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Wang N, Waghray D, Caveney NA, Jude KM, Garcia KC. Structural insights into human MHC-II association with invariant chain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2403031121. [PMID: 38687785 PMCID: PMC11087810 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2403031121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The loading of processed peptides on to major histocompatibility complex II (MHC-II) molecules for recognition by T cells is vital to cell-mediated adaptive immunity. As part of this process, MHC-II associates with the invariant chain (Ii) during biosynthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum to prevent premature peptide loading and to serve as a scaffold for subsequent proteolytic processing into MHC-II-CLIP. Cryo-electron microscopy structures of full-length Human Leukocyte Antigen-DR (HLA-DR) and HLA-DQ complexes associated with Ii, resolved at 3.0 to 3.1 Å, elucidate the trimeric assembly of the HLA/Ii complex and define atomic-level interactions between HLA, Ii transmembrane domains, loop domains, and class II-associated invariant chain peptides (CLIP). Together with previous structures of MHC-II peptide loading intermediates DO and DM, our findings complete the structural path governing class II antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- HHMI, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Deepa Waghray
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Nathanael A. Caveney
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Kevin M. Jude
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- HHMI, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
| | - K. Christopher Garcia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- HHMI, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
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Zhang H, Zhang X, Li H, Wang B, Chen P, Meng J. The roles of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in retinal diseases. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:309-315. [PMID: 37488883 PMCID: PMC10503606 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.379020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a multifunctional cytokine, is secreted by various cells and participates in inflammatory reactions, including innate and adaptive immunity. There are some evidences that MIF is involved in many vitreoretinal diseases. For example, MIF can exacerbate many types of uveitis; measurements of MIF levels can be used to monitor the effectiveness of uveitis treatment. MIF also alleviates trauma-induced and glaucoma-induced optic nerve damage. Furthermore, MIF is critical for retinal/choroidal neovascularization, especially complex neovascularization. MIF exacerbates retinal degeneration; thus, anti-MIF therapy may help to mitigate retinal degeneration. MIF protects uveal melanoma from attacks by natural killer cells. The mechanism underlying the effects of MIF in these diseases has been demonstrated: it binds to cluster of differentiation 74, inhibits the c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway, and triggers mitogen-activated protein kinases, extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2, and the phosphoinositide-3-kinase/Akt pathway. MIF also upregulates Toll-like receptor 4 and activates the nuclear factor kappa-B signaling pathway. This review focuses on the structure and function of MIF and its receptors, including the effects of MIF on uveal inflammation, retinal degeneration, optic neuropathy, retinal/choroidal neovascularization, and uveal melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbing Zhang
- Shaanxi Institute of Ophthalmology, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xianjiao Zhang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Hongsong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Pei Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jiamin Meng
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
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Hallmarks of Cancer Affected by the MIF Cytokine Family. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15020395. [PMID: 36672343 PMCID: PMC9856758 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15020395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
New diagnostic methods and treatments have significantly decreased the mortality rates of cancer patients, but further improvements are warranted based on the identification of novel tumor-promoting molecules that can serve as therapeutic targets. The macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) family of cytokines, comprising MIF and DDT (also known as MIF2), are overexpressed in almost all cancer types, and their high expressions are related to a worse prognosis for the patients. MIF is involved in 9 of the 10 hallmarks of cancer, and its inhibition by antibodies, nanobodies, or small synthetic molecules has shown promising results. Even though DDT is also proposed to be involved in several of the hallmarks of cancer, the available information about its pro-tumoral role and mechanism of action is more limited. Here, we provide an overview of the involvement of both MIF and DDT in cancer, and we propose that blocking both cytokines is needed to obtain the maximum anti-tumor response.
