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Deng H, Gao J, Cao B, Qiu Z, Li T, Zhao R, Li H, Wei B. LncRNA CCAT2 promotes malignant progression of metastatic gastric cancer through regulating CD44 alternative splicing. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2023; 46:1675-1690. [PMID: 37354353 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-023-00835-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most malignant tumors worldwide. Thus, it is necessary to explore the underlying mechanisms of GC progression and develop novel therapeutic regimens. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been demonstrated to be abnormally expressed and regulate the malignant behaviors of cancer cells. Our previous research demonstrated that lncRNA colon cancer-associated transcript 2 (CCAT2) has potential value for GC diagnosis and discrimination. However, the functional mechanisms of lncRNA CCAT2 in GC development remain to be explored. METHODS GC and normal adjacent tissues were collected to detect the expression of lncRNA CCAT2, ESRP1 and CD44 in clinical specimens and their clinical significance for GC patients. Cell counting kit-8, wound healing and transwell assays were conducted to investigate the malignant behaviors in vitro. The generation of nude mouse xenografts by subcutaneous, intraperitoneal and tail vein injection was performed to examine GC growth and metastasis in vivo. Co-immunoprecipitation, RNA-binding protein pull-down assay and fluorescence in situ hybridization were performed to reveal the binding relationships between ESRP1 and CD44. RESULTS In the present study, lncRNA CCAT2 was overexpressed in GC tissues compared to adjacent normal tissues and correlated with short survival time of patients. lncRNA CCAT2 promoted the proliferation, migration and invasion of GC cells. Its overexpression modulates alternative splicing of Cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44) variants and facilitates the conversion from the standard form to variable CD44 isoform 6 (CD44v6). Mechanistically, lncRNA CCAT2 upregulated CD44v6 expression by binding to epithelial splicing regulatory protein 1 (ESRP1), which subsequently mediates CD44 alternative splicing. The oncogenic role of the lncRNA CCAT2/ESRP1/CD44 axis in the promotion of malignant behaviors was verified by both in vivo and in vitro experiments. CONCLUSIONS Our findings identified a novel mechanism by which lncRNA CCAT2, as a type of protein-binding RNA, regulates alternative splicing of CD44 and promotes GC progression. This axis may become an effective target for clinical diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Deng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China
- Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Rd, Beijing, 100853, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Jingwang Gao
- Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Rd, Beijing, 100853, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Bo Cao
- Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Rd, Beijing, 100853, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Ziyu Qiu
- Health Service Department of the Guard Bureau of the General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Tian Li
- School of Basic Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Ruiyang Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Rd, Beijing, 100853, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Hanghang Li
- Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Rd, Beijing, 100853, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Bo Wei
- Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Rd, Beijing, 100853, China.
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, China.
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Lodewijk I, Dueñas M, Paramio JM, Rubio C. CD44v6, STn & O-GD2: promising tumor associated antigens paving the way for new targeted cancer therapies. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1272681. [PMID: 37854601 PMCID: PMC10579806 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1272681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted therapies are the state of the art in oncology today, and every year new Tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) are developed for preclinical research and clinical trials, but few of them really change the therapeutic scenario. Difficulties, either to find antigens that are solely expressed in tumors or the generation of good binders to these antigens, represent a major bottleneck. Specialized cellular mechanisms, such as differential splicing and glycosylation processes, are a good source of neo-antigen expression. Changes in these processes generate surface proteins that, instead of showing decreased or increased antigen expression driven by enhanced mRNA processing, are aberrant in nature and therefore more specific targets to elicit a precise anti-tumor therapy. Here, we present promising TAAs demonstrated to be potential targets for cancer monitoring, targeted therapy and the generation of new immunotherapy tools, such as recombinant antibodies and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell (CAR-T) or Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Engineered Natural Killer (CAR-NK) for specific tumor killing, in a wide variety of tumor types. Specifically, this review is a detailed update on TAAs CD44v6, STn and O-GD2, describing their origin as well as their current and potential use as disease biomarker and therapeutic target in a diversity of tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Lodewijk
- Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital “12 de Octubre”, Madrid, Spain
- Molecular Oncology Unit, CIEMAT (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas), Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center on Oncology-CIBERONC, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Dueñas
- Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital “12 de Octubre”, Madrid, Spain
- Molecular Oncology Unit, CIEMAT (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas), Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center on Oncology-CIBERONC, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesus M. Paramio
- Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital “12 de Octubre”, Madrid, Spain
- Molecular Oncology Unit, CIEMAT (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas), Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center on Oncology-CIBERONC, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Rubio
- Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital “12 de Octubre”, Madrid, Spain
- Molecular Oncology Unit, CIEMAT (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas), Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center on Oncology-CIBERONC, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
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Nakagomi E, Mikami T, Funahashi K, Okazumi S, Shibuya K, Hiruta N, Igarashi Y. Cancer stem cell markers CD44v9+/CD133- are associated with low apoptosis in both sporadic and ulcerative colitis-associated colorectal cancers. Histol Histopathol 2022; 37:587-595. [PMID: 35224715 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To elucidate tumor cell behavior associated with cancer stem cell (CSC) marker expression, the expression of CD133, CD44v9, and ALDH1A1, which are considered markers of CSCs, was examined in sporadic and ulcerative colitis (UC)-associated colorectal tumors. METHODS A total of 23 cases of sporadic colorectal cancer and 44 cases of adenoma were collected. Additionally, 22 cancer lesions and 38 dysplasia lesions were selected from 28 colectomy cases of UC with neoplastic lesions. Lesions were examined by immunohistochemistry using primary antibodies against CD133, CD44v9, ALDH1A1, Ki-67, cleaved-Caspase 3, and p53. RESULTS CD133, CD44v9, and ALDH1A1 showed higher expression in both sporadic and UC-associated tumors than in the normal mucosa. ALDH1A1 expression in sporadic cancer was higher in the right colon than in the left colon (p=0.0089). ALDH1A1 expression in UC-associated cancer was higher in those with longer disease duration than in those with shorter disease duration (p=0.019). The CD44v9+/CD133- region had fewer cleaved-Caspase 3 positive cells in both sporadic and UC-associated cancers. In sporadic cancer, CD133+/ALDH1A1+ regions had fewer apoptotic cells than CD133+/ALDH1A1- regions, while CD133+/ALDH1A1- regions were less proliferative than CD133+/ALDH1A1+ regions in UC-associated cancer. CONCLUSION CD44+/CD133- regions were commonly associated with low apoptosis in sporadic and UC-associated cancers; thus, these were considered target areas for CSCs. Additionally, the combination of markers comprising CSCs may differ between sporadic and UC-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Nakagomi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University Medical Center Omori Hospital, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetuo Mikami
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kimihiko Funahashi
- Division of General and Gastroenterological Surgery, Department of Surgery, Toho University Medical Center Omori Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Okazumi
- Department of Surgery, Toho University Medical Center Sakura Hospital, Sakura, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Shibuya
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Toho University Medical Center Omori Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Hiruta
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Toho University Medical Center Sakura Hospital, Sakura, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Igarashi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University Medical Center Omori Hospital, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Szczykutowicz J, Tkaczuk-Włach J, Ferens-Sieczkowska M. Glycoproteins Presenting Galactose and N-Acetylgalactosamine in Human Seminal Plasma as Potential Players Involved in Immune Modulation in the Fertilization Process. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147331. [PMID: 34298952 PMCID: PMC8303229 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In light of recent research, there is increasing evidence showing that extracellular semen components have a significant impact on the immune reaction of the female partner, leading to the tolerogenic response enabling the embryo development and implantation as well as further progress of healthy pregnancy. Seminal plasma glycoproteins are rich in the unique immunomodulatory glycoepitopes that may serve as ligands for endogenous lectins that decorate the surface of immune cells. Such interaction may be involved in modulation of the maternal immune response. Among immunomodulatory glycans, Lewis type antigens have been of interest for at least two decades, while the importance of T/Tn antigens and related structures is still far from understanding. In the current work, we applied two plant lectins capable of distinguishing glycoepitopes