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Dexter T, Anthias C, Nicholson E. Evaluating Axatilimab as a treatment option for chronic graft-versus-host disease. Immunotherapy 2025:1-10. [PMID: 40338737 DOI: 10.1080/1750743x.2025.2501928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2025] [Accepted: 05/01/2025] [Indexed: 05/10/2025] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic stem cell transplantation represents the only curative option for many patients with high risk hematological malignancies but is associated with a number of severe complications. Of these, chronic graft versus host disease (cGVHD) is the leading cause of late non-relapse mortality and of much morbidity. For over 30 years, glucocorticoids have been the mainstay of first line therapy, yet approximately 50% patients are refractory or dependent and traditionally there have been few options for these patients. In recent years, newer treatments including ruxolitinib and belumosudil have shown success in the second and third line settings. However, further effective nontoxic treatments are a necessary to address this complex debilitating disease. Axatilimab is an antibody to colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1), a tyrosine kinase receptor. CSF1R signaling dependent macrophages and monocytes are key mediators of inflammation and fibrosis in chronic GVHD, and thus, this therapy offers a targeted approach. Here we summarize the key clinical studies that have been performed to date of this novel therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Dexter
- Department of Haemato-Oncology, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
- Anthony Nolan, London, UK
- Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Chloe Anthias
- Department of Haemato-Oncology, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
- Anthony Nolan, London, UK
- Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Emma Nicholson
- Department of Haemato-Oncology, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
- Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
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Wu Q, He J, Herrler T, Yu B, Zhou Q, Zheng D, Chen X, Yan Y, Dai C, Liu K, Zou G, Ge S, Qiao Y, Li Q, Wei J. Adipose-derived stem cells enhance the tumorigenic potential of pre-malignant breast epithelial cells through paracrine activation of PI3K-AKT pathway. Breast Cancer 2025; 32:552-565. [PMID: 40019720 PMCID: PMC11993506 DOI: 10.1007/s12282-025-01686-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2025] [Indexed: 03/01/2025]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs)-assisted fat grafting has emerged as a widely used procedure for breast reconstruction post mastectomy and for aesthetic augmentation. Given the limited cases of breast cancer following grafting, the oncological safety of this procedure remains controversial. METHODS The effects of ADSCs on the oncogenic features of premalignant MCF-10AT cells were investigated using co-culture and xenograft models. We further evaluated the malignancy-promoting effect of ADSCs in a 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced breast cancer model. RNA-sequencing was performed on ADSCs, MCF-10AT cells, and ADSC-co-cultured MCF-10AT cells. Protein changes in ADSC/MCF-10AT co-culture medium and MCF-10AT cells were determined by proteomic analysis. Pathway inhibitors were used to investigate signaling pathways involved in the ADSC-induced oncogenic changes of MCF-10AT cells. RESULTS We found that ADSCs promoted the proliferation and migration of MCF-10AT cells, and co-injection of ADSCs increased the tumor incidence of MCF-10AT cells from 29% to 58% in nude mice. Additionally, grafted ADSCs significantly enhanced tumor incidence, growth, and distant metastasis in the DMBA-induced rats, while it could not induce tumorigenesis in normal breast tissues. Combined RNA-sequencing and proteomic analysis demonstrated that the paracrine factors secreted by ADSCs robustly activated the oncogenic PI3K-AKT signaling in MCF-10AT cells. We also revealed the auto-activated TGF-beta and Wnt pathways in co-cultured MCF-10AT cells, which may be synergistic in tumor formation and progression. As expected, blocking these pathways, especially the PI3K-AKT pathway, strongly diminished the promoting effects of ADSCs, suggesting their potential as therapeutic targets for ADSC grafting-associated breast tumors. CONCLUSIONS Our data illustrated the synergistic effect between ADSC paracrine factors and MCF-10AT auto-activated pathways in the carcinogenesis of MCF-10AT cells through activation of the oncogenic PI3K-AKT pathway. Based on these findings, we strongly recommend pre-operative examinations for breast cancer risk factors before ADSC-associated transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifeng Wu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200125, China
| | - Jinguang He
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200125, China
| | - Tanja Herrler
- Berufsgenossenschaftliche Unfallklinik Murnau, Murnau, Germany
| | - Baofu Yu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200125, China
| | - Qimin Zhou
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200125, China
| | - Danning Zheng
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200125, China
| | - Xiaoxue Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200125, China
| | - Yangxuanyu Yan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200125, China
| | - Chuanchang Dai
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200125, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200125, China
| | - Gangming Zou
- Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou City, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shengfang Ge
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunbo Qiao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200125, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai, 200125, China.
| | - Qingfeng Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200125, China.
| | - Jiao Wei
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200125, China.
