193, abolished PA-stimulated cell migration. Moreover, PA stimulated the phosphorylation of the transcription factor STAT3 downstream of JAK2, and inhibitors of either JAK2 or STAT3 blocked PA-stimulated cell migration. It can be concluded that PA stimulates lung adenocarcinoma cell migration through an interaction with the LPA1 receptor and subsequent activation of the MAPKs ERK1-2, p38, and JNK, and that the JAK2/STAT3 pathway is also important in this process. These findings suggest that targeting PA formation and/or the LPA1 receptor may provide new strategies to reduce malignancy in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Gomez-Larrauri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48980 Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
- Respiratory Department, Cruces University Hospital, 48903 Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Patricia Gangoiti
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48980 Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Laura Camacho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48980 Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Natalia Presa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48980 Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Cesar Martin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48980 Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Biofisika Institute, University of Basque Country and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV/EHU, CSIC), 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Antonio Gomez-Muñoz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48980 Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
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Turner JA, Fredrickson MA, D'Antonio M, Katsnelson E, MacBeth M, Van Gulick R, Chimed TS, McCarter M, D'Alessandro A, Robinson WA, Couts KL, Pelanda R, Klarquist J, Tobin RP, Torres RM. Lysophosphatidic acid modulates CD8 T cell immunosurveillance and metabolism to impair anti-tumor immunity. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3214. [PMID: 37270644 PMCID: PMC10239450 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38933-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive lipid which increases in concentration locally and systemically across different cancer types. Yet, the exact mechanism(s) of how LPA affects CD8 T cell immunosurveillance during tumor progression remain unknown. We show LPA receptor (LPAR) signaling by CD8 T cells promotes tolerogenic states via metabolic reprogramming and potentiating exhaustive-like differentiation to modulate anti-tumor immunity. We found LPA levels predict response to immunotherapy and Lpar5 signaling promotes cellular states associated with exhausted phenotypes on CD8 T cells. Importantly, we show that Lpar5 regulates CD8 T cell respiration, proton leak, and reactive oxygen species. Together, our findings reveal that LPA serves as a lipid-regulated immune checkpoint by modulating metabolic efficiency through LPAR5 signaling on CD8 T cells. Our study offers key insights into the mechanisms governing adaptive anti-tumor immunity and demonstrates LPA could be exploited as a T cell directed therapy to improve dysfunctional anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline A Turner
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Malia A Fredrickson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Marc D'Antonio
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Elizabeth Katsnelson
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Morgan MacBeth
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Robert Van Gulick
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Tugs-Saikhan Chimed
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Martin McCarter
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Angelo D'Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - William A Robinson
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kasey L Couts
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Roberta Pelanda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jared Klarquist
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Richard P Tobin
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Raul M Torres
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
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Lee GH, Cheon J, Kim D, Jun HS. Lysophosphatidic Acid Promotes Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Kidney Epithelial Cells via the LPAR1/MAPK-AKT/KLF5 Signaling Pathway in Diabetic Nephropathy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810497. [PMID: 36142408 PMCID: PMC9500642 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a differentiation process associated with fibrogenesis in diabetic nephropathy (DN). Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a small, naturally occurring glycerophospholipid implicated in the pathogenesis of DN. In this study, we investigated the role of LPA/LPAR1 signaling in the EMT of tubular cells as well as the underlying mechanisms. We observed a decrease in E-cadherin and an increase in vimentin expression levels in the kidney tubules of diabetic db/db mice, and treatment with ki16425 (LPAR1/3 inhibitor) inhibited the expression of these EMT markers. Ki16425 treatment also decreased the expression levels of the fibrotic factors fibronectin and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in db/db mice. Similarly, we found that LPA decreased E-cadherin expression and increased vimentin expression in HK-2 cells, which was reversed by treatment with ki16425 or AM095 (LPAR1 inhibitor). In addition, the expression levels of fibronectin and α-SMA were increased by LPA, and this effect was reversed by treatment with ki16425 and AM095 or by LPAR1 knockdown. Moreover, LPA induced the expression of the transcription factor, Krüppel-like factor 5 (KLF5), which was decreased by AM095 treatment or LPAR1 knockdown. The expression levels of EMT markers and fibrotic factors induced by LPA were decreased upon KLF5 knockdown in HK-2 cells. Inhibition of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and serine-threonine kinase (AKT) pathways decreased LPA-induced expression of KLF5 and EMT markers. In conclusion, these data suggest that LPA contributes to the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy by inducing EMT and renal tubular fibrosis via regulation of KLF5 through the LPAR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geon-Ho Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea
| | - Jayeon Cheon
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea
| | - Donghee Kim
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea
| | - Hee-Sook Jun
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea
- Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gil Hospital, Incheon 21565, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-32-899-6056; Fax: +82-32-899-6057
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Chae CS, Sandoval TA, Hwang SM, Park ES, Giovanelli P, Awasthi D, Salvagno C, Emmanuelli A, Tan C, Chaudhary V, Casado J, Kossenkov AV, Song M, Barrat FJ, Holcomb K, Romero-Sandoval EA, Zamarin D, Pépin D, D’Andrea AD, Färkkilä A, Cubillos-Ruiz JR. Tumor-Derived Lysophosphatidic Acid Blunts Protective Type I Interferon Responses in Ovarian Cancer. Cancer Discov 2022; 12:1904-1921. [PMID: 35552618 PMCID: PMC9357054 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-21-1181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive lipid enriched in the tumor microenvironment of immunosuppressive malignancies such as ovarian cancer. Although LPA enhances the tumorigenic attributes of cancer cells, the immunomodulatory activity of this phospholipid messenger remains largely unexplored. Here, we report that LPA operates as a negative regulator of type I interferon (IFN) responses in ovarian cancer. Ablation of the LPA-generating enzyme autotaxin (ATX) in ovarian cancer cells reprogrammed the tumor immune microenvironment, extended host survival, and improved the effects of therapies that elicit protective responses driven by type I IFN. Mechanistically, LPA sensing by dendritic cells triggered PGE2 biosynthesis that suppressed type I IFN signaling via autocrine EP4 engagement. Moreover, we identified an LPA-controlled, immune-derived gene signature associated with poor responses to combined PARP inhibition and PD-1 blockade in patients with ovarian cancer. Controlling LPA production or sensing in tumors may therefore be useful to improve cancer immunotherapies that rely on robust induction of type I IFN. SIGNIFICANCE This study uncovers that ATX-LPA is a central immunosuppressive pathway in the ovarian tumor microenvironment. Ablating this axis sensitizes ovarian cancer hosts to various immunotherapies by unleashing protective type I IFN responses. Understanding the immunoregulatory programs induced by LPA could lead to new biomarkers predicting resistance to immunotherapy in patients with cancer. See related commentary by Conejo-Garcia and Curiel, p. 1841. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1825.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Suk Chae
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Tito A. Sandoval
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sung-Min Hwang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Eun Sil Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Paolo Giovanelli
- Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065. USA.,Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Deepika Awasthi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Camilla Salvagno
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Alexander Emmanuelli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY 10065, USA.,Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065. USA
| | - Chen Tan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Vidyanath Chaudhary
- HSS Research Institute and David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Julia Casado
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrew V. Kossenkov
- Center for Systems and Computational Biology, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Minkyung Song
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, and Department of Biopharmaceutical Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Franck J. Barrat
- Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065. USA.,HSS Research Institute and David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Kevin Holcomb
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - E. Alfonso Romero-Sandoval
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Mechanisms Laboratory, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Dmitriy Zamarin
- Department of Medicine, Gynecologic Medical Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - David Pépin
- Pediatric Surgical Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital; Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alan D. D’Andrea
- Susan F. Smith Center for Women’s Cancers, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Anniina Färkkilä
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juan R. Cubillos-Ruiz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY 10065, USA.,Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065. USA.,Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA,Correspondence: Juan R. Cubillos-Ruiz, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, , Phone: 212-743-1323
