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Yang D, Hu Y, Yang J, Tao L, Su Y, Wu Y, Yao Y, Wang S, Ye S, Xu T. Research Progress on the Correlation between Acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 and Hepatocellular Carcinoma Development. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 389:163-173. [PMID: 38453527 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the predominant pathologic type of primary liver cancer. It is a malignant tumor of liver epithelial cells. There are many ways to treat HCC, but the survival rate for HCC patients remains low. Therefore, understanding the underlying mechanisms by which HCC occurs and develops is critical to explore new therapeutic targets. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) is an important player in the redox reaction of ethanol with endogenous aldehyde products released by lipid peroxidation. Increasing evidence suggests that ALDH2 is a crucial regulator of human tumor development, including HCC. Therefore, clarifying the relationship between ALDH2 and HCC is helpful for formulating rational treatment strategies. This review highlights the regulatory roles of ALDH2 in the development of HCC, elucidates the multiple potential mechanisms by which ALDH2 regulates the development of HCC, and summarizes the progress of research on ALDH2 gene polymorphisms and HCC susceptibility. Meanwhile, we envision viable strategies for targeting ALDH2 in the treatment of HCC SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Numerous studies have aimed to explore novel therapeutic targets for HCC, and ALDH2 has been reported to be a critical regulator of HCC progression. This review discusses the functions, molecular mechanisms, and clinical significance of ALDH2 in the development of HCC and examines the prospects of ALDH2-based therapy for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dashuai Yang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (D.Y., L.T., Y.W., Y.Y., S.W., T.X.); Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (D.Y., L.T., Y.W., Y.Y., S.W., T.X.); State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China (Y.H.); Department of Pediatric orthopedics, Anhui Children's Hospital, Hefei, China (J.Y.); Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China (Y.S.); and School of Materials and Chemistry and School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China (S.Y.)
| | - Ying Hu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (D.Y., L.T., Y.W., Y.Y., S.W., T.X.); Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (D.Y., L.T., Y.W., Y.Y., S.W., T.X.); State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China (Y.H.); Department of Pediatric orthopedics, Anhui Children's Hospital, Hefei, China (J.Y.); Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China (Y.S.); and School of Materials and Chemistry and School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China (S.Y.)
| | - Junfa Yang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (D.Y., L.T., Y.W., Y.Y., S.W., T.X.); Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (D.Y., L.T., Y.W., Y.Y., S.W., T.X.); State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China (Y.H.); Department of Pediatric orthopedics, Anhui Children's Hospital, Hefei, China (J.Y.); Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China (Y.S.); and School of Materials and Chemistry and School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China (S.Y.)
| | - Liangsong Tao
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (D.Y., L.T., Y.W., Y.Y., S.W., T.X.); Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (D.Y., L.T., Y.W., Y.Y., S.W., T.X.); State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China (Y.H.); Department of Pediatric orthopedics, Anhui Children's Hospital, Hefei, China (J.Y.); Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China (Y.S.); and School of Materials and Chemistry and School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China (S.Y.)
| | - Yue Su
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (D.Y., L.T., Y.W., Y.Y., S.W., T.X.); Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (D.Y., L.T., Y.W., Y.Y., S.W., T.X.); State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China (Y.H.); Department of Pediatric orthopedics, Anhui Children's Hospital, Hefei, China (J.Y.); Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China (Y.S.); and School of Materials and Chemistry and School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China (S.Y.)
| | - Yincui Wu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (D.Y., L.T., Y.W., Y.Y., S.W., T.X.); Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (D.Y., L.T., Y.W., Y.Y., S.W., T.X.); State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China (Y.H.); Department of Pediatric orthopedics, Anhui Children's Hospital, Hefei, China (J.Y.); Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China (Y.S.); and School of Materials and Chemistry and School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China (S.Y.)
| | - Yan Yao
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (D.Y., L.T., Y.W., Y.Y., S.W., T.X.); Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (D.Y., L.T., Y.W., Y.Y., S.W., T.X.); State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China (Y.H.); Department of Pediatric orthopedics, Anhui Children's Hospital, Hefei, China (J.Y.); Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China (Y.S.); and School of Materials and Chemistry and School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China (S.Y.)
| | - Shuxian Wang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (D.Y., L.T., Y.W., Y.Y., S.W., T.X.); Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (D.Y., L.T., Y.W., Y.Y., S.W., T.X.); State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China (Y.H.); Department of Pediatric orthopedics, Anhui Children's Hospital, Hefei, China (J.Y.); Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China (Y.S.); and School of Materials and Chemistry and School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China (S.Y.)