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El-Shemi AG, Alqurashi A, Abdulrahman JA, Alzahrani HD, Almwalad KS, Felfilan HH, Alomiri WS, Aloufi JA, Madkhali GH, Maqliyah SA, Alshahrani JB, Kamal HT, Daghistani SH, Refaat B, Minshawi F. IL-10-Directed Cancer Immunotherapy: Preclinical Advances, Clinical Insights, and Future Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2025; 17:1012. [PMID: 40149345 PMCID: PMC11940594 DOI: 10.3390/cancers17061012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2025] [Revised: 03/12/2025] [Accepted: 03/14/2025] [Indexed: 03/29/2025] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a dimeric cytokine encoded by the IL-10 gene on chromosome 1 [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel G. El-Shemi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al Abdeyah, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; (A.G.E.-S.); (J.A.A.); (H.D.A.); (K.S.A.); (H.H.F.); (W.S.A.); (J.A.A.); (G.H.M.); (S.A.M.); (J.B.A.); (H.T.K.); (S.H.D.); (B.R.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | | | - Jihan Abdullah Abdulrahman
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al Abdeyah, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; (A.G.E.-S.); (J.A.A.); (H.D.A.); (K.S.A.); (H.H.F.); (W.S.A.); (J.A.A.); (G.H.M.); (S.A.M.); (J.B.A.); (H.T.K.); (S.H.D.); (B.R.)
| | - Hanin Dhaifallah Alzahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al Abdeyah, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; (A.G.E.-S.); (J.A.A.); (H.D.A.); (K.S.A.); (H.H.F.); (W.S.A.); (J.A.A.); (G.H.M.); (S.A.M.); (J.B.A.); (H.T.K.); (S.H.D.); (B.R.)
| | - Khawlah Saad Almwalad
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al Abdeyah, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; (A.G.E.-S.); (J.A.A.); (H.D.A.); (K.S.A.); (H.H.F.); (W.S.A.); (J.A.A.); (G.H.M.); (S.A.M.); (J.B.A.); (H.T.K.); (S.H.D.); (B.R.)
| | - Hadeel Hisham Felfilan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al Abdeyah, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; (A.G.E.-S.); (J.A.A.); (H.D.A.); (K.S.A.); (H.H.F.); (W.S.A.); (J.A.A.); (G.H.M.); (S.A.M.); (J.B.A.); (H.T.K.); (S.H.D.); (B.R.)
| | - Wahaj Saud Alomiri
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al Abdeyah, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; (A.G.E.-S.); (J.A.A.); (H.D.A.); (K.S.A.); (H.H.F.); (W.S.A.); (J.A.A.); (G.H.M.); (S.A.M.); (J.B.A.); (H.T.K.); (S.H.D.); (B.R.)
| | - Jana Ahmed Aloufi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al Abdeyah, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; (A.G.E.-S.); (J.A.A.); (H.D.A.); (K.S.A.); (H.H.F.); (W.S.A.); (J.A.A.); (G.H.M.); (S.A.M.); (J.B.A.); (H.T.K.); (S.H.D.); (B.R.)
| | - Ghadeer Hassn Madkhali
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al Abdeyah, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; (A.G.E.-S.); (J.A.A.); (H.D.A.); (K.S.A.); (H.H.F.); (W.S.A.); (J.A.A.); (G.H.M.); (S.A.M.); (J.B.A.); (H.T.K.); (S.H.D.); (B.R.)
- Department of Hematology, Dr. Sulaiman Al-Habib Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Olaya District, Riyadh 12234-3785, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah Adel Maqliyah
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al Abdeyah, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; (A.G.E.-S.); (J.A.A.); (H.D.A.); (K.S.A.); (H.H.F.); (W.S.A.); (J.A.A.); (G.H.M.); (S.A.M.); (J.B.A.); (H.T.K.); (S.H.D.); (B.R.)
