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Pant T, Uche N, Juric M, Zielonka J, Bai X. Regulation of immunomodulatory networks by Nrf2-activation in immune cells: Redox control and therapeutic potential in inflammatory diseases. Redox Biol 2024; 70:103077. [PMID: 38359749 PMCID: PMC10877431 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory diseases present a serious health challenge due to their widespread prevalence and the severe impact on patients' lives. In the quest to alleviate the burden of these diseases, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) has emerged as a pivotal player. As a transcription factor intimately involved in cellular defense against metabolic and oxidative stress, Nrf2's role in modulating the inflammatory responses of immune cells has garnered significant attention. Recent findings suggest that Nrf2's ability to alter the redox status of cells underlies its regulatory effects on immune responses. Our review delves into preclinical and clinical evidence that underscores the complex influence of Nrf2 activators on immune cell phenotypes, particularly in the inflammatory milieu. By offering a detailed analysis of Nrf2's role in different immune cell populations, we cast light on the potential of Nrf2 activators in shaping the immune response towards a more regulated state, mitigating the adverse effects of inflammation through modeling redox status of immune cells. Furthermore, we explore the innovative use of nanoencapsulation techniques that enhance the delivery and efficacy of Nrf2 activators, potentially advancing the treatment strategies for inflammatory ailments. We hope this review will stimulate the development and expansion of Nrf2-targeted treatments that could substantially improve outcomes for patients suffering from a broad range of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Pant
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
| | - Nnamdi Uche
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Pharmacogenomics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Matea Juric
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Jacek Zielonka
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Xiaowen Bai
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
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Camacho-Morales A, Cárdenas-Tueme M. Prenatal Programming of Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-1 Signaling in Autism Susceptibility. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-03940-z. [PMID: 38277116 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-03940-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder that involves functional and structural defects in selective central nervous system (CNS) regions, harming the individual capability to process and respond to external stimuli, including impaired verbal and non-verbal communications. Etiological causes of ASD have not been fully clarified; however, prenatal activation of the innate immune system by external stimuli might infiltrate peripheral immune cells into the fetal CNS and activate cytokine secretion by microglia and astrocytes. For instance, genomic and postmortem histological analysis has identified proinflammatory gene signatures, microglia-related expressed genes, and neuroinflammatory markers in the brain during ASD diagnosis. Active neuroinflammation might also occur during the developmental stage, promoting the establishment of a defective brain connectome and increasing susceptibility to ASD after birth. While still under investigation, we tested the hypothesis whether the monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) signaling is prenatally programmed to favor peripheral immune cell infiltration and activate microglia into the fetal CNS, setting susceptibility to autism-like behavior. In this review, we will comprehensively provide the current understanding of the prenatal activation of MCP-1 signaling by external stimuli during the developmental stage as a new selective node to promote neuroinflammation, brain structural alterations, and behavioral defects associated to ASD diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Camacho-Morales
- College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, NL, Mexico.
- Center for Research and Development in Health Sciences, Neurometabolism Unit, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo Leon, San Nicolás de los Garza, Monterrey, NL, Mexico.