| | - Sheng Ye
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (D.Y., L.T., Y.W., Y.Y., S.W., T.X.); Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (D.Y., L.T., Y.W., Y.Y., S.W., T.X.); State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China (Y.H.); Department of Pediatric orthopedics, Anhui Children's Hospital, Hefei, China (J.Y.); Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China (Y.S.); and School of Materials and Chemistry and School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China (S.Y.)
| | - Tao Xu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (D.Y., L.T., Y.W., Y.Y., S.W., T.X.); Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (D.Y., L.T., Y.W., Y.Y., S.W., T.X.); State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China (Y.H.); Department of Pediatric orthopedics, Anhui Children's Hospital, Hefei, China (J.Y.); Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China (Y.S.); and School of Materials and Chemistry and School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China (S.Y.)
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Engelskircher SA, Chen PC, Strunz B, Oltmanns C, Ristic T, Owusu Sekyere S, Kraft ARM, Cornberg M, Wirth T, Heinrich B, Björkström NK, Wedemeyer H, Woller N. Impending HCC diagnosis in patients with cirrhosis after HCV cure features a natural killer cell signature. Hepatology 2024:01515467-990000000-00761. [PMID: 38381525 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The risk of developing HCC in chronically infected patients with AQ2 HCV with liver cirrhosis is significantly elevated. This risk remains high even after a sustained virological response with direct-acting antivirals. To date, disease-associated signatures of NK cells indicating HCC development are unclear. APPROACH AND RESULTS This study investigated NK cell signatures and functions in 8 cohorts covering the time span of HCC development, diagnosis, and onset. In-depth analysis of NK cell profiles from patients with cirrhosis who developed HCC (HCV-HCC) after sustained virological response compared with those who remained tumor-free (HCV-noHCC) revealed increasingly dissimilar NK cell signatures over time. We identified expression patterns with persistently high frequencies of TIM-3 and CD38 on NK cells that were largely absent in healthy controls and were associated with a high probability of HCC development. Functional assays revealed that the NK cells had potent cytotoxic features. In contrast to HCV-HCC, the signature of HCV-noHCC converged with the signature found in healthy controls over time. Regarding tissue distribution, single-cell sequencing showed high frequencies of these cells in liver tissue and the invasive margin but markedly lower frequencies in tumors. CONCLUSIONS We show that HCV-related HCC development has profound effects on the imprint of NK cells. Persistent co-expression of TIM-3hi and CD38 + on NK cells is an early indicator for HCV-related HCC development. We propose that the profiling of NK cells may be a rapid and valuable tool to assess the risk of HCC development in a timely manner in patients with cirrhosis after HCV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Anna Engelskircher
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectious Diseases, and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Po-Chun Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectious Diseases, and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- ZIB program, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg Str., Hannover, Germany
| | - Benedikt Strunz
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center of Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carlos Oltmanns
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectious Diseases, and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tijana Ristic
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectious Diseases, and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Solomon Owusu Sekyere
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectious Diseases, and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anke R M Kraft
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectious Diseases, and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Markus Cornberg
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectious Diseases, and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg, Hannover, Germany
- Centre for Individualized Infection Medicine (CIIM), Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Wirth
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectious Diseases, and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bernd Heinrich
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectious Diseases, and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Niklas K Björkström
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center of Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Heiner Wedemeyer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectious Diseases, and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg, Hannover, Germany
| | - Norman Woller
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectious Diseases, and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
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Zhang F, Zhou K, Yuan W, Sun K. Radix Bupleuri-Radix Paeoniae Alba Inhibits the Development of Hepatocellular Carcinoma through Activation of the PTEN/PD-L1 Axis within the Immune Microenvironment. Nutr Cancer 2023; 76:63-79. [PMID: 37909316 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2023.2276525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated how Radix Bupleuri-Radix Paeoniae Alba (BP) was active against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS Traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology (TCMSP) database was employed to determine the active ingredients of BP and potential targets against HCC. Molecular docking analysis verified the binding activity of PTEN with BP ingredients. H22 cells were used to establish an HCC model in male balb/c mice. Immunofluorescence staining, immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, western blotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and real-time quantitative PCR were used to study changes