with terminal GalNAc and Gal to identify glycoproteins that are their efficient carriers. By means of lectin blotting and lectin affinity chromatography followed by LC-MS, we identified lactotransferrin, prolactin inducible protein as well as fibronectin and semenogelins 1 and 2 as lectin-reactive. Net-O-glycosylation analysis results indicated that the latter three may actually carry T and/or Tn antigens, while in the case of prolactin inducible protein and lactotransferrin LacdiNAc and lactosamine glycoepitopes were more probable. STRING bioinformatics analysis linked the identified glycoproteins in the close network, indicating their involvement in immune (partially innate) processes. Overall, our research revealed potential seminal plasma ligands for endogenous Gal/GalNAc specific lectins with a possible role in modulation of maternal immune response during fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Szczykutowicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-369 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Joanna Tkaczuk-Włach
- Laboratory of Diagnostic Techniques, Medical University of Lublin, 20-081 Lublin, Poland;
- Family Health Centre AB OVO, 20-819 Lublin, Poland
| | - Mirosława Ferens-Sieczkowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-369 Wrocław, Poland;
- Correspondence:
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Zhang J, Goel A, Zhu L. Identification of Novel Alternative Splicing Events Associated With Tumorigenesis, Protein Modification, and Immune Microenvironment in Early-Onset Gastric Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:640272. [PMID: 34168979 PMCID: PMC8217769 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.640272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alternative splicing (AS), e.g. the tandem alternative polyadenylation (TAPA), has emerged as major post-transcriptional modification events in human disease. However, the roles of the AS and TAPA in early-onset gastric cancer (EOGC) have not been revealed. Methods The global AS profiles of 80 EOGC patients were analyzed. The EOGC-specific AS events (ESASs) were identified in both the EOGC and adjacent non-tumor tissues. The functional enrichment analysis, Splicing network, Alternative Polyadenylation (APA) core factor network, and cell abundancy analysis were performed. Furthermore, the landscapes of the AS events in the varied subtypes of the EOGC patients were evaluated. Results Overall, 66,075 AS events and 267 ESASs were identified in the EOGC. Furthermore, 4809 genes and 6152 gene isoforms were found to be aberrantly expressed in the EOGC. The Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genome (KEGG) pathway analyses showed that the significant pathway alterations might exist in these AS events, genes, and gene isoforms. Moreover, the Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis revealed that the UBC, NEK2, EPHB2, and DCTN1 genes were the hub genes in the AS events in the EOGC. The immune cell infiltration analysis indicated a correlation between the AS events and the cancer immune microenvironment. The distribution of the AS events in varied EOGC subtypes, protein phosphorylation and glycosylation was uneven. Conclusion The study highlighted the vital roles of the AS in the EOGC, including modulating the specific protein modification and reshaping the cancer immune microenvironment, and yielded new insights into the diagnosis of the EOGC as well as cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Ajay Goel
- Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Biomedical Research Center, Monrovia, CA, United States
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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Ye ZS, Zheng M, Liu QY, Zeng Y, Wei SH, Wang Y, Lin ZT, Shu C, Zheng QH, Chen LC. Survival-associated alternative splicing events interact with the immune microenvironment in stomach adenocarcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:2871-2894. [PMID: 34135559 PMCID: PMC8173385 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i21.2871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alternative splicing (AS) increases the diversity of mRNA during transcription; it might play a role in alteration of the immune microenvironment, which could influence the development of immunotherapeutic strategies against cancer.
AIM To obtain the transcriptomic and clinical features and AS events in stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD) from the database. The overall survival data associated with AS events were used to construct a signature prognostic model for STAD.
METHODS Differentially expressed immune-related genes were identified between subtypes on the basis of the prognostic model. In STAD, 2042 overall-survival-related AS events were significantly enriched in various pathways and influenced several cellular functions. Furthermore, the network of splicing factors and overall-survival-associated AS events indicated potential regulatory mechanisms underlying the AS events in STAD.
RESULTS An eleven-AS-signature prognostic model (CD44|14986|ES, PPHLN1|21214|AT, RASSF4|11351|ES, KIAA1147|82046|AP, PPP2R5D|76200|ES, LOH12CR1|20507|ES, CDKN3|27569|AP, UBA52|48486|AD, CADPS|65499|AT, SRSF7| 53276|RI, and WEE1|14328|AP) was constructed and significantly related to STAD overall survival, immune cells, and cancer-related pathways. The differentially expressed immune-related genes between the high- and low-risk score groups were significantly enriched in cancer-related pathways.