| | - Marcela Cárdenas-Tueme
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de La Salud and The Institute for Obesity Research, 64710, Monterrey, Mexico
- Nutrition Unit, Center for Research and Development in Health Sciences, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, 64460, Monterrey, Mexico
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3
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Kim JE, Lee DS, Kang TC. Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate Attenuates Leukocyte Infiltration in 67-kDa Laminin Receptor-Dependent and -Independent Pathways in the Rat Frontoparietal Cortex following Status Epilepticus. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040969. [PMID: 37107345 PMCID: PMC10136333 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) evokes leukocyte infiltration in the frontoparietal cortex (FPC) without the blood-brain barrier disruption. Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) regulate leukocyte recruitments into the brain parenchyma. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is an antioxidant and a ligand for non-integrin 67-kDa laminin receptor (67LR). However, it is unknown whether EGCG and/or 67LR affect SE-induced leukocyte infiltrations in the FPC. In the present study, SE infiltrated myeloperoxidase (MPO)-positive neutrophils, as well as cluster of differentiation 68 (CD68)-positive monocytes in the FPC are investigated. Following SE, MCP-1 was upregulated in microglia, which was abrogated by EGCG treatment. The C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2, MCP-1 receptor) and MIP-2 expressions were increased in astrocytes, which were attenuated by MCP-1 neutralization and EGCG treatment. SE reduced 67LR expression in astrocytes, but not endothelial cells. Under physiological conditions, 67LR neutralization did not lead to MCP-1 induction in microglia. However, it induced MIP-2 expression and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation in astrocytes and leukocyte infiltration in the FPC. Co-treatment of EGCG or U0126 (an ERK1/2 inhibitor) attenuated these events induced by 67LR neutralization. These findings indicate that the EGCG may ameliorate leukocyte infiltration in the FPC by inhibiting microglial MCP-1 induction independent of 67LR, as well as 67LR-ERK1/2-MIP-2 signaling pathway in astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Duk-Shin Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Cheon Kang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
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4
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Lee DS, Kim TH, Park H, Kim JE. CDDO-Me Abrogates Aberrant Mitochondrial Elongation in Clasmatodendritic Degeneration by Regulating NF-κB-PDI-Mediated S-Nitrosylation of DRP1. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065875. [PMID: 36982949 PMCID: PMC10053800 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Clasmatodendrosis is a kind of astroglial degeneration pattern which facilitates excessive autophagy. Although abnormal mitochondrial elongation is relevant to this astroglial degeneration, the underlying mechanisms of aberrant mitochondrial dynamics are still incompletely understood. Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) is an oxidoreductase in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Since PDI expression is downregulated in clasmatodendritic astrocytes, PDI may be involved in aberrant mitochondrial elongation in clasmatodendritic astrocytes. In the present study, 26% of CA1 astrocytes showed clasmatodendritic degeneration in chronic epilepsy rats. 2-cyano-3,12-dioxo-oleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oic acid methyl ester (CDDO-Me; bardoxolone methyl or RTA 402) and SN50 (a nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) inhibitor) ameliorated the fraction of clasmatodendritic astrocytes to 6.8 and 8.1% in CA1 astrocytes, accompanied by the decreases in lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1) expression and microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B light-chain 3 (LC3)-II/LC3-I ratio, indicating the reduced autophagy flux. Furthermore, CDDO-Me and SN50 reduced NF-κB S529 fluorescent intensity to 0.6- and 0.57-fold of vehicle-treated animal level, respectively. CDDO-Me and SN50 facilitated mitochondrial fission in CA1 astrocytes, independent of dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) S616 phosphorylation. In chronic epilepsy rats, total PDI protein, S-nitrosylated PDI (SNO-PDI), and SNO-DRP1 levels were 0.35-, 0.34- and 0.45-fold of control level, respectively, in the CA1 region and increased CDDO-Me and SN50. Furthermore, PDI knockdown resulted in mitochondrial elongation in intact CA1 astrocytes under physiological condition, while it did not evoke clasmatodendrosis. Therefore, our findings suggest that NF-κB-mediated PDI inhibition may play an important role in clasmatodendrosis via aberrant mitochondrial elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duk-Shin Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hyun Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Hana Park
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
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Downregulation of Nrf2 in the Hippocampus Contributes to Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction in Aged Rats by Sensitizing Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2023; 2023:7272456. [PMID: 36819786 PMCID: PMC9935806 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7272456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a recognized clinical complication defined by a new cognitive impairment arising after a surgical procedure. Elderly patients are especially vulnerable to cognitive impairment after surgical operations, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in the hippocampus, a brain region involved in memory formation, are considered as major contributors to the development of POCD. Activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a master regulator of endogenous inducible defense system, plays a crucial role in protecting cells against oxidative stress and inflammation by enhancing transcription of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory target genes. Here, we examined whether aging downregulates Nrf2 in the hippocampus and, if so, whether downregulation of hippocampal Nrf2 contributes to POCD in aging. Young and aged rats underwent abdominal surgery or sham operation. One week later, cognitive function was assessed, and brains were collected for molecular studies. Compared with young sham rats, aged sham rats exhibited a significant reduction in expression of Nrf2 in the hippocampus. Interestingly, the expression of Nrf2 downstream target genes and levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and proinflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus as well as cognitive function were comparable between aged sham and young sham rats. After abdominal surgery, young rats showed significant upregulation of Nrf2 and its target genes in the hippocampus. However, aged rats did not show changes in expression of Nrf2 and its target genes but had increased levels of ROS and proinflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus, along with cognitive impairment as indicated by reduced contextual freezing time. Moreover, upregulation of hippocampal Nrf2 in aged rats with intracerebroventricular infusion of a Nrf2 activator reduced levels of ROS and proinflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus, ameliorating cognitive dysfunction after surgery. The results suggest that aging-induced downregulation of Nrf2 in the hippocampus causes the failure to activate Nrf2-regulated antioxidant defense system in response to surgical insult, which contributes to POCD by sensitizing oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Nrf2 activation in the brain may be a novel strategy to prevent the cognitive decline in elderly patients after surgery.