in proliferation, apoptosis, PTEN levels, inflammation, and T-cell differentiation in male balb/c mice. RESULTS The major active ingredients in BP were found to be quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, stigmasterol, and beta-sitosterol. Molecular docking demonstrated that these five active BP ingredients formed a stable complex with PTEN. BP exhibited an anti-tumor effect in our HCC mouse model. BP was found to increase the CD8+ and IFN-γ+/CD4+ T cell levels while decreasing the PD-1+/CD8+ T and Treg cell levels in HCC mice. BP up-regulated the IL-6, IFN-γ, and TNF-α levels but down-regulated the IL-10 levels in HCC mice. After PTEN knockdown, BP-induced effects were abrogated. CONCLUSION BP influenced the immune microenvironment through activation of the PTEN/PD-L1 axis, protecting against HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Department of TCM, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Kun Zhou
- Department of Hepatology, Shenzhen Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Yuan
- Department of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hu'nan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Kewei Sun
- Department of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hu'nan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Wang D, Ding D, Ying J, Qin Y. Bioinformatics identification of a T-cell-related signature for predicting prognosis and drug sensitivity in hepatocellular carcinoma. IET Syst Biol 2023; 17:366-377. [PMID: 37935646 PMCID: PMC10725711 DOI: 10.1049/syb2.12082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a fatal disease with poor clinical outcomes. T cells play a vital role in the crosstalk between the tumour microenvironment and HCC. Single-cell RNA sequencing data were downloaded from the GSE149614 dataset. The T-cell-related prognostic signature (TRPS) was developed with the integrative procedure including 10 machine learning algorithms. The TRPS was established using 7 T-cell-related markers in the Cancer Genome Atlas cohort with 1-, 2- and 3-year area under curve values of 0.820, 0.725 and 0.678, respectively. TRPS acted as an independent risk factor for HCC patients. HCC patients with a high TRPS-based risk score had a higher Tumour Immune Dysfunction and Exclusion score, lower PD1 and CTLA4 immunophenoscore and lower level of immunoactivated cells, including CD8+ T cells and NK cells. The response rate was significantly higher in patients with low-risk scores in immunotherapy cohorts, including IMigor210 and GSE91061. The TRPS-based nomogram had a relatively good predictive value in evaluating the mortality risk at 1, 3 and 5 years in HCC. Overall, this study develops a TRPS by integrated bioinformatics analysis. This TRPS acted as an independent risk factor for the OS rate of HCC patients. It can screen for HCC patients who might benefit from immunotherapy, chemotherapy and targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianqian Wang
- Health Science CenterNingbo UniversityNingboZhejiangChina
| | - Dongxiao Ding
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryThe People's Hospital of Beilun DistrictNingboZhejiangChina
| | - Junjie Ying
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryThe People's Hospital of Beilun DistrictNingboZhejiangChina
| | - Yunsheng Qin
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic SurgeryFirst Affiliated HospitalSchool of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Department of Hepatobiliary SurgeryThe People's Hospital of Beilun DistrictNingboZhejiangChina
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Wang X, Ye X, Chen Y, Lin J. Mechanism of M2 type macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles regulating PD-L1 expression via the MISP/IQGAP1 axis in hepatocellular carcinoma immunotherapy resistance. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 124:110848. [PMID: 37633233 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a prevailing cancer affecting human health. M2 macrophages are essential in mediating immune responses in tumors. This study investigated the action of M2 macrophages in immune escape of HCC. METHODS Mitotic spindle positioning (MISP), IQ motif containing GTPase activating protein 1 (IQGAP1) and programmed cell death-1 (PD-L1) levels in primary HCC/tumor-adjacent tissues were determined by Western blot, followed by correlation analysis. M2 macrophage and CD3+CD8+T cell percentages were estimated by flow cytometry. Hep3B and HepG2 cells were treated with M2 macrophage conditioned medium (M2-CM) and M2 macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles (M2-EVs) and/or co-cultured with CD8+T cells, followed by assessment of cell viability and apoptosis. TNF-α and INF-γ levels were measured by ELISA. MISP and IQGAP1 overexpression plasmids were transfected into HCC cells to explore their role in immune escape. The interactions among MISP, IQGAP1, STAT3, and PD-L1 were analyzed by co-immunoprecipitation. The mechanism of M2-EVs in HCC immune escape was verified in nude mice. RESULTS MISP/IQGAP1/PD-L1 were upregulated in HCC tissues. MISP negatively-correlated with IQGAP1/PD-L1 and IQGAP1 positively-correlated with PD-L1. M2 macrophages were reduced but CD8+T cells were increased in HCC tissues with high MISP expression. M2-CM or M2-EVs inhibited the killing ability of CD8+T cells, increased HCC cell viability, impeded HCC cell apoptosis, induced CD8+T cell apoptosis, downregulated TNF-α and INF-γ, and upregulated PD-L1. M2-EVs facilitated HCC cell immune escape by potentiating IQGAP1 nuclear translocation and activating STAT3 phosphorylation through MISP downregulation. In vivo experiments further verified the action of M2-EVs through MISP. CONCLUSION M2-EVs promote HCC cell immune escape by upregulating PD-L1 through the MISP/IQGAP1/STAT3 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Wang
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Xuxing Ye
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, 351 Mingyue Street, Wucheng District, Jinhua, 321001, China
| | - Yanping Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, 351 Mingyue Street, Wucheng District, Jinhua, 321001, China
| | - Junmei Lin
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, 351 Mingyue Street, Wucheng District, Jinhua, 321001, China.