- Department of Blood Bank and Laboratory, Saudi German Hospital, Makkah 24242, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jood Bandar Alshahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al Abdeyah, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; (A.G.E.-S.); (J.A.A.); (H.D.A.); (K.S.A.); (H.H.F.); (W.S.A.); (J.A.A.); (G.H.M.); (S.A.M.); (J.B.A.); (H.T.K.); (S.H.D.); (B.R.)
| | - Huda Taj Kamal
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al Abdeyah, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; (A.G.E.-S.); (J.A.A.); (H.D.A.); (K.S.A.); (H.H.F.); (W.S.A.); (J.A.A.); (G.H.M.); (S.A.M.); (J.B.A.); (H.T.K.); (S.H.D.); (B.R.)
| | - Sawsan Hazim Daghistani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al Abdeyah, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; (A.G.E.-S.); (J.A.A.); (H.D.A.); (K.S.A.); (H.H.F.); (W.S.A.); (J.A.A.); (G.H.M.); (S.A.M.); (J.B.A.); (H.T.K.); (S.H.D.); (B.R.)
| | - Bassem Refaat
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al Abdeyah, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; (A.G.E.-S.); (J.A.A.); (H.D.A.); (K.S.A.); (H.H.F.); (W.S.A.); (J.A.A.); (G.H.M.); (S.A.M.); (J.B.A.); (H.T.K.); (S.H.D.); (B.R.)
| | - Faisal Minshawi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al Abdeyah, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; (A.G.E.-S.); (J.A.A.); (H.D.A.); (K.S.A.); (H.H.F.); (W.S.A.); (J.A.A.); (G.H.M.); (S.A.M.); (J.B.A.); (H.T.K.); (S.H.D.); (B.R.)
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4
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Shang Q, Zhang P, Lei X, Du L, Qu B. Insights into CSF-1/CSF-1R signaling: the role of macrophage in radiotherapy. Front Immunol 2025; 16:1530890. [PMID: 40007537 PMCID: PMC11851012 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1530890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2025] [Indexed: 02/27/2025] Open
Abstract
Macrophage plays an important role in homeostasis and immunity, and dysfunctional macrophage polarization is believed to be associated with the pathogenesis of tissue fibrosis and tumor progression. Colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1), a polypeptide chain cytokine, through its receptor (CSF-1R) regulates the differentiation of macrophages. Recently, the promising therapeutic potential of CSF-1/CSF-1R signaling pathway inhibition in cancer treatment is widely used. Furthermore, inhibition of CSF-1/CSF-1R signaling combined with radiotherapy has been extensively studied to reduce immunosuppression and promote abscopal effect. In addition, cumulative evidence demonstrated that M2 phenotype macrophage is dominant in tissue fibrosis and the inhibition of CSF-1/CSF-1R signaling pathway ameliorated pulmonary fibrosis, including radiation-induced lung fibrosis. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of the CSF-1/CSF-1R signaling pathway in radiotherapy, with a focus on advances in macrophage-targeted strategies in the treatment of cancer and pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingchao Shang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, General Hospital of Southern Theatre Command of PLA, Guang Zhou, China
| | - Pei Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Lei
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lehui Du
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Baolin Qu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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5
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Glaviano A, Lau HSH, Carter LM, Lee EHC, Lam HY, Okina E, Tan DJJ, Tan W, Ang HL, Carbone D, Yee MYH, Shanmugam MK, Huang XZ, Sethi G, Tan TZ, Lim LHK, Huang RYJ, Ungefroren H, Giovannetti E, Tang DG, Bruno TC, Luo P, Andersen MH, Qian BZ, Ishihara J, Radisky DC, Elias S, Yadav S, Kim M, Robert C, Diana P, Schalper KA, Shi T, Merghoub T, Krebs S, Kusumbe AP, Davids MS, Brown JR, Kumar AP. Harnessing the tumor microenvironment: targeted cancer therapies through modulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. J Hematol Oncol 2025; 18:6. [PMID: 39806516 PMCID: PMC11733683 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-024-01634-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 11/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2025] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is integral to cancer progression, impacting metastasis and treatment response. It consists of diverse cell types, extracellular matrix components, and signaling molecules that interact to promote tumor growth and therapeutic resistance. Elucidating the intricate interactions between cancer cells and the TME is crucial in understanding cancer progression and therapeutic challenges. A critical process induced by TME signaling is the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), wherein epithelial cells acquire mesenchymal traits, which enhance their motility and invasiveness and promote metastasis and cancer progression. By targeting various components of the TME, novel investigational strategies aim to disrupt the TME's contribution to the EMT, thereby improving treatment efficacy, addressing therapeutic resistance, and offering a nuanced approach to cancer therapy. This review scrutinizes the key players in the TME and the TME's contribution to the EMT, emphasizing avenues to therapeutically disrupt the interactions between the various TME components. Moreover, the article discusses the TME's implications for resistance mechanisms and highlights the current therapeutic strategies toward TME modulation along with potential caveats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Glaviano
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Hannah Si-Hui Lau
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Lukas M Carter
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - E Hui Clarissa Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117600, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | - Hiu Yan Lam
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117600, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | - Elena Okina
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117600, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | - Donavan Jia Jie Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117600, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
- School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Singapore Polytechnic, Singapore, 139651, Singapore