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Hu Y, Meng B, Yin S, Yang M, Li Y, Liu N, Li S, Liu Y, Sun D, Wang S, Wang Y, Fu Z, Wu Y, Pang A, Sun J, Wang Y, Yang X. Scorpion venom peptide HsTx2 suppressed PTZ-induced seizures in mice via the circ_0001293/miR-8114/TGF-β2 axis. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:284. [PMID: 36457055 PMCID: PMC9713996 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02647-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the complexity of the mechanisms involved in epileptogenesis, the available antiseizure drugs (ASDs) do not meet clinical needs; hence, both the discovery of new ASDs and the elucidation of novel molecular mechanisms are very important. METHODS BALB/c mice were utilized to establish an epilepsy model induced by pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) administration. The peptide HsTx2 was administered for treatment. Primary astrocyte culture, immunofluorescence staining, RNA sequencing, identification and quantification of mouse circRNAs, cell transfection, bioinformatics and luciferase reporter analyses, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, RNA extraction and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, Western blot and cell viability assays were used to explore the potential mechanism of HsTx2 via the circ_0001293/miR-8114/TGF-β2 axis. RESULTS The scorpion venom peptide HsTx2 showed an anti-epilepsy effect, reduced the inflammatory response, and improved the circular RNA circ_0001293 expression decrease caused by PTZ in the mouse brain. Mechanistically, in astrocytes, circ_0001293 acted as a sponge of endogenous microRNA-8114 (miR-8114), which targets transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGF-β2). The knockdown of circ_0001293, overexpression of miR-8114, and downregulation of TGF-β2 all reversed the anti-inflammatory effects and the influence of HsTx2 on the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways in astrocytes. Moreover, both circ_0001293 knockdown and miR-8114 overexpression reversed the beneficial effects of HsTx2 on inflammation, epilepsy progression, and the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways in vivo. CONCLUSIONS HsTx2 suppressed PTZ-induced epilepsy by ameliorating inflammation in astrocytes via the circ_0001293/miR-8114/TGF-β2 axis. Our results emphasized that the use of exogenous peptide molecular probes as a novel type of ASD, as well as to explore the novel endogenous noncoding RNA-mediated mechanisms of epilepsy, might be a promising research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Hu
- grid.285847.40000 0000 9588 0960Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan China ,grid.452826.fDepartment of Gynecology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650118 Yunnan China
| | - Buliang Meng
- grid.285847.40000 0000 9588 0960Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan China
| | - Saige Yin
- grid.285847.40000 0000 9588 0960Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan China
| | - Meifeng Yang
- grid.285847.40000 0000 9588 0960Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan China
| | - Yilin Li
- grid.285847.40000 0000 9588 0960Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan China
| | - Naixin Liu
- grid.285847.40000 0000 9588 0960Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan China
| | - Shanshan Li
- grid.285847.40000 0000 9588 0960Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan China
| | - Yixiang Liu
- grid.413059.a0000 0000 9952 9510Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicine Resource, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, School of Ethno-Medicine and Ethno-Pharmacy, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650504 Yunnan China
| | - Dandan Sun
- grid.285847.40000 0000 9588 0960Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan China
| | - Siyu Wang
- grid.285847.40000 0000 9588 0960Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan China
| | - Yinglei Wang
- grid.285847.40000 0000 9588 0960Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan China
| | - Zhe Fu
- grid.285847.40000 0000 9588 0960Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan China
| | - Yutong Wu
- grid.285847.40000 0000 9588 0960Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan China
| | - Ailan Pang
- grid.414902.a0000 0004 1771 3912Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650031 Yunnan China
| | - Jun Sun
- grid.285847.40000 0000 9588 0960Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan China
| | - Ying Wang
- grid.413059.a0000 0000 9952 9510Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicine Resource, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, School of Ethno-Medicine and Ethno-Pharmacy, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650504 Yunnan China
| | - Xinwang Yang
- grid.285847.40000 0000 9588 0960Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan China