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Jangid AK, Kim S, Kim HJ, Kim K. Biomaterial-Mediated Exogenous Facile Coating of Natural Killer Cells for Enhancing Anticancer Efficacy toward Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:1789-1801. [PMID: 37726892 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells exhibit a good therapeutic efficacy against various malignant cancer cells. However, the therapeutic efficacy of plain NK cells is relatively low due to inadequate selectivity for cancer cells. Therefore, to enhance the targeting selectivity and anticancer efficacy of NK cells, we have rationally designed a biomaterial-mediated ex vivo surface engineering technique for the membrane decoration of cancer recognition ligands onto NK cells. Our designed lipid conjugate biomaterial contains three major functional moieties: (1) 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DSPE) lipid for cell membrane anchoring, (2) polyethylene glycol for intracellular penetration blocker, and (3) lactobionic acid (LBA) for cancer recognition. The biomaterial was successfully applied to NK cell surfaces (LBA-NK) to enhance recognition and anticancer functionalities, especially toward asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR)-overexpressing hepatocellular carcinoma. Highly efficient and homogeneous NK cell surface editing was achieved with a simple coating process while maintaining intrinsic properties of NK cells. LBA-NK cells showed potential ASGPR-mediated tumor cell binding (through LBA-ASGPR interaction) and thereby significantly augmented anticancer efficacies against HepG2 liver cancer cells. Thus, LBA-NK cells can be a novel engineering strategy for the treatment of liver cancers via facilitated immune synapse interactions in comparison with currently available cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Kumar Jangid
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, South Korea
| | - Sungjun Kim
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, South Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Kim
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, South Korea
| | - Kyobum Kim
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, South Korea
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Yao Y, Lv J, Wang G, Hong X. Multi-omics analysis and validation of the tumor microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma under RNA modification patterns. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2023; 20:18318-18344. [PMID: 38052560 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2023814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple types of RNA modifications are associated with the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. However, the overall mediating effect of RNA modifications on the tumor microenvironment (TME) and the prognosis of patients with HCC is unclear. METHODS Thoroughly analyze the TME, biological processes, immune infiltration and patient prognosis based on RNA modification patterns and gene patterns. Construct a prognostic model (RNA modification score, RNAM-S) to predict the overall survival (OS) in HCC patients. Analyze the immune status, cancer stem cell (CSC), mutations and drug sensitivity of HCC patients in both the high and low RNAM-S groups. Verify the expression levels of the four characteristic genes of the prognostic RNAM-S using in vitro cell experiments. RESULTS Two modification patterns and two gene patterns were identified in this study. Both the high-expression modification pattern and the gene pattern exhibited worse OS. A prognostic RNAM-S model was constructed based on four featured genes (KIF20A, NR1I2, NR2F1 and PLOD2). Cellular experiments suggested significant dysregulation of the expression levels of these four genes. In addition, validation of the RNAM-S model using each data set showed good predictive performance of the model. The two groups of HCC patients (high and low RNAM-S groups) exhibited significant differences in immune status, CSC, mutation and drug sensitivity. CONCLUSION The findings of the study demonstrate the clinical value of RNA modifications, which provide new insights into the individualized treatment for patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanqian Yao
- Guangxi University of Chinese medicine, NanNing 530000, China
| | - Jianlin Lv
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530000, China
| | - Guangyao Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530000, China
| | - Xiaohua Hong
- Guangxi University of Chinese medicine, NanNing 530000, China
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8
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Xia Y, Gao B, Zhang X. Targeting mitochondrial quality control of T cells: Regulating the immune response in HCC. Front Oncol 2022; 12:993437. [PMID: 36212470 PMCID: PMC9539266 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.993437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) develops from Viral Hepatitis including Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C Virus, and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Herein, T cells play crucial roles combined with chronic inflammation and chronic viral infection. However, T cells are gradually exhausted under chronic antigenic stimulation, which leads to T cell exhaustion in the tumor microenvironment, and the exhaustion is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction in T cells. Meanwhile, mitochondria play a crucial role in altering T cells’ metabolism modes to achieve desirable immunological responses, wherein mitochondria