| | - Wency Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117600, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
- School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Singapore Polytechnic, Singapore, 139651, Singapore
| | - Hui Li Ang
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117600, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | - Daniela Carbone
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Michelle Yi-Hui Yee
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
| | - Muthu K Shanmugam
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117600, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | - Xiao Zi Huang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117600, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | - Tuan Zea Tan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Lina H K Lim
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
- Immunology Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | - Ruby Yun-Ju Huang
- School of Medicine and Graduate Institute of Oncology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Hendrik Ungefroren
- First Department of Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Lübeck, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Elisa Giovannetti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, UMC, Vrije Universiteit, HV Amsterdam, 1081, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Pharmacology Lab, Fondazione Pisana Per La Scienza, 56017, San Giuliano, Italy
| | - Dean G Tang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
- Experimental Therapeutics (ET) Graduate Program, University at Buffalo & Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Tullia C Bruno
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Peng Luo
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mads Hald Andersen
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Oncology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Bin-Zhi Qian
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, The Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang-Fudan International Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Ishihara
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Derek C Radisky
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Salem Elias
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Saurabh Yadav
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Minah Kim
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Caroline Robert
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Inserm U981, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Faculty of Medicine, University Paris-Saclay, Kremlin Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - Patrizia Diana
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Kurt A Schalper
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tao Shi
- Swim Across America and Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Taha Merghoub
- Swim Across America and Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Simone Krebs
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anjali P Kusumbe
- Tissue and Tumor Microenvironment Group, MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Matthew S Davids
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer R Brown
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alan Prem Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117600, Singapore.
- NUS Center for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore.
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Sabnis RW. Pyrrolopyrazine Compounds as ERK5 Inhibitors for Treating Cancer. ACS Med Chem Lett 2025; 16:16-17. [PMID: 39811115 PMCID: PMC11726354 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.4c00580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2025] Open
Abstract
Provided herein are novel pyrrolopyrazine compounds as ERK5 inhibitors, pharmaceutical compositions, use of such compounds in treating cancer, and processes for preparing such compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram W. Sabnis
- Smith, Gambrell & Russell
LLP, 1105 W. Peachtree Street NE, Suite 1000, Atlanta, Georgia30309, United States
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7
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Singer M, Zhang Z, Dayyani F, Zhang Z, Yaghmai V, Choi A, Valerin J, Imagawa D, Abi-Jaoudeh N. Modulation of Tumor-Associated Macrophages to Overcome Immune Suppression in the Hepatocellular Carcinoma Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 17:66. [PMID: 39796695 PMCID: PMC11718901 DOI: 10.3390/cancers17010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2024] [Revised: 12/21/2024] [Accepted: 12/27/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2025] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major global health issue characterized by poor prognosis and complex tumor biology. One of the critical components of the HCC tumor microenvironment (TME) is tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), which play a pivotal role in modulating tumor growth, immune evasion, and metastasis. Macrophages are divided into two major subtypes: pro-inflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory M2, both of which may exist in TME with altered function and proportion. The anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages are further subdivided into four distinct immune suppressive subsets. TAMs are generally counted as M2-like macrophages with altered immune suppressive functions that exert a significant influence on both cancer progression and the ability of tumors to escape immune surveillance. Their involvement in modulating immune responses via different mechanisms at the local and systemic levels has made them a key target for therapeutic interventions seeking to enhance treatment outcomes. How TAMs' depletion influences immune responses in cancer is the primary interest in cancer immunotherapies. The purpose of this review is to delve into the recent progress made in TAM-targeting therapies. We will explore the current theories, benefits, and challenges associated with TAMs' depletion or inhibition. The manuscript concludes with future directions and potential implications for clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Singer
- Department of Radiological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA; (Z.Z.); (Z.Z.); (V.Y.)