CONCLUSION This study provided an AS-related prognostic model, potential mechanisms for AS, and alterations in the immune microenvironment (immune cells, genes, and pathways) for future research in STAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zai-Sheng Ye
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgical Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital & Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou 350014, Fujian Province, China
| | - Miao Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian Province, China
| | - Qin-Ying Liu
- Department of Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Biotherapy, Fujian Cancer Hospital & Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou 350014, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yi Zeng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgical Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital & Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou 350014, Fujian Province, China
| | - Sheng-Hong Wei
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgical Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital & Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou 350014, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgical Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital & Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou 350014, Fujian Province, China
| | - Zhi-Tao Lin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgical Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital & Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou 350014, Fujian Province, China
| | - Chen Shu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgical Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital & Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou 350014, Fujian Province, China
| | - Qiu-Hong Zheng
- Department of Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Biotherapy, Fujian Cancer Hospital & Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou 350014, Fujian Province, China
| | - Lu-Chuan Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgical Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital & Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou 350014, Fujian Province, China
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Amorim S, Soares da Costa D, Pashkuleva I, Reis CA, Reis RL, Pires RA. Hyaluronic Acid of Low Molecular Weight Triggers the Invasive "Hummingbird" Phenotype on Gastric Cancer Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 4:e2000122. [PMID: 33015991 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The overproduction and deposition of hyaluronic acid (HA) of different sizes in the tumor microenvironment is associated with cancer metastasis. Here, the development of layer-by-layer (LbL) constructs containing HA of different molecular weights (i.e., 5.6, 618, and 1450 kDa) that mimic the HA-rich cancer extracellular matrix is described to study the effect of the HA's size on the behavior of gastric cancer cells (AGS). The results demonstrate that LbL constructs with short HA, i.e., 5.6 kDa, activate the cytoskeleton rearrangement leading to the "hummingbird" morphology, promote high cellular motility, and activate signaling pathways with increased expression of p-ERK1/2 and p-AKT. In addition, it is demonstrated that this malignant transformation involves an active participation of the HA coreceptor RHAMM in AGS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Amorim
- 3B's Research Group, Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics (I3Bs), University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, 4805-017, Portugal
| | - Diana Soares da Costa
- 3B's Research Group, Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics (I3Bs), University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, 4805-017, Portugal
| | - Iva Pashkuleva
- 3B's Research Group, Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics (I3Bs), University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, 4805-017, Portugal
| | - Celso A Reis
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal.,IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal.,Department of Pathology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's Research Group, Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics (I3Bs), University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, 4805-017, Portugal
| | - Ricardo A Pires
- 3B's Research Group, Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics (I3Bs), University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, 4805-017, Portugal
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Protein Glycosylation Investigated by Mass Spectrometry: An Overview. Cells 2020; 9:cells9091986. [PMID: 32872358 PMCID: PMC7564411 DOI: 10.3390/cells9091986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein glycosylation is a post-translational modification of crucial importance for its involvement in molecular recognition, protein trafficking, regulation, and inflammation. Indeed, abnormalities in protein glycosylation are correlated with several disease states such as cancer, inflammatory diseases, and congenial disorders. The understanding of cellular mechanisms through the elucidation of glycan composition encourages researchers to find analytical solutions for their detection. Actually, the multiplicity and diversity of glycan structures bond to the proteins, the variations in polarity of the individual saccharide residues, and the poor ionization efficiencies make their detection much trickier than other kinds of biopolymers. An overview of the most prominent techniques based on mass spectrometry (MS) for protein glycosylation (glycoproteomics) studies is here presented. The tricks and pre-treatments of samples are discussed as a crucial step prodromal to the MS analysis to improve the glycan ionization efficiency. Therefore, the different instrumental MS mode is also explored for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of glycopeptides and the glycans structural composition, thus contributing to the elucidation of biological mechanisms.
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Wang YN, Lee HH, Hsu JL, Yu D, Hung MC. The impact of PD-L1 N-linked glycosylation on cancer therapy and clinical diagnosis. J Biomed Sci 2020; 27:77. [PMID: 32620165 PMCID: PMC7333976 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-020-00670-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
N-linked glycosylation is one of the most abundant posttranslational modifications of membrane-bound proteins in eukaryotes and affects a number of biological activities, including protein biosynthesis, protein stability, intracellular trafficking, subcellular localization, and ligand-receptor interaction. Accumulating evidence indicates that cell membrane immune checkpoint proteins, such as programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), are glycosylated with heavy N-linked glycan moieties in human cancers. N-linked glycosylation of PD-L1 maintains its protein stability and interaction with its cognate receptor, programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), and this in turn promotes evasion of T-cell immunity. Studies have suggested targeting PD-L1 glycosylation as a therapeutic option by rational combination of cancer immunotherapies. Interestingly, structural hindrance by N-glycan on PD-L1 in fixed samples impedes its recognition by PD-L1 diagnostic antibodies. Notably, the removal of N-linked glycosylation enhances PD-L1 detection in a variety of bioassays and more accurately predicts the therapeutic efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors, suggesting an important clinical implication of PD-L1 N-linked glycosylation. A detailed understanding of the regulatory mechanisms, cellular functions, and diagnostic limits underlying PD-L1 N-linked glycosylation could shed new light on the clinical development of immune checkpoint inhibitors for cancer treatment and deepen our knowledge of biomarkers to identify patients who would benefit the most from immunotherapy. In this review, we highlight the effects of protein glycosylation on cancer immunotherapy using N-linked glycosylation of PD-L1 as an example. In addition, we consider the potential impacts of PD-L1 N-linked glycosylation on clinical diagnosis. The notion of utilizing the deglycosylated form of PD-L1 as a predictive biomarker to guide anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Nai Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Heng-Huan Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jennifer L Hsu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Dihua Yu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Mien-Chie Hung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Research Center for Cancer Biology, and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh-Shih Rd, North District, Taichung, 404, Taiwan. .,Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, 413, Taiwan.
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