maintain quality control (MQC) and promote metabolism regulation in the microenvironment. Although immune checkpoint inhibitors have been widely used in clinical practice, there are some limitations in the therapeutic effect, thus combining immune checkpoint inhibitors with targeting mitochondrial biogenesis may enhance cellular metabolic adaptation and reverse the exhausted state. At present, several studies on mitochondrial quality control in HCC have been reported, however, there are gaps in the regulation of immune cell function by mitochondrial metabolism, particularly the modulating of T cell immune function. Hence, this review summarizes and discusses existing studies on the effects of MQC on T cell populations in liver diseases induced by HCC, it would be clued by mitochondrial quality control events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixue Xia
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Lab of Human Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Binghong Gao
- School of Elite Sport, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Lab of Human Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Binghong Gao, ; Xue Zhang,
| | - Xue Zhang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- School of Elite Sport, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Lab of Human Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Binghong Gao, ; Xue Zhang,
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9
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Deng H, Zhang J, Zheng Y, Li J, Xiao Q, Wei F, Han W, Xu X, Zhang Y. CCDC25 may be a potential diagnostic and prognostic marker of hepatocellular carcinoma: Results from microarray analysis. Front Surg 2022; 9:878648. [PMID: 36211267 PMCID: PMC9537757 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.878648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a tumor with a high recurrence rate, poor prognosis, and rapid progression. Therefore, it is necessary to find a novel biomarker for HCC. Coiled-coil domain containing 25 (CCDC25) has been identified as a target molecule that mediates liver metastasis in colon cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms of CCDC25 in HCC are unknown. This study aimed to explore the role of CCDC25 in HCC.MethodsThe expression of CCDC25 in HCC was identified through The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) curves were drawn to evaluate the diagnostic value of CCDC25 for HCC. The effect of CCDC25 on the prognosis of HCC was analyzed by using the Kaplan–Meier plotter. Co-expressed genes and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) were used to explore the related functions and regulatory signaling pathways of CCDC25. Moreover, we employed the Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER) database and CIBERSORT algorithm to investigate the relationship between CCDC25 and the tumor immune microenvironment (TME) in HCC. Meanwhile, the effect of CCDC25 on the sensitivity of HCC patients to chemotherapy drugs was evaluated. Finally, we explored the prognostic methylation sites of CCDC25 using the MethSurv database.ResultsCCDC25 expression was low in HCC. Low CCDC25 expression was significantly associated with poor overall survival of HCC and may be comparable to the ability of AFP to diagnose HCC. Dysregulation of glucose metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, ubiquitination modification, and apoptosis inhibition caused by CCDC25 downregulation may be the causes and results of HCC. In addition, CCDC25 was positively correlated with the infiltration level of various adaptive antitumor immune cells. The levels of immune cell infiltration and immune checkpoint expression were lower in the samples with high CCDC25 expression. What is more, we found that downregulated CCDC25 may increase the sensitivity or resistance of HCC patients to multiple drugs, including sorafenib. We also identified a methylation site for CCDC25, which may be responsible for poor prognosis and low CCDC25 expression in HCC patients. Finally, CCDC25 may be associated with HCC ferroptosis.ConclusionsCCDC25 may be a potential diagnostic and prognostic marker for HCC and is associated with immune infiltration and ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyang Deng
- Department of General Surgery, Hepatic-biliary-pancreatic Institute, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiaxing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Digestive System Tumors of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yijun Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, Hepatic-biliary-pancreatic Institute, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jipin Li
- Department of General Surgery, Hepatic-biliary-pancreatic Institute, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qi Xiao
- Department of General Surgery, Hepatic-biliary-pancreatic Institute, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fengxian Wei
- Department of General Surgery, Hepatic-biliary-pancreatic Institute, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wei Han
- Department of General Surgery, Hepatic-biliary-pancreatic Institute, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Hepatic-biliary-pancreatic Institute, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Youcheng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Hepatic-biliary-pancreatic Institute, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
- Correspondence: Youcheng Zhang