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Espinar-Buitrago M, Muñoz-Fernández MA. New Approaches to Dendritic Cell-Based Therapeutic Vaccines Against HIV-1 Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 12:719664. [PMID: 35058917 PMCID: PMC8763680 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.719664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the success of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) in recent years, the pathological outcome of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection has improved substantially, achieving undetectable viral loads in most cases. Nevertheless, the presence of a viral reservoir formed by latently infected cells results in patients having to maintain treatment for life. In the absence of effective eradication strategies against HIV-1, research efforts are focused on obtaining a cure. One of these approaches is the creation of therapeutic vaccines. In this sense, the most promising one up to now is based on the establishing of the immunological synapse between dendritic cells (DCs) and T lymphocytes (TL). DCs are one of the first cells of the immune system to encounter HIV-1 by acting as antigen presenting cells, bringing about the interaction between innate and adaptive immune responses mediated by TL. Furthermore, TL are the end effector, and their response capacity is essential in the adaptive elimination of cells infected by pathogens. In this review, we summarize the knowledge of the interaction between DCs with TL, as well as the characterization of the specific T-cell response against HIV-1 infection. The use of nanotechnology in the design and improvement of vaccines based on DCs has been researched and presented here with a special emphasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisierra Espinar-Buitrago
- Section Head Immunology, Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (HGUGM), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ma Angeles Muñoz-Fernández
- Section Head Immunology, Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (HGUGM), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain.,Spanish Human Immunodeficiency Virus- Hospital Gregorio Marañón (HIV-HGM) BioBank, Madrid, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
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Interplay between soluble CD74 and macrophage-migration inhibitory factor drives tumor growth and influences patient survival in melanoma. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:117. [PMID: 35121729 PMCID: PMC8816905 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04552-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Soluble forms of receptors play distinctive roles in modulating signal-transduction pathways. Soluble CD74 (sCD74) has been identified in sera of inflammatory diseases and implicated in their pathophysiology; however, few relevant data are available in the context of cancer. Here we assessed the composition and production mechanisms, as well as the clinical significance and biological properties, of sCD74 in melanoma. Serum sCD74 levels were significantly elevated in advanced melanoma patients compared with normal healthy donors, and the high ratio of sCD74 to macrophage-migration inhibitory factor (MIF) conferred significant predictive value for prolonged survival in these patients (p = 0.0035). Secretion of sCD74 was observed primarily in melanoma cell lines as well as a THP-1 line of macrophages from monocytes and primary macrophages, especially in response to interferon-γ (IFN-γ). A predominant form that showed clinical relevance was the 25-KDa sCD74, which originated from the 33-KDa isoform of CD74. The release of this sCD74 was regulated by either a disintegrin and metalloproteinase-mediated cell-surface cleavage or cysteine-protease-mediated lysosomal cleavage, depending on cell types. Both recombinant and THP-1 macrophage-released endogenous sCD74 suppressed melanoma cell growth and induced apoptosis under IFN-γ stimulatory conditions via inhibiting the MIF/CD74/AKT-survival pathway. Our findings demonstrate that the interplay between sCD74 and MIF regulates tumor progression and determines patient outcomes in advanced melanoma.
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Sánchez-Zuno GA, Bucala R, Hernández-Bello J, Román-Fernández IV, García-Chagollán M, Nicoletti F, Matuz-Flores MG, García-Arellano S, Esparza-Michel JA, Cerpa-Cruz S, Pérez-Guerrero EE, Muñoz-Valle JF. Canonical (CD74/CD44) and Non-Canonical (CXCR2, 4 and 7) MIF Receptors Are Differentially Expressed in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Evaluated by DAS28-ESR. J Clin Med 2021; 11:jcm11010120. [PMID: 35011861 PMCID: PMC8745239 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11010120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) significantly contributes to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) pathogenesis. We aimed to evaluate the canonical (CD74/CD44) and non-canonical MIF receptors (CXCR2,4 and 7) expression and sCD74 to establish their association with RA clinical activity according to DAS28-ESR. METHODOLOGY 101 RA patients with different clinical activities (remission (n = 27), low (n = 16), moderate (n = 35) and high (n = 23)) and 9 control subjects (CS) were included. Expression was evaluated by flow cytometry and levels of soluble CD74 (sCD74) by ELISA. Data analysis was performed with FlowJov10.0, STATAv12.0, and GraphPad Prism v7.0. RESULTS According to disease activity, CXCR7 expression (percentage of expression and mean fluorescence intensity (MFI)) was higher in granulocytes from patients in remission, while the expression of CXCR4 was higher in patients with high disease activity (p < 0.05). The expression of CD74 was higher in B cells (p < 0.05) and monocytes (p < 0.01) from patients in remission. Regarding sCD74 levels these were higher in patients with high disease activity when compared to those in remission (p <0.05). CONCLUSIONS The results support the need for further study of the role of sCD74 as a soluble MIF decoy receptor, sequestering it to negatively regulate MIF signaling though its membrane receptors. The expression patterns of CXCR4 and CXCR7 show that the latter is a scavenger-type receptor that prevents endocytosis and even degradation of CXCR4 under inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Athziri Sánchez-Zuno
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico; (G.A.S.-Z.); (J.H.-B.); (I.V.R.-F.); (M.G.-C.); (M.G.M.-F.); (S.G.-A.); (J.A.E.-M.); (E.E.P.-G.)