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Sueajai J, Sutjarit N, Boonmuen N, Auparakkitanon S, Noumjad N, Suksamrarn A, Vinayavekhin N, Piyachaturawat P. Lowering of lysophosphatidylcholines in ovariectomized rats by Curcuma comosa. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268179. [PMID: 35588422 PMCID: PMC9119514 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Decline of ovarian function in menopausal women increases metabolic disease risk. Curcuma comosa extract and its major compound, (3R)-1,7-diphenyl-(4E,6E)-4,6-heptadien-3-ol (DPHD), improved estrogen-deficient ovariectomized (OVX) rat metabolic disturbances. However, information on their effects on metabolites is limited. Here, we investigated the impacts of C. comosa ethanol extract and DPHD on 12-week-old OVX rat metabolic disturbances, emphasizing the less hydrophobic metabolites. Metabolomics analysis of OVX rat serum showed a marked increase compared to sham-operated rat (SHAM) in levels of lysophosphatidylcholines (lysoPCs), particularly lysoPC (18:0) and lysoPC (16:0), and of arachidonic acid (AA), metabolites associated with inflammation. OVX rat elevated lysoPCs and AA levels reverted to SHAM levels following treatments with C. comosa ethanol extract and DPHD. Overall, our studies demonstrate the effect of C. comosa extract in ameliorating the metabolic disturbances caused by ovariectomy, and the elevated levels of bioactive lipid metabolites, lysoPCs and AA, may serve as potential biomarkers of menopausal metabolic disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jetjamnong Sueajai
- Toxicology Graduate Program, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nareerat Sutjarit
- Graduate Program in Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nittaya Boonmuen
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Saranya Auparakkitanon
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nantida Noumjad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Apichart Suksamrarn
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nawaporn Vinayavekhin
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Biocatalyst and Sustainable Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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Association between the Expression Levels of MicroRNA-101, -103, and -29a with Autotaxin and Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor 2 Expression in Gastric Cancer Patients. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:8034038. [PMID: 35444696 PMCID: PMC9015865 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8034038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Gastric cancer (GC) is regarded as the most prevalent malignancy with the high mortality rate, worldwide. However, gastroscopy, a biopsy of suspected sample, and detecting CEA, CA19-9, and CA72-4 are presently used, but these diagnostic approaches have several limitations. Recently, microRNAs as the most important member of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) have received attention; recent evidence demonstrates that they can be used as the promising candidate biomarkers for GC diagnosis. We aimed to investigate the association between the microRNA-29a, -101, and -103 expression and autotaxin (ATX) and lysophosphatidic acid receptor 2 (LPA2) expression in GC patients. Material and Methods. The present study was conducted on 40 paired samples of primary GC tissue and adjacent noncancerous tissue. The gene expression levels of miR-101, -103, -29, ATX, and LPA2 were analyzed by quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). Besides, the protein levels of ATX and LPA2 were evaluated using western blot. Results The expression levels of miR-29 and miR-101 were significantly lower (p value < 0.0001), but the miR-103 and LPA2 were significantly higher in gastric tumor samples compared to the corresponding nontumor tissues (p value < 0.0001). Moreover, the diagnostic accuracy of miRs to discrimine the GC patients from noncancerous controls was reliable (miR-101, sensitivity: 82.5% and specificity: 85%; miR-103, sensitivity: 72.5% and specificity: 90%; miR-29, sensitivity: 77.5% and specificity: 70%). Conclusion It seems that determining the expression level of miR-101, -103, and -29, as the novel diagnostic biomarkers, has diagnostic value to distinguish GC patients from healthy individuals.
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Aiello S, Casiraghi F. Lysophosphatidic Acid: Promoter of Cancer Progression and of Tumor Microenvironment Development. A Promising Target for Anticancer Therapies? Cells 2021; 10:cells10061390. [PMID: 34200030 PMCID: PMC8229068 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased expression of the enzyme autotaxin (ATX) and the consequently increased levels of its product, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), have been reported in several primary tumors. The role of LPA as a direct modulator of tumor cell functions—motility, invasion and migration capabilities as well as resistance to apoptotic death—has been recognized by numerous studies over the last two decades. Notably, evidence has recently been accumulating that shows that LPA also contributes to the development of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Indeed, LPA plays a crucial role in inducing angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, triggering cellular glycolytic shift and stimulating intratumoral fibrosis. In addition, LPA helps tumoral cells to escape immune surveillance. Treatments that counter the TME components, in order to deprive cancer cells of their crucial support, have been emerging among the promising new anticancer therapies. This review aims to summarize the latest knowledge on how LPA influences both tumor cell functions and the TME by regulating the activity of its different elements, highlighting why and how LPA is worth considering as a molecular target for new anticancer therapies.
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