Multifaceted and Intricate Oncogenic Mechanisms of NDRG1 in Head and Neck Cancer Depend on Its C-Terminal 3R-Motif

MiRNA Profiling of Areca Nut-Induced Carcinogenesis in Head and Neck Cancer

BACKGROUND

While miRNAs are increasingly recognized for their role in tumorigenesis, their involvement in head and neck cancer (HNC) remains insufficiently explored. Additionally, the carcinogenic mechanisms of areca nut, a major habitual carcinogen in Southeast Asia, are not well understood.

METHODS AND RESULTS

This study adopts a systematic approach to identify miRNA profiles associated with areca nut-induced HNC. Using miRNA microarray analysis, we identified 292 miRNAs dysregulated in areca nut-treated HNC cells, with 136 upregulated and 156 downregulated. Bioinformatic analysis of the TCGA-HNSC dataset uncovered a set of 692 miRNAs relevant to HNC development, comprising 449 overexpressed and 243 underexpressed in tumor tissues. Integrating these datasets, we defined a signature of 84 miRNAs, including 39 oncogenic miRNAs (OncomiRs) and 45 tumor-suppressive miRNAs (TsmiRs), highlighting their pivotal role in areca nut-induced carcinogenesis. MultiMiR analysis identified 740 genes cross-regulated by eight hub TsmiRs, significantly impacting key cancer-related pathways (p53, PI3K-AKT, MAPK, and Ras) and critical oncogenic processes. Moreover, we validated miR-499a-5p as a vital regulator, demonstrating its ability to mitigate areca nut-induced cancer progression by reducing cell migration, invasion, and chemoresistance.

CONCLUSIONS

Thus, this miRNA signature addresses a crucial gap in understanding the molecular underpinnings of areca nut-induced carcinogenesis and offers a promising platform for clinical applications in risk assessment, diagnosis, and prognosis of areca nut-associated malignancies.

N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1 can promote vasculogenic mimicry and angiogenesis in urothelial carcinoma

Urothelial carcinoma (UC) of the bladder is a common cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) is a process by which the malignant cells can generate vascular-like structures formed of periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) positive/CD31 negative extracellular matrix independent of angiogenesis and thus promotes tumor progression. N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) is a protein that can modulate tumor angiogenesis; however, its role in regulating tumor angiogenesis and VM formation has not been previously investigated in UC. This study aims to evaluate the role of intra-tumor microvessel density (MVD) (as a surrogate measure of angiogenesis), VM, and NDRG1 in UC and their correlation with different clinicopathologic features, then assess the correlation between them in UC. Sixty specimens of UC of the bladder were included. PAS-CD31 immunohistochemical double staining method was used to evaluate the intra-tumor MVD and VM. Immunohistochemical expression of NDRG1 was also examined. VM and NDRG1 expression were detected in 41.7% and 83.3% of UC specimens respectively. The mean of intra-tumor MVD, VM area, and NDRG1 was significantly higher in tumors with higher grade, lymphovascular invasion, and higher T stage. NDRG1 expression was positively correlated with MVD and VM. We can suggest that MVD, VM, and NDRG1 may serve as poor prognostic markers for UC. The positive correlation between NDRG1 and both MVD and VM may provide the first evidence that NDRG1 can induce tumor angiogenesis and VM in UC which may offer a novel pathway for further therapeutic strategies.

MiR-630 Promotes Radioresistance by Induction of Anti-Apoptotic Effect via Nrf2-GPX2 Molecular Axis in Head-Neck Cancer

Head and neck cancer (HNC) ranks among the top ten prevalent cancers worldwide. Radiotherapy stands as a pivotal treatment component for HNC; however, radioresistance in cancerous cells often leads to local recurrence, becoming a substantial factor in treatment failure. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are compact, non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression by targeting mRNAs to inhibit protein translation. Although several studies have indicated that the dysregulation of miRNAs is intricately linked with malignant transformation, understanding this molecular family's role in radioresistance remains limited. This study determined the role of miR-630 in regulating radiosensitivity in HNC. We discovered that miR-630 functions as an oncomiR, marked by its overexpression in HNC patients, correlating with a poorer prognosis. We further delineated the malignant function of miR-630 in HNC cells. While it had a minimal impact on cell growth, the miR-630 contributed to radioresistance in HNC cells. This result was supported by decreased cellular apoptosis and caspase enzyme activities. Moreover, miR-630 overexpression mitigated irradiation-induced DNA damage, evidenced by the reduced levels of the γ-H2AX histone protein, a marker for double-strand DNA breaks. Mechanistically, the overexpression of miR-630 decreased the cellular ROS levels and initiated Nrf2 transcriptional activity, resulting in the upregulation of the antioxidant enzyme GPX2. Thus, this study elucidates that miR-630 augments radioresistance by inducing an anti-apoptotic effect via the Nrf2-GPX2 molecular axis in HNC. The modulation of miR-630 may serve as a novel radiosensitizing target for HNC.