| | - Zhuoli Zhang
- Department of Radiological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA; (Z.Z.); (Z.Z.); (V.Y.)
| | - Farshid Dayyani
- Department of Medicine, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, CA 92867, USA; (F.D.); (A.C.); (J.V.)
| | - Zigeng Zhang
- Department of Radiological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA; (Z.Z.); (Z.Z.); (V.Y.)
| | - Vahid Yaghmai
- Department of Radiological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA; (Z.Z.); (Z.Z.); (V.Y.)
| | - April Choi
- Department of Medicine, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, CA 92867, USA; (F.D.); (A.C.); (J.V.)
| | - Jennifer Valerin
- Department of Medicine, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, CA 92867, USA; (F.D.); (A.C.); (J.V.)
| | - David Imagawa
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA 92697, USA;
| | - Nadine Abi-Jaoudeh
- Department of Radiological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA; (Z.Z.); (Z.Z.); (V.Y.)
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8
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Rodrigues JA, Pires BRB, de Amorim ISS, Siqueira PB, de Sousa Rodrigues MM, de Souza da Fonseca A, Panis C, Mencalha AL. STAT3 Regulates the Redox Profile in MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells. Cell Biochem Biophys 2024; 82:3507-3516. [PMID: 39033092 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-024-01439-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Unbalanced redox status and constitutive STAT3 activation are related to several aspects of tumor biology and poor prognosis, including metastasis and drug resistance. The triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is listed as the most aggressive and exhibits the worst prognosis among the breast cancer subtypes. Although the mechanism of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation led to STAT3 activation is described, there is no data concerning the STAT3 influence on redox homeostasis in TNBC. To address the role of STAT3 signaling in redox balance, we inhibited STAT3 in TNBC cells and investigated its impact on total ROS levels, contents of hydroperoxides, nitric oxide (NO), and total glutathione (GSH), as well as the expression levels of 3-nitrotyrosine (3NT), nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)/p65. Our results indicate that ROS levels depend on the STAT3 activation, while the hydroperoxide level remained unchanged, and NO and 3NT expression increased. Furthermore, GSH levels, Nrf2, and NF-κB/p65 protein levels are decreased in the STAT3-inhibited cells. Accordingly, TNBC patients' data from TCGA demonstrated that both STAT3 mRNA levels and STAT3 signature are correlated to NF-κB/p65 and Nrf2 signatures. Our findings implicate STAT3 in controlling redox balance and regulating redox-related genes' expression in triple-negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Alves Rodrigues
- Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil
| | - Bruno Ricardo Barreto Pires
- Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil
| | - Isis Salviano Soares de Amorim
- Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil
- Laboratório de Alimentos Funcionais, Instituto de Nutrição Josué de Castro, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Priscyanne Barreto Siqueira
- Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil
| | - Mariana Moreno de Sousa Rodrigues
- Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil
| | - Adenilson de Souza da Fonseca
- Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil
| | - Carolina Panis
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tumores, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, UNIOESTE, Francisco Beltrão, Paraná, 85605-010, Brazil
| | - Andre Luiz Mencalha
- Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil.