| | - Richard Bucala
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA;
| | - Jorge Hernández-Bello
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico; (G.A.S.-Z.); (J.H.-B.); (I.V.R.-F.); (M.G.-C.); (M.G.M.-F.); (S.G.-A.); (J.A.E.-M.); (E.E.P.-G.)
| | - Ilce Valeria Román-Fernández
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico; (G.A.S.-Z.); (J.H.-B.); (I.V.R.-F.); (M.G.-C.); (M.G.M.-F.); (S.G.-A.); (J.A.E.-M.); (E.E.P.-G.)
| | - Mariel García-Chagollán
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico; (G.A.S.-Z.); (J.H.-B.); (I.V.R.-F.); (M.G.-C.); (M.G.M.-F.); (S.G.-A.); (J.A.E.-M.); (E.E.P.-G.)
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Mónica Guadalupe Matuz-Flores
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico; (G.A.S.-Z.); (J.H.-B.); (I.V.R.-F.); (M.G.-C.); (M.G.M.-F.); (S.G.-A.); (J.A.E.-M.); (E.E.P.-G.)
| | - Samuel García-Arellano
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico; (G.A.S.-Z.); (J.H.-B.); (I.V.R.-F.); (M.G.-C.); (M.G.M.-F.); (S.G.-A.); (J.A.E.-M.); (E.E.P.-G.)
| | - Judith Alejandra Esparza-Michel
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico; (G.A.S.-Z.); (J.H.-B.); (I.V.R.-F.); (M.G.-C.); (M.G.M.-F.); (S.G.-A.); (J.A.E.-M.); (E.E.P.-G.)
| | - Sergio Cerpa-Cruz
- Servicio de Reumatología, O.P.D. Hospital Civil de Guadalajara “Fray Antonio Alcalde”, Jalisco 44280, Mexico;
| | - Edsaúl Emilio Pérez-Guerrero
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico; (G.A.S.-Z.); (J.H.-B.); (I.V.R.-F.); (M.G.-C.); (M.G.M.-F.); (S.G.-A.); (J.A.E.-M.); (E.E.P.-G.)
| | - José Francisco Muñoz-Valle
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico; (G.A.S.-Z.); (J.H.-B.); (I.V.R.-F.); (M.G.-C.); (M.G.M.-F.); (S.G.-A.); (J.A.E.-M.); (E.E.P.-G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-(33)-1058-5200 (ext. 33603)
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Expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor and its receptor CD74 in systemic sclerosis. Cent Eur J Immunol 2021; 46:375-383. [PMID: 34764810 PMCID: PMC8574103 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2021.109756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) has been associated with the
pathogenesis of several rheumatic diseases. In systemic sclerosis (SSc) it has
been shown that MIF expression is dysregulated in serum and skin. However, the
MIF receptor, CD74, has been poorly investigated and its potential role in the
pathogenesis of SSc remains unknown. This study aimed to analyze mRNA, tissue,
and serum expression of MIF and CD74 in patients with limited (lcSSc) and
diffuse (dcSSc) systemic sclerosis. A case-control study in 20 SSc patients and
20 control subjects (CS) from southern México was conducted. MIF and CD74
mRNA expression levels were quantified by real-time PCR, MIF serum levels were
measured by an ELISA kit, and MIF and its receptor CD74 were evaluated by
immunohistochemistry of skin biopsies. MIF mRNA expression was significantly
higher in CS than in SSc patients (p = 0.02), while CD74 showed no differences
between patients and CS. MIF serum levels were similar between SSc patients and
CS: dcSSc = 3.82 ng/ml, lcSSc = 3.57 ng/ml, and CS = 3.28 ng/ml. In skin
biopsies of SSc, MIF and CD74 were enhanced in keratinocytes, while they showed
decreased expression in endothelial cells. On the other hand, the staining of
CD74 was high in fibroblasts of dcSSc patients. Our findings show MIF and CD74
deregulation at the transcriptional and translational levels in SSc, which might
be associated with the proinflammatory process leading to tissue remodeling and
excessive fibrosis in SSc.