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Kim JE, Lee DS, Kim TH, Kang TC. CDDO-Me Attenuates CA1 Neuronal Death by Facilitating RalBP1-Mediated Mitochondrial Fission and 4-HNE Efflux in the Rat Hippocampus Following Status Epilepticus. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:985. [PMID: 35624848 PMCID: PMC9137584 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ras-related protein Ral-A (RalA)-binding protein 1 (RalBP1, also known as Ral-interacting protein of 76 kDa (RLIP76) or Ral-interacting protein 1 (RLIP1 or RIP1)) is involved in the efflux of 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE, an end product of lipid peroxidation), as well as mitochondrial fission. In the present study, we found that 2-cyano-3,12-dioxo-oleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oic acid methyl ester (CDDO-Me) attenuated CA1 neuronal death and aberrant mitochondrial elongations in these neurons coupled with enhanced RalBP1 expression and reduced 4-HNE levels following status epilepticus (SE). RalBP1 knockdown did not affect mitochondrial dynamics and CA1 neuronal death under physiological and post-SE conditions. Following SE, however, cotreatment of RalBP1 siRNA diminished the effect of CDDO-Me on 4-HNE levels, mitochondrial hyperfusion in CA1 neurons, and CA1 neuronal death. These findings indicate that CDDO-Me may ameliorate CA1 neuronal death by facilitating RalBP1-mediated 4-HNE efflux and mitochondrial fission following SE. Therefore, our findings suggest that increased RalBP1 expression/activity may be one of the considerable targets to protect neurons from SE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tae-Cheon Kang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology and Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (J.-E.K.); (D.-S.L.); (T.-H.K.)
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8
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Torres GM, Yang H, Park C, Spezza PA, Khatwani N, Bhandari R, Liby KT, Pioli PA. T Cells and CDDO-Me Attenuate Immunosuppressive Activation of Human Melanoma-Conditioned Macrophages. Front Immunol 2022; 13:768753. [PMID: 35265066 PMCID: PMC8898828 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.768753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma tumors are highly immunogenic, making them an attractive target for immunotherapy. However, many patients do not mount robust clinical responses to targeted therapies, which is attributable, at least in part, to suppression of immune responses by tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Using a human in vitro tri-culture system of macrophages with activated autologous T cells and BRAFV600E mutant melanoma cells, we now show that activated T cells and the synthetic triterpenoid the methyl ester of 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO-Me) attenuate immune suppression. Surface expression of CD206, CD16 and CD163 on melanoma-conditioned macrophages was inhibited by the addition of T cells, suggesting relief of immuno-suppressive macrophage activation. We also demonstrated that addition of CDDO-Me to tri-cultures enhanced T cell-mediated reductions in CCL2, VEGF and IL-6 production in a contact-independent manner. Because these results suggest CDDO-Me alters melanoma-conditioned macrophage activation, we interrogated CDDO-Me-mediated changes in macrophage signaling pathway activation. Our results indicated that CDDO-Me inhibited phosphorylation of STAT3, a known inducer of TAM activation. Collectively, our studies suggest that activated T cells and CDDO-Me synergistically relieve immune suppression in melanoma cultures and implicate the potential utility of CDDO-Me in the treatment of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretel M Torres
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Heetaek Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Chanhyuk Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Paul A Spezza
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Nikhil Khatwani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Rajan Bhandari
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Karen T Liby
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Patricia A Pioli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States
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Cai M, Lin W. The Function of NF-Kappa B During Epilepsy, a Potential Therapeutic Target. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:851394. [PMID: 35360161 PMCID: PMC8961383 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.851394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional regulator nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) modulates cellular biological activity by binding to promoter regions in the nucleus and transcribing various protein-coding genes. The NF-κB pathway plays a major role in the expressing genes related to inflammation, including chemokines, interleukins, and tumor necrosis factor. It also transcribes genes that can promote neuronal survival or apoptosis. Epilepsy is one of the most common brain disorders and it not only causes death worldwide but also affects the day-to-day life of affected individuals. While epilepsy has diverse treatment options, there remain patients who are not sensitive to the existing treatment methods. Recent studies have implicated the critical role of NF-κB in epilepsy. It is upregulated in neurons, glial cells, and endothelial cells, due to neuronal loss, glial cell proliferation, blood-brain barrier dysfunction, and hippocampal sclerosis through the glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid imbalance, ion concentration changes, and other mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the functional changes caused by the upregulation of NF-κB in the central nervous system during different periods after seizures. This review is the first to deconvolute the complicated functions of NF-κB, and speculate that the regulation of NF-κB can be a safe and effective treatment strategy for epilepsy.