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Wang H, Shi F, Zheng S, Zhao M, Pan Z, Xiong L, Zheng L. Feasibility of hepatocellular carcinoma treatment based on the tumor microenvironment. Front Oncol 2022; 12:896662. [PMID: 36176401 PMCID: PMC9513472 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.896662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of liver cancer is extremely high worldwide and poses a serious threat to human life and health. But at present, apart from radiotherapy, chemotherapy, liver transplantation, and early resection, sorafenib was the main systemic therapy proven to have clinical efficacy for unresectable liver cancer (HCC) until 2017. Despite the emerging immunotherapy in the past decade with immune inhibitors such as PD - 1 being approved and applied to clinical treatment, there are still some patients with no response. This review aims to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the tumor microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma and thus analyze the effectiveness of targeting the tumor microenvironment to improve the therapeutic efficacy of hepatocellular carcinoma, including the effectiveness and feasibility of immunotherapy, tumor oncolytic viruses and anti-vascular proliferation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqiang Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Fan Shi
- Graduate School of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Shudan Zheng
- Graduate School of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Mei Zhao
- Graduate School of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Zimeng Pan
- Graduate School of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Li Xiong
- Graduate School of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Lihong Zheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Lihong Zheng,
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Zhou L, Chen G, Liu T, Liu X, Yang C, Jiang J. MJDs family members: Potential prognostic targets and immune-associated biomarkers in hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Genet 2022; 13:965805. [PMID: 36159990 PMCID: PMC9500549 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.965805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common gastrointestinal malignancies. It is not easy to be diagnosed in the early stage and is prone to relapse, with a very poor prognosis. And immune cell infiltration and tumor microenvironment play important roles in predicting therapeutic response and prognosis of HCC. Machado-Joseph domain-containing proteases (MJDs), as a gene family extensively involved in tumor progression, has pro-cancer and anti-cancer effects. However, the relationship between MJDs family members and immune cell infiltration and tumor microenvironment in HCC remains unclear. Therefore, cBio Cancer Genomics Portal (cBioPortal), The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), UALCAN, Human Protein Atlas (HPA), MethSurv, and Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER) databases were performed to investigate the mRNA expression, DNA methylation, clinicopathologic features, immune cell infiltration and other related functions of MJDs family members in HCC. The results indicated that the expression of ATXN3, JOSD1, and JOSD2 was dramatically increased in HCC tissues and cell lines, and was correlated with histological grade, specimen type, TP53 mutation, lymph node metastatic, gender, and age of patients with HCC. Meanwhile, these genes also showed clinical value in improving the overall survival (OS), disease-specific survival (DSS), progression free survival (PFS), and relapse-free survival (RFS) in patients with HCC. The prognostic model indicated that the worse survival was associated with overall high expression of MJDs members. Next, the results suggested that promotor methylation levels of the MJDs family were closely related to these family mRNA expression levels, clinicopathologic features, and prognostic values in HCC. Moreover, the MJDs family were significantly correlated with CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, B cells, neutrophils, macrophages, and DCs. And MJDs family members’ expression were substantially associated with the levels of several lymphocytes, immunomoinhibitors, immunomostimulators, chemokine ligands, and chemokine receptors. In addition, the expression levels of MJDs family were significantly correlated with cancer-related signaling pathways. Taken together, our results indicated that the aberrant expression of MJDs family in HCC played a critical role in clinical feature, prognosis, tumor microenvironment, immune-related molecules, mutation, gene copy number, and promoter methylation level. And MJDs family may be effective immunotherapeutic targets for patients with HCC and have the potential to be prognostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Guojie Chen
- Hunan YoBon Biotechnology Limited Company, Changsha, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xinyuan Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Chengxiao Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jianxin Jiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Jianxin Jiang,