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Cloutier M, Fortin JS, Thibodeau J. The transmembrane domain and luminal C-terminal region independently support invariant chain trimerization and assembly with MHCII into nonamers. BMC Immunol 2021; 22:56. [PMID: 34384367 PMCID: PMC8362237 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-021-00444-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Invariant chain (CD74, Ii) is a multifunctional protein expressed in antigen presenting cells. It assists the ER exit of various cargos and serves as a receptor for the macrophage migration inhibitory factor. The newly translated Ii chains trimerize, a structural feature that is not readily understood in the context of its MHCII chaperoning function. Two segments of Ii, the luminal C-terminal region (TRIM) and the transmembrane domain (TM), have been shown to participate in the trimerization process but their relative importance and impact on the assembly with MHCII molecules remains debated. Here, we addressed the requirement of these domains in the trimerization of human Ii as well as in the oligomerization with MHCII molecules. We used site-directed mutagenesis to generate series of Ii and DR mutants. These were transiently transfected in HEK293T cells to test their cell surface expression and analyse their interactions by co-immunoprecipitations. Results Our results showed that the TRIM domain is not essential for Ii trimerization nor for intracellular trafficking with MHCII molecules. We also gathered evidence that in the absence of TM, TRIM allows the formation of multi-subunit complexes with HLA-DR. Similarly, in the absence of TRIM, Ii can assemble into high-order structures with MHCII molecules. Conclusions Altogether, our data show that trimerization of Ii through either TM or TRIM sustains nonameric complex formation with MHCII molecules. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12865-021-00444-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryse Cloutier
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie Moléculaire, Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Succ Centre-Ville, CP 6128, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Jean-Simon Fortin
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie Moléculaire, Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Succ Centre-Ville, CP 6128, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Jacques Thibodeau
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie Moléculaire, Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Succ Centre-Ville, CP 6128, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada.
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9
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Li L, Chen R, Lin YT, Humayun A, Fornace AJ, Li HH. 3,3'-Diindolylmethane Enhances Tumor Regression After Radiation Through Protecting Normal Cells to Modulate Antitumor Immunity. Adv Radiat Oncol 2021; 6:100601. [PMID: 33490731 PMCID: PMC7811120 DOI: 10.1016/j.adro.2020.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Preclinical and clinical data indicate that radiation therapy acts as an immune modifier, having both immune-stimulatory and immunosuppressive effects on the tumor-immune microenvironment (TIME). 3.3’-diindolylmethane (DIM) sensitizes tumor cells to radiation and protects mice from lethal doses of total body irradiation. We hypothesize that protecting nontumoral cells from the adverse effects of radiation treatment (RT) may help to correct immunosuppression resulting from radiation. Methods and Materials We generated tumor graft models using immune-competent and immune-deficient mouse strains. Narrow-beamed radiation was targeted to tumor sites using shielding. Tumor regression was monitored after DIM and RT versus RT alone. The effects of DIM on the efficacy of RT were assessed using immunohistochemistry staining and gene expression profiling. Complete blood counts, clonogenic cell survival assays, and global gene expression profiling of cultured cells were performed to study DIM’s radioprotective effects on normal cells. Results DIM enhanced tumor regression after RT in immune-competent but not immune-deficient mice. Data indicated that DIM increased intratumoral immune cells after RT, contributing to enhanced immunologic responses such as adhesion and antigen processing. DIM protected normal cells from radiation-induced immediate injuries in vitro and in vivo. Transcriptomic profiling of cultured cells showed that DIM treatment mildly increased expression of some genes that are normally induced after radiation, such as genes involved in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Conclusions In this study, using cultured cells and preclinical breast cancer models, we show that DIM protects normal cells from radiation-induced immediate cellular injury and combination treatment of DIM and radiation potentiates antitumor immune responses and enhances the efficacy of RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Li
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Renxiang Chen
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Yun-Tien Lin
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Arslon Humayun
- Georgetown College, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Albert J Fornace
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC.,Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Heng-Hong Li
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC.,Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
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Balhorn R, Balhorn MC. Therapeutic applications of the selective high affinity ligand drug SH7139 extend beyond non-Hodgkin's lymphoma to many other types of solid cancers. Oncotarget 2020; 11:3315-3349. [PMID: 32934776 PMCID: PMC7476732 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
