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Tessmann JW, Deng P, Durham J, Li C, Banerjee M, Wang Q, Goettl RA, He D, Wang C, Lee EY, Evers BM, Hennig B, Zaytseva YY. Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid exposure leads to downregulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2 expression and upregulation of markers associated with intestinal carcinogenesis in mouse intestinal tissues. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 359:142332. [PMID: 38754493 PMCID: PMC11157449 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) is a widely recognized environment pollutant known for its high bioaccumulation potential and a long elimination half-life. Several studies have shown that PFOS can alter multiple biological pathways and negatively affect human health. Considering the direct exposure to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract to environmental pollutants, PFOS can potentially disrupt intestinal homeostasis. However, there is limited knowledge about the effect of PFOS exposure on normal intestinal tissues, and its contribution to GI-associated diseases remains to be determined. In this study, we examined the effect of PFOS exposure on the gene expression profile of intestinal tissues of C57BL/6 mice using RNAseq analysis. We found that PFOS exposure in drinking water significantly downregulates mitochondrial 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2 (HMGCS2), a rate-limiting ketogenic enzyme, in intestinal tissues of mice. We found that diets containing the soluble fibers inulin and pectin, which are known to be protective against PFOS exposure, were ineffective in reversing the downregulation of HMGCS2 expression in vivo. Analysis of intestinal tissues also demonstrated that PFOS exposure leads to upregulation of proteins implicated in colorectal carcinogenesis, including β-catenin, c-MYC, mTOR and FASN. Consistent with the in vivo results, PFOS exposure leads to downregulation of HMGCS2 in mouse and human normal intestinal organoids in vitro. Furthermore, we show that shRNA-mediated knockdown of HMGCS2 in a human normal intestinal cell line resulted in increased cell proliferation and upregulation of key proliferation-associated proteins such as cyclin D, survivin, ERK1/2 and AKT, along with an increase in lipid accumulation. In summary, our results suggest that PFOS exposure may contribute to pathological changes in normal intestinal cells via downregulation of HMGCS2 expression and upregulation of pro-carcinogenic signaling pathways that may increase the risk of colorectal cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiane Weber Tessmann
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
| | - Pan Deng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Jerika Durham
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
| | - Chang Li
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
| | - Moumita Banerjee
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
| | - Qingding Wang
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
| | - Ryan A Goettl
- Markey Cancer Center Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource Facility, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
| | - Daheng He
- Markey Cancer Center Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource Facility, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
| | - Chi Wang
- Markey Cancer Center Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource Facility, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
| | - Eun Y Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
| | - B Mark Evers
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
| | - Bernhard Hennig
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
| | - Yekaterina Y Zaytseva
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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Miller AL, Fehling SC, Vance RB, Chen D, Brown EJ, Hossain MI, Heard EO, Andrabi SA, Wang H, Yang ES, Buchsbaum DJ, van Waardenburg RCAM, Bellis SL, Yoon KJ. BET inhibition decreases HMGCS2 and sensitizes resistant pancreatic tumors to gemcitabine. Cancer Lett 2024; 592:216919. [PMID: 38704133 PMCID: PMC11309032 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Efforts to develop targetable molecular bases for drug resistance for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) have been equivocally successful. Using RNA-seq and ingenuity pathway analysis we identified that the superpathway of cholesterol biosynthesis is upregulated in gemcitabine resistant (gemR) tumors using a unique PDAC PDX model with resistance to gemcitabine acquired in vivo. Analysis of additional in vitro and in vivo gemR PDAC models showed that HMG-CoA synthase 2 (HMGCS2), an enzyme involved in cholesterol biosynthesis and rate limiting in ketogenesis, is overexpressed in these models. Mechanistic data demonstrate the novel findings that HMGCS2 contributes to gemR and confers metastatic properties in PDAC models, and that HMGCS2 is BRD4 dependent. Further, BET inhibitor JQ1 decreases levels of HMGCS2, sensitizes PDAC cells to gemcitabine, and a combination of gemcitabine and JQ1 induced regressions of gemR tumors in vivo. Our data suggest that decreasing HMGCS2 may reverse gemR, and that HMGCS2 represents a useful therapeutic target for treating gemcitabine resistant PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aubrey L Miller
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Samuel C Fehling
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rebecca B Vance
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Dongquan Chen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Eric Josh Brown
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - M Iqbal Hossain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Eric O Heard
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Shaida A Andrabi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Hengbin Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Eddy S Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Donald J Buchsbaum
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Susan L Bellis
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Karina J Yoon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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Li S, Zhang Y, Xu W, Lv Z, Xu L, Zhao Z, Zhu D, Song Y. C Allele of the PPARδ+294T>C Polymorphism Confers a Higher Risk of Hypercholesterolemia, but not Obesity and Insulin Resistance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Horm Metab Res 2023; 55:355-366. [PMID: 37011890 DOI: 10.1055/a-2043-7707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