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Lu Y, Li M, Zhou Q, Fang D, Wu R, Li Q, Chen L, Su S. Dynamic network biomarker analysis and system pharmacology methods to explore the therapeutic effects and targets of Xiaoyaosan against liver cirrhosis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 294:115324. [PMID: 35489663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Xiaoyaosan is a traditional Chinese herbal formula that has long been used to treat liver cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocarcinoma (HCC). However, little is known about its mechanism of action and targets in treating chronic liver disease. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to detect the critical transition of HCC progression and to explore the regulatory mechanism and targets of Xiaoyaosan treating liver cirrhosis (cirrhosis) using integrative medicinal research involving system biology and pharmacology. MATERIALS AND METHODS We recruited chronic liver disease participants to obtain gene expression data and applied the dynamic network biomarker (DNB) method to identify molecular markers and the critical transition. We combined network pharmacology and DNB analysis to locate the potential DNBs (targets). Then we validated the DNBs in the liver cirrhosis rat models using Xiaoyaosan treatment. The expression of genes encoding the four DNBs, including Cebpa, Csf1, Egfr, and Il7r, were further validated in rat liver tissue using Western blot analysis. RESULTS We found EGFR, CEBPA, Csf1, Ccnb1, Rrmm2, C3, Il7r, Ccna2, and Peg10 overlap in the DNB list and Xiaoyaosan-Target-Disease (XTD) network constructed using network pharmacology databases. We investigated the diagnostic ability of each member in the DNB cluster and found EGFR, CEBPA, CSF1, and IL7R had high diagnostic abilities with AUC >0.7 and P-value < 0.05. We validated these findings in rats and found that liver function improved significantly and fibrotic changes were relieved in the Xiaoyaosan treatment group. The expression levels of CSF1 and IL7R in the Xiaoyaosan group were significantly lower than those in the cirrhosis model group. In contrast, CEBPA expression in the Xiaoyaosan group was significantly higher than that in the cirrhosis model group. The expression of EGFR in the Xiaoyaosan group was slightly decreased than in the model group but not significantly. CONCLUSION Using the DNB method and network pharmacology approach, this study revealed that CEBPA, IL7R, EGFR, and CSF1 expression was remarkably altered in chronic liver disease and thus, may play an important role in driving the progression of cirrhosis. Therefore, CEBPA, IL7R, EGFR, and CSF1 may be important targets of Xiaoyaosan in treating cirrhosis and can be considered for developing novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyu Lu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Meiyi Li
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Research Institute, Sha Tin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qianmei Zhou
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Dongdong Fang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Rong Wu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Qingya Li
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Henan, 450046, China
| | - Luonan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.
| | - Shibing Su
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Guo Z, Zhu Z. Comprehensive analysis to identify noncoding RNAs mediated upregulation of maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase (MELK) correlated with poor prognosis in hepatocellular. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:3973-3988. [PMID: 35511171 PMCID: PMC9134958 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Object: Maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase (MELK) is involved in the development and progression of various cancers. This work investigated the usefulness of MELK in the prediction of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) prognosis. Methods: Information on MELK expression was obtained by pan-cancer analysis using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The TCGA-liver hepatic cancer (TCGA-LIHC), Oncomine datasets, International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) datasets were used to investigate MELK expression in HCC. The prognostic roles of MELK in HCC were assessed by univariate and multivariate survival analyses. The underlying mechanism for noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) involved in MELK expression was investigated by in silico studies, correlation, methylation, and survival analyses. The relationships between MELK expression and immune cells, immune markers, and checkpoint markers were also analyzed. Results: (1) MELK was identified as an independent predictor of overall survival (OS) in HCC patients (MELK high vs. low expression, HR 2.469; 95% CI 1.217–5.008; p = 0.012) in a multivariate Cox analysis, with a concordance index (C-index) value of 0.727 (95% CI 0.750–0.704). (2) The noncoding RNA miR3142HG and the LINC00265/has-miR-101-3p axis were found to regulate MELK expression in HCC tissue. (3) MELK levels were linked to various immune functions, including tumor infiltration and the expression of immune checkpoints and biomarkers in HCC. Conclusion: MELK may have an oncogenic function in HCC and was found to be up-regulated by ncRNAs and associated with immune cell infiltration and unfavorable prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZiYi Guo
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of JinZhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Zhitu Zhu
- Department of Clinical Trial, Institute of Clinical Bioinformatics, Cancer Center of Jinzhou Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
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T and NK Cell-Based Immunotherapy in Chronic Viral Hepatitis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cells 2022; 11:cells11020180. [PMID: 35053296 PMCID: PMC8773863 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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