SH7139, the first of a series of selective high affinity ligand (SHAL) oncology drug candidates designed to target and bind to the HLA-DR proteins overexpressed by B-cell lymphomas, has demonstrated exceptional efficacy in the treatment of Burkitt lymphoma xenografts in mice and a safety profile that may prove to be unprecedented for an oncology drug. The aim of this study was to determine how frequently the HLA-DRs targeted by SH7139 are expressed by different subtypes of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and by other solid cancers that have been reported to express HLA-DR. Binding studies conducted with SH7129, a biotinylated analog of SH7139, reveal that more than half of the biopsy sections obtained from patients with different types of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma express the HLA-DRs targeted by SH7139. Similar analyses of tumor biopsy tissue obtained from patients diagnosed with eighteen other solid cancers show the majority of these tumors also express the HLA-DRs targeted by SH7139. Cervical, ovarian, colorectal and prostate cancers expressed the most HLA-DR. Only a few esophageal and head and neck tumors bound the diagnostic. Within an individual’s tumor, cell to cell differences in HLA-DR target expression varied by only 2 to 3-fold while the expression levels in tumors obtained from different patients varied as much as 10 to 100-fold. The high frequency with which SH7129 was observed to bind to these cancers suggests that many patients diagnosed with B-cell lymphomas, myelomas, and other non-hematological cancers should be considered potential candidates for new therapies such as SH7139 that target HLA-DR-expressing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rod Balhorn
- SHAL Technologies Inc., Livermore, CA 94550, USA
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11
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Thibodeau J, Moulefera MA, Balthazard R. On the structure–function of MHC class II molecules and how single amino acid polymorphisms could alter intracellular trafficking. Hum Immunol 2019; 80:15-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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12
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Drake JR. The immunobiology of ubiquitin-dependent B cell receptor functions. Mol Immunol 2018; 101:146-154. [PMID: 29940407 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
MHC class II-restricted antigen presentation by dendritic cells is necessary for activation of naïve CD4 T cells, whereas class II-restricted antigen presentation by B lymphocytes and macrophages is important for the recruitment of CD4+ helper and regulatory T cells. Antigen presentation by B cells is also important for induction of T cell tolerance. B cells are unique among these three types of MHC class II-expressing antigen presenting cells (APC) as they constitutively express high levels of cell surface class II molecules and express a clonally restricted antigen specific receptor, the B cell receptor (BCR). Here, I review our current understanding of three major steps that underlie the processing and presentation of BCR-bound cognate antigen: (1) endocytosis of antigen-BCR (Ag-BCR) complexes, (2) Ag-BCR trafficking to intracellular antigen processing compartments and (3) generation of antigenic peptide-MHC class II complexes, with a particular focus on the role of BCR ubiquitination in each. I will highlight potential topics for future research and briefly discuss the impact of the cell biology of BCR-mediated antigen processing on the response of the B cell and T cell to the cell-cell interactions mediated by B cell-expressed peptide-class II complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Drake
- Albany Medical College, Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, 47 New Scotland Ave., MC-151, Albany, NY 12208-3479, United States.
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13
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Nothnick WB, Falcone T, Olson MR, Fazleabas AT, Tawfik OW, Graham A. Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Receptor, CD74, is Overexpressed in Human and Baboon ( Papio Anubis) Endometriotic Lesions and Modulates Endometriotic Epithelial Cell Survival and Interleukin 8 Expression. Reprod Sci 2018; 25:1557-1566. [PMID: 29592775 DOI: 10.1177/1933719118766262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
CD74 is the primary receptor for macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). Although expression of MIF has been described in endometriotic lesions, the cellular localization and function of the MIF receptor, CD74, are poorly understood. To further explore the role of CD74 in the pathophysiology of endometriosis, we utilized specimens from women with diagnostically confirmed endometriosis, women with no signs or symptoms of endometriosis (controls), and 8 baboons with experimentally induced endometriosis. Compared to eutopic endometrium from women with endometriosis, CD74 transcript expression was significantly increased in endometriotic lesion tissue. Similarly, cellular expression of CD74 was significantly greater in ectopic lesion tissue compared to paired eutopic endometrium, which both expressed greater CD74 expression compared to eutopic endometrium from control patients. Localization of CD74 was predominant to epithelial cells of ectopic and matched eutopic endometrium and was not influenced by the stage of the menstrual cycle. Eutopic endometrium from control patients did not express detectable levels of CD74 protein by immunohistochemistry. This pattern of expression and CD74 protein localization could be recapitulated in endometriotic lesion tissue from baboons with experimentally induced disease. Transfection of the endometriotic epithelial cell lines, 12Z with CD74 short hairpin RNA (shRNA), resulted in a significant decrease in CD74 protein expression, which was associated with a significant reduction in cellular proliferation as well as the expression of the prosurvival cytokine interleukin 8. Together, these data support the hypothesis that CD74 is elevated in endometriotic lesion tissue and may contribute to the pathogenesis of endometriosis by promoting cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren B Nothnick