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Lee JW, Chun W, Lee HJ, Kim SM, Min JH, Kim DY, Kim MO, Ryu HW, Lee SU. The Role of Microglia in the Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9101449. [PMID: 34680566 PMCID: PMC8533549 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia play an important role in the maintenance and neuroprotection of the central nervous system (CNS) by removing pathogens, damaged neurons, and plaques. Recent observations emphasize that the promotion and development of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are closely related to microglial activation. In this review, we summarize the contribution of microglial activation and its associated mechanisms in NDs, such as epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Huntington's disease (HD), based on recent observations. This review also briefly introduces experimental animal models of epilepsy, AD, PD, and HD. Thus, this review provides a better understanding of microglial functions in the development of NDs, suggesting that microglial targeting could be an effective therapeutic strategy for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Won Lee
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea; (S.-M.K.); (J.-H.M.); (D.-Y.K.)
- Correspondence: (J.-W.L.); (M.-O.K.); (H.W.R.); (S.U.L.); Tel.: +82-43-240-6135 (J.-W.L.)
| | - Wanjoo Chun
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (W.C.); (H.J.L.)
| | - Hee Jae Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (W.C.); (H.J.L.)
| | - Seong-Man Kim
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea; (S.-M.K.); (J.-H.M.); (D.-Y.K.)
| | - Jae-Hong Min
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea; (S.-M.K.); (J.-H.M.); (D.-Y.K.)
| | - Doo-Young Kim
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea; (S.-M.K.); (J.-H.M.); (D.-Y.K.)
| | - Mun-Ock Kim
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea; (S.-M.K.); (J.-H.M.); (D.-Y.K.)
- Correspondence: (J.-W.L.); (M.-O.K.); (H.W.R.); (S.U.L.); Tel.: +82-43-240-6135 (J.-W.L.)
| | - Hyung Won Ryu
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea; (S.-M.K.); (J.-H.M.); (D.-Y.K.)
- Correspondence: (J.-W.L.); (M.-O.K.); (H.W.R.); (S.U.L.); Tel.: +82-43-240-6135 (J.-W.L.)
| | - Su Ui Lee
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea; (S.-M.K.); (J.-H.M.); (D.-Y.K.)
- Correspondence: (J.-W.L.); (M.-O.K.); (H.W.R.); (S.U.L.); Tel.: +82-43-240-6135 (J.-W.L.)
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Dual Effect of Soloxolone Methyl on LPS-Induced Inflammation In Vitro and In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217876. [PMID: 33114200 PMCID: PMC7660695 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-extracted triterpenoids belong to a class of bioactive compounds with pleotropic functions, including antioxidant, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory effects. In this work, we investigated the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities of a semisynthetic derivative of 18βH-glycyrrhetinic acid (18βH-GA), soloxolone methyl (methyl 2-cyano-3,12-dioxo-18βH-olean-9(11),1(2)-dien-30-oate, or SM) in vitro on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages and in vivo in models of acute inflammation: LPS-induced endotoxemia and carrageenan-induced peritonitis. SM used at non-cytotoxic concentrations was found to attenuate the production of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide (II) and increase the level of reduced glutathione production by LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, SM strongly suppressed the phagocytic and migration activity of activated macrophages. These effects were found to be associated with the stimulation of heme oxigenase-1 (HO-1) expression, as well as with the inhibition of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and Akt phosphorylation. Surprisingly, it was found that SM significantly enhanced LPS-induced expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in RAW264.7 cells via activation of the c-Jun/Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling axis. In vivo pre-exposure treatment with SM effectively inhibited the development of carrageenan-induced acute inflammation in the peritoneal cavity, but it did not improve LPS-induced inflammation in the endotoxemia model.
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