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9
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Matsuoka T, Yashiro M. Molecular Mechanism for Malignant Progression of Gastric Cancer Within the Tumor Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:11735. [PMID: 39519285 PMCID: PMC11546171 DOI: 10.3390/ijms252111735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2024] [Revised: 10/23/2024] [Accepted: 10/30/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Most patients are diagnosed at the progressive stage of GC, and progress in the development of effective anti-GC drugs has been insufficient. The tumor microenvironment (TME) regulates various functions of tumor cells, and interactions between the cellular and molecular components of the TME-e.g., inflammatory cells, fibroblasts, vasculature cells, and innate and adaptive immune cells-promote the aggressiveness of cancer cells and dissemination to distant organs. This review summarizes the roles of various TME cells and molecules in regulating the malignant progression and metastasis of GC. We also address the important roles of signaling pathways in mediating the interaction between cancer cells and the different components of the GC TME. Finally, we discuss the implications of these molecular mechanisms for developing novel and effective therapies targeting molecular and cellular components of the GC TME to control the malignant progression of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasuku Matsuoka
- Department of Molecular Oncology and Therapeutics, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 5458585, Japan;
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 5458585, Japan
| | - Masakazu Yashiro
- Department of Molecular Oncology and Therapeutics, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 5458585, Japan;
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 5458585, Japan
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10
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Tomassetti C, Insinga G, Gimigliano F, Morrione A, Giordano A, Giurisato E. Insights into CSF-1R Expression in the Tumor Microenvironment. Biomedicines 2024; 12:2381. [PMID: 39457693 PMCID: PMC11504891 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12102381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2024] [Revised: 09/30/2024] [Accepted: 10/16/2024] [Indexed: 10/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF-1R) plays a pivotal role in orchestrating cellular interactions within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Although the CSF-1R has been extensively studied in myeloid cells, the expression of this receptor and its emerging role in other cell types in the TME need to be further analyzed. This review explores the multifaceted functions of the CSF-1R across various TME cellular populations, including tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), dendritic cells (DCs), cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), endothelial cells (ECs), and cancer stem cells (CSCs). The activation of the CSF-1R by its ligands, colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1) and Interleukin-34 (IL-34), regulates TAM polarization towards an immunosuppressive M2 phenotype, promoting tumor progression and immune evasion. Similarly, CSF-1R signaling influences MDSCs to exert immunosuppressive functions, hindering anti-tumor immunity. In DCs, the CSF-1R alters antigen-presenting capabilities, compromising immune surveillance against cancer cells. CSF-1R expression in CAFs and ECs regulates immune modulation, angiogenesis, and immune cell trafficking within the TME, fostering a pro-tumorigenic milieu. Notably, the CSF-1R in CSCs contributes to tumor aggressiveness and therapeutic resistance through interactions with TAMs and the modulation of stemness features. Understanding the diverse roles of the CSF-1R in the TME underscores its potential as a therapeutic target for cancer treatment, aiming at disrupting pro-tumorigenic cellular crosstalk and enhancing anti-tumor immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Tomassetti
- Department of Biotechnology Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy;
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Gaia Insinga
- Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Napoli, Italy; (G.I.); (F.G.)
| | - Francesca Gimigliano
- Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Napoli, Italy; (G.I.); (F.G.)
| | - Andrea Morrione
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA;
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy;
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA;
| | - Emanuele Giurisato
- Department of Biotechnology Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy;
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11
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Loginova N, Aniskin D, Timashev P, Ulasov I, Kharwar RK. GBM Immunotherapy: Macrophage Impacts. Immunol Invest 2024; 53:730-751. [PMID: 38634572 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2024.2337022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GBM) is an extremely aggressive form of brain tumor with low survival rates. Current treatments such as chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery are problematic due to tumor growth, invasion, and tumor microenvironment. GBM cells are resistant to these standard treatments, and the heterogeneity of the tumor makes it difficult to find a universal approach. Progression of GBM and acquisition of resistance to therapy are due to the complex interplay between tumor cells and the TME. A significant portion of the TME consists of an inflammatory infiltrate, with microglia and macrophages being the predominant cells. METHODS Analysis of the literature data over a course of 5 years suggest that the tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are capable of releasing cytokines and growth factors that promote tumor proliferation, survival, and metastasis while inhibiting immune cell function at the same time. RESULTS Thus, immunosuppressive state, provided with this intensively studied kind of TME cells, is supposed to promote GBM development through TAMs modulation of tumor treatment-resistance and aggressiveness. Therefore, TAMs are an attractive therapeutic target in the treatment of glioblastoma. CONCLUSION This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest research on the nature of TAMs and the development of therapeutic strategies targeting TAMs, focusing on the variety of macrophage properties, being modulated, as well as molecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Loginova