The relationships of the PPARα Leu162Val and PPARδ+294 T>C polymorphisms with metabolic indexes have been reported to be inconsistent and even contradictory. The meta-analysis was conducted to clarify the relationships between the two variants and the indexes of obesity, insulin resistance, and blood lipids. PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase, and Cochrane Library were searched for eligible studies. Standardized mean difference with 95% confidence interval was calculated to estimate the differences in the metabolic indexes between the genotypes of the Leu162Val and+294 T>C polymorphisms. Heterogeneity among studies was assessed by Cochran's x2-based Q-statistic test. Publication bias was identified by using Begg's test. Forty-one studies (44 585 subjects) and 33 studies (23 018 subjects) were identified in the analyses for the Leu162Val and+294 T>C polymorphisms, respectively. C allele carriers of the+294 T>C polymorphism had significantly higher levels of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol than TT homozygotes in the whole population. Notably, C allele carriers of the+294 T>C polymorphism had significantly higher levels of triglycerides and total cholesterol in East Asians, but lower levels of triglycerides in West Asians than TT homozygotes. Regarding the Leu162Val polymorphism, it was found that Val allele carriers had significantly higher levels of blood glucose than Leu/Leu homozygotes only in European Caucasians. The meta-analysis demonstrates that C allele of the+294 T>C polymorphism in PPARδ gene confers a higher risk of hypercholesterolemia, which may partly explain the relationship between this variant and coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujin Li
- Central Laboratory, Clinical Medical College & Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Youjin Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Clinical Medical College & Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenhao Xu
- Clinical Medical College of Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhimin Lv
- Clinical Medical College of Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Luying Xu
- Clinical Medical College of Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zixuan Zhao
- Clinical Medical College of Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Zhu
- Clinical Medical College of Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongyan Song
- Central Laboratory, Clinical Medical College & Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
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PPARα Induces the Expression of CAR That Works as a Negative Regulator of PPARα Functions in Mouse Livers. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043953. [PMID: 36835365 PMCID: PMC9960678 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) is a transcription factor that controls the transcription of genes responsible for fatty acid metabolism. We have recently reported a possible drug-drug interaction mechanism via the interaction of PPARα with the xenobiotic nuclear receptor constitutive androstane receptor (CAR). Drug-activated CAR competes with the transcriptional coactivator against PPARα and prevents PPARα-mediated lipid metabolism. In this study, to elucidate the crosstalk between CAR and PPARα, we focused on the influence of PPARα activation on CAR's gene expression and activation. Male C57BL/6N mice (8-12 weeks old, n = 4) were treated with PPARα and CAR activators (fenofibrate and phenobarbital, respectively), and hepatic mRNA levels were determined using quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Reporter assays using the mouse Car promoter were performed in HepG2 cells to determine the PPARα-dependent induction of CAR. CAR KO mice were treated with fenofibrate, and the hepatic mRNA levels of PPARα target genes were determined. Treatment of mice with a PPARα activator increased Car mRNA levels as well as genes related to fatty acid metabolism. In reporter assays, PPARα induced the promoter activity of the Car gene. Mutation of the putative PPARα-binding motif prevented PPARα-dependent induction of reporter activity. In electrophoresis mobility shift assay, PPARα bound to the DR1 motif of the Car promoter. Since CAR has been reported to attenuate PPARα-dependent transcription, CAR was considered a negative feedback protein for PPARα activation. Treatment with fenofibrate induced the mRNA levels of PPARα target genes in Car-null mice more than those in wild-type mice, suggesting that CAR functions as a negative feedback factor for PPARα.
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Mice blocking Ser347 phosphorylation of pregnane x receptor develop hepatic fasting-induced steatosis and hypertriglyceridemia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 615:75-80. [PMID: 35609418 PMCID: PMC9233068 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptor Pregnane X Receptor (PXR; NR1I2) has transcriptional regulation functions for energy homeostasis in the liver. Mouse PXR has a conserved phosphorylation motif at serine 347 (serine 350 in humans) within the ligand-binding domain. PXR phosphorylated at this motif is expressed in mouse livers in response to fasting. Mice with a PXR∗Ser347Ala knockin mutation (PXR KI) were generated to block phosphorylation, and utilized to investigate the role of Ser347 phosphorylation in vivo. PXR KI mice had decreased body weight at 8-weeks of age and had much greater weight loss after fasting compared with PXR WT mice. The cDNA microarray analysis of hepatic mRNAs showed that cell death or apoptotic signaling was induced in fasting PXR KI mice. Moreover, increasing hepatic lipids, triglycerides and the development of hypertriglyceridemia were observed in fasting PXR KI mice. These findings are indicative that blocking phosphorylation prevents mice from maintaining hepatic energy homeostasis. Thus, phosphorylated PXR may be an essential factor to prevent the liver from developing damage caused by fasting.
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Lv Y, Luo YY, Ren HW, Li CJ, Xiang ZX, Luan ZL. The role of pregnane X receptor (PXR) in substance metabolism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:959902. [PMID: 36111293 PMCID: PMC9469194 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.959902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
As a member of the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily, pregnane X receptor (PXR; NR1I2) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that plays a crucial role in the metabolism of xenobiotics and endobiotics in mammals. The tissue distribution of PXR is parallel to its function with high expression in the liver and small intestine and moderate expression in the kidney, stomach, skin, and blood-brain barrier, which are organs and tissues in frequent contact with xenobiotics. PXR was first recognized as an exogenous substance receptor regulating metabolizing enzymes and transporters and functioning in detoxification and drug metabolism in the liver. However, further research revealed that PXR acts as an equally important endogenous substance receptor in the metabolism and homeostasis of endogenous substances. In this review, we summarized the functions of PXR in metabolism of different substances such as glucose, lipid, bile acid, vitamin, minerals, and endocrines, and also included insights of the application of PXR ligands (drugs) in specific diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Lv
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yi-Yang Luo
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Hui-Wen Ren
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Dalian Key Laboratory for Nuclear Receptors in Major Metabolic Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Cheng-Jie Li
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhi-Xin Xiang
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhi-Lin Luan
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Dalian Key Laboratory for Nuclear Receptors in Major Metabolic Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- *Correspondence: Zhi-Lin Luan,
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