- 1 Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.,2 Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Tommaso Falcone
- 3 Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mark R Olson
- 4 Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Asgerally T Fazleabas
- 4 Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Ossama W Tawfik
- 5 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Amanda Graham
- 1 Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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14
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Kok T, Wasiel AA, Dekker FJ, Poelarends GJ, Cool RH. High yield production of human invariant chain CD74 constructs fused to solubility-enhancing peptides and characterization of their MIF-binding capacities. Protein Expr Purif 2018; 148:46-53. [PMID: 29601965 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The HLA class II histocompatibility antigen gamma chain, also known as HLA-DR antigen-associated invariant chain or CD74, has been shown to be involved in many biological processes amongst which antigen loading and transport of MHC class II molecules from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi complex. It is also part of a receptor complex for macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), and participates in inflammatory signaling. The inhibition of MIF-CD74 complex formation is regarded as a potentially attractive therapeutic target in inflammation, cancer and immune diseases. In order to be able to produce large quantities of the extracellular moiety of human CD74, which has been reported to be unstable and protease-sensitive, different constructs were made as fusions with two solubility enhancers: the well-known maltose-binding domain and Fh8, a small protein secreted by the parasite Fasciola hepatica. The fusion proteins could be purified with high yields from Escherichia coli and were demonstrated to be active in binding to MIF. Moreover, our results strongly suggest that the MIF binding site is located in the sequence between the transmembrane and the membrane-distal trimerisation domain of CD74, and comprises at least amino acids 113-125 of CD74.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjie Kok
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands; Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Surabaya, Jalan Raya Kalirungkut, Surabaya, 60292, Indonesia
| | - Anna A Wasiel
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J Dekker
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit J Poelarends
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robbert H Cool
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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15
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Zavašnik-Bergant T, Vidmar R, Sekirnik A, Fonović M, Salát J, Grunclová L, Kopáček P, Turk B. Salivary Tick Cystatin OmC2 Targets Lysosomal Cathepsins S and C in Human Dendritic Cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:288. [PMID: 28713775 PMCID: PMC5492865 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To ensure successful feeding tick saliva contains a number of inhibitory proteins that interfere with the host immune response and help to create a permissive environment for pathogen transmission. Among the potential targets of the salivary cystatins are two host cysteine proteases, cathepsin S, which is essential for antigen- and invariant chain-processing, and cathepsin C (dipeptidyl peptidase 1, DPP1), which plays a critical role in processing and activation of the granule serine proteases. Here, the effect of salivary cystatin OmC2 from Ornithodoros moubata was studied using differentiated MUTZ-3 cells as a model of immature dendritic cells of the host skin. Following internalization, cystatin OmC2 was initially found to inhibit the activity of several cysteine cathepsins, as indicated by the decreased rates of degradation of fluorogenic peptide substrates. To identify targets, affinity chromatography was used to isolate His-tagged cystatin OmC2 together with the bound proteins from MUTZ-3 cells. Cathepsins S and C were identified in these complexes by mass spectrometry and confirmed by immunoblotting. Furthermore, reduced increase in the surface expression of MHC II and CD86, which are associated with the maturation of dendritic cells, was observed. In contrast, human inhibitor cystatin C, which is normally expressed and secreted by dendritic cells, did not affect the expression of CD86. It is proposed that internalization of salivary cystatin OmC2 by the host dendritic cells targets cathepsins S and C, thereby affecting their maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Zavašnik-Bergant
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan InstituteLjubljana, Slovenia
| | - Robert Vidmar
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan InstituteLjubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andreja Sekirnik
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan InstituteLjubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Fonović
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan InstituteLjubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jiří Salát
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of SciencesČeské Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Lenka Grunclová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of SciencesČeské Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Petr Kopáček
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of SciencesČeské Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Boris Turk
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan InstituteLjubljana, Slovenia.,Centre of Excellence for Integrated Approaches in Chemistry and Biology of ProteinsLjubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of LjubljanaLjubljana, Slovenia
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