- Group of Experimental Biotherapy and Diagnostics, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, World-Class Research Centre "Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare", I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis Aniskin
- Group of Experimental Biotherapy and Diagnostics, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, World-Class Research Centre "Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare", I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Peter Timashev
- World-Class Research Centre "Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare", Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya Ulasov
- Group of Experimental Biotherapy and Diagnostics, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, World-Class Research Centre "Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare", I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Rajesh Kumar Kharwar
- Endocrine Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India
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12
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Sabnis RW. Imidazopyridine Compounds as ERK5 Inhibitors for Treating Cancer. ACS Med Chem Lett 2024; 15:777-778. [PMID: 38894904 PMCID: PMC11181494 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.4c00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Provided herein are novel imidazopyridine compounds as ERK5 inhibitors, pharmaceutical compositions, use of such compounds in treating cancer, and processes for preparing such compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram W. Sabnis
- Smith Gambrell & Russell
LLP, 1105 W. Peachtree Street NE, Suite 1000, Atlanta, Georgia 30309, United States
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13
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Zhu N, Chen S, Jin Y, Wang M, Fang L, Xue L, Hua D, Zhang Z, Jia M, Hao M, Zhang C. Enhancing Glioblastoma Immunotherapy with Integrated Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells through the Re-Education of Tumor-Associated Microglia and Macrophages. ACS NANO 2024; 18:11165-11182. [PMID: 38626338 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive brain cancer that is highly resistant to treatment including chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells. Tumor-associated microglia and macrophages (TAMs) are major contributors to the immunosuppressive GBM microenvironment, which promotes tumor progression and treatment resistance. Hence, the modulation of TAMs is a promising strategy for improving the immunotherapeutic efficacy of CAR-T cells against GBM. Molecularly targeting drug pexidartinib (PLX) has been reported to re-educate TAMs toward the antitumorigenic M1-like phenotype. Here, we developed a cell-drug integrated technology to reversibly conjugate PLX-containing liposomes (PLX-Lip) to CAR-T cells and establish tumor-responsive integrated CAR-T cells (PLX-Lip/AZO-T cells) as a combination therapy for GBM. We used a mouse model of GBM to show that PLX-Lip was stably maintained on the surface of PLX-Lip/AZO-T cells in circulation and these cells could transmigrate across the blood-brain barrier and deposit PLX-Lip at the tumor site. The uptake of PLX-Lip by TAMs effectively re-educated them into the M1-like phenotype, which in turn boosted the antitumor function of CAR-T cells. GBM tumor growth was completely eradicated in 60% of the mice after receiving PLX-Lip/AZO-T cells and extended their overall survival time beyond 50 days; in comparison, the median survival time of mice in other treatment groups did not exceed 35 days. Overall, we demonstrated the successful fusion of CAR-T cells and small-molecule drugs with the cell-drug integrated technology. These integrated CAR-T cells provided a superior combination strategy for GBM treatment and presented a reference for the construction of integrated cell-based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianci Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Chongqing Innovation Institute of China Pharmaceutical University, Chongqing 401135, China
| | - Sijia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Chongqing Innovation Institute of China Pharmaceutical University, Chongqing 401135, China
| | - Yu Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Chongqing Innovation Institute of China Pharmaceutical University, Chongqing 401135, China
| | - Meng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Chongqing Innovation Institute of China Pharmaceutical University, Chongqing 401135, China
| | - Luyao Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Chongqing Innovation Institute of China Pharmaceutical University, Chongqing 401135, China
| | - Lingjing Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Chongqing Innovation Institute of China Pharmaceutical University, Chongqing 401135, China
| | - Dexiang Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Chongqing Innovation Institute of China Pharmaceutical University, Chongqing 401135, China
| | - Ziyao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Chongqing Innovation Institute of China Pharmaceutical University, Chongqing 401135, China
| | - Meng Jia
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Meixi Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Chongqing Innovation Institute of China Pharmaceutical University, Chongqing 401135, China
| | - Can Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Chongqing Innovation Institute of China Pharmaceutical University, Chongqing 401135, China
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