Molecular Signature of Long Non-Coding RNA Associated with Areca Nut-Induced Head and Neck Cancer

The areca nut is a high-risk carcinogen for head and neck cancer (HNC) patients in Southeast Asia. The underlying molecular mechanism of areca nut-induced HNC remains unclear, especially regarding the role of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA). This study employed a systemic strategy to identify lncRNA signatures related to areca nut-induced HNC. In total, 84 cancer-related lncRNAs were identified. Using a PCR array method, 28 lncRNAs were identified as being dysregulated in HNC cells treated with areca nut (17 upregulated and 11 downregulated). Using bioinformatics analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas Head-Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (TCGA-HNSC) dataset, 45 lncRNAs were differentially expressed in tumor tissues from HNC patients (39 over- and 6 under-expressions). The integrated evaluation showed 10 lncRNAs dysregulated by the areca nut and altered expression in patients, suggesting that these panel molecules participate in areca nut-induced HNC. Five oncogenic (LUCAT1, MIR31HG, UCA1, HIF1A-AS2, and SUMO1P3) and tumor-suppressive (LINC00312) lncRNAs were independently validated, and three key molecules were further examined. Pathway prediction revealed that LUCAT1, UCA1, and MIR31HG modulate multiple oncogenic mechanisms, including stress response and cellular motility. Clinical assessment showed that these lncRNAs exhibited biomarker potentials in diagnosis (area under the curve = 0.815 for LUCAT1) and a worse prognosis (both p < 0.05, survival analysis). Cellular studies further demonstrated that MIR31HG facilitates areca nut-induced cancer progression, as silencing this molecule attenuated arecoline-induced invasion ability in HNC cells. This study identified lncRNA signatures that play a role in areca nut-induced HNC. These molecules may be further applied in risk assessment, diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutics for areca nut-associated malignancies.

The Ni(II)-Binding Activity of the Intrinsically Disordered Region of Human NDRG1, a Protein Involved in Cancer Development

Nickel exposure is associated with tumors of the respiratory tract such as lung and nasal cancers, acting through still-uncharacterized mechanisms. Understanding the molecular basis of nickel-induced carcinogenesis requires unraveling the mode and the effects of Ni(II) binding to its intracellular targets. A possible Ni(II)-binding protein and a potential focus for cancer treatment is hNDRG1, a protein induced by Ni(II) through the hypoxia response pathway, whose expression correlates with higher cancer aggressiveness and resistance to chemotherapy in lung tissue. The protein sequence contains a unique C-terminal sequence of 83 residues (hNDRG1*C), featuring a three-times-repeated decapeptide, involved in metal binding, lipid interaction and post-translational phosphorylation. In the present work, the biochemical and biophysical characterization of unmodified hNDRG1*C was performed. Bioinformatic analysis assigned it to the family of the intrinsically disordered regions and the absence of secondary and tertiary structure was experimentally proven by circular dichroism and NMR. Isothermal titration calorimetry revealed the occurrence of a Ni(II)-binding event with micromolar affinity. Detailed information on the Ni(II)-binding site and on the residues involved was obtained in an extensive NMR study, revealing an octahedral paramagnetic metal coordination that does not cause any major change of the protein backbone, which is coherent with CD analysis. hNDRG1*C was found in a monomeric form by light-scattering experiments, while the full-length hNDRG1 monomer was found in equilibrium between the dimer and tetramer, both in solution and in human cell lines. The results are the first essential step for understanding the cellular function of hNDRG1*C at the molecular level, with potential future applications to clarify its role and the role of Ni(II) in cancer development.