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Sarr A, Bodian A, Gueye MC, Gueye B, Kanfany G, Diatta C, Bougma LA, Diop EAMC, Cissé N, Diouf D, Leclerc C. Ethnobotanical study of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) in Senegal. JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE 2022; 18:6. [PMID: 35123533 PMCID: PMC8817576 DOI: 10.1186/s13002-022-00506-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) plays a key role in family farming systems in Senegal. It makes an essential contribution to economic, nutritional and food security. Although it is crucial, little is known about how farmers classify the diversity of local varieties or about the social practices associated with them. The aim of this study is to characterize the farming practices associated with growing cowpea in Senegal. Surveys were conducted involving 335 rural farmers living in 37 villages, spread across seven regions that produce cowpea. An average of ten farmers were randomly selected in each village. The results reveal that cowpea is a key feature of cropping systems in the studied area. Our findings highlight the high diversity of local cowpea varieties with 59 local names inventoried. In 75% of cases, the name refers to the seed's morphology or color. Cowpea production is more diverse in Diourbel and Louga and less diverse in the south. More than half the farmers (57%) acquired their cowpea seeds (early, semi-early and late maturity varieties) outside their village, either from markets, seed suppliers or NGOs. This new understanding of farmers' expertize in the management of cowpea and its local variability will help to valorize local diversity in breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awa Sarr
- Centre d'Etude Régional pour l'Amélioration de l'Adaptation à la Sécheresse (CERAAS)/Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), BP 3320, Thiès, Sénégal.
- Laboratoire Campus de Biotechnologies Végétales, Département de Biologie Végétale, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD), BP 5005, Code Postal 10700, Dakar Fann, Dakar, Sénégal.
| | - Amy Bodian
- Centre d'Etude Régional pour l'Amélioration de l'Adaptation à la Sécheresse (CERAAS)/Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), BP 3320, Thiès, Sénégal
| | - Mame Codou Gueye
- Centre d'Etude Régional pour l'Amélioration de l'Adaptation à la Sécheresse (CERAAS)/Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), BP 3320, Thiès, Sénégal
| | - Badara Gueye
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), (BP) Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Ghislain Kanfany
- Centre National de Recherches Agronomiques (CNRA)/Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), BP 211, Bambey, Sénégal
| | - Cyril Diatta
- Centre National de Recherches Agronomiques (CNRA)/Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), BP 211, Bambey, Sénégal
| | - Lardia Ali Bougma
- Département de Biologie et Physiologie Végétales, Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, BP 7021, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Elisabeth A M C Diop
- Centre d'Etude Régional pour l'Amélioration de l'Adaptation à la Sécheresse (CERAAS)/Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), BP 3320, Thiès, Sénégal
| | - Ndiaga Cissé
- Centre d'Etude Régional pour l'Amélioration de l'Adaptation à la Sécheresse (CERAAS)/Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), BP 3320, Thiès, Sénégal
| | - Diaga Diouf
- Laboratoire Campus de Biotechnologies Végétales, Département de Biologie Végétale, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD), BP 5005, Code Postal 10700, Dakar Fann, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Christian Leclerc
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP Institut, 34398, Montpellier, France
- UMR AGAP Institut, Université de Montpellier, 34398, Montpellier, France
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Stanschewski CS, Rey E, Fiene G, Craine EB, Wellman G, Melino VJ, S. R. Patiranage D, Johansen K, Schmöckel SM, Bertero D, Oakey H, Colque-Little C, Afzal I, Raubach S, Miller N, Streich J, Amby DB, Emrani N, Warmington M, Mousa MAA, Wu D, Jacobson D, Andreasen C, Jung C, Murphy K, Bazile D, Tester M. Quinoa Phenotyping Methodologies: An International Consensus. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1759. [PMID: 34579292 PMCID: PMC8472428 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Quinoa is a crop originating in the Andes but grown more widely and with the genetic potential for significant further expansion. Due to the phenotypic plasticity of quinoa, varieties need to be assessed across years and multiple locations. To improve comparability among field trials across the globe and to facilitate collaborations, components of the trials need to be kept consistent, including the type and methods of data collected. Here, an internationally open-access framework for phenotyping a wide range of quinoa features is proposed to facilitate the systematic agronomic, physiological and genetic characterization of quinoa for crop adaptation and improvement. Mature plant phenotyping is a central aspect of this paper, including detailed descriptions and the provision of phenotyping cards to facilitate consistency in data collection. High-throughput methods for multi-temporal phenotyping based on remote sensing technologies are described. Tools for higher-throughput post-harvest phenotyping of seeds are presented. A guideline for approaching quinoa field trials including the collection of environmental data and designing layouts with statistical robustness is suggested. To move towards developing resources for quinoa in line with major cereal crops, a database was created. The Quinoa Germinate Platform will serve as a central repository of data for quinoa researchers globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara S. Stanschewski
- Center for Desert Agriculture, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia; (C.S.S.); (E.R.); (G.F.); (G.W.); (V.J.M.); (D.S.R.P.)
| | - Elodie Rey
- Center for Desert Agriculture, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia; (C.S.S.); (E.R.); (G.F.); (G.W.); (V.J.M.); (D.S.R.P.)
| | - Gabriele Fiene
- Center for Desert Agriculture, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia; (C.S.S.); (E.R.); (G.F.); (G.W.); (V.J.M.); (D.S.R.P.)
| | - Evan B. Craine
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (E.B.C.); (K.M.)
| | - Gordon Wellman
- Center for Desert Agriculture, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia; (C.S.S.); (E.R.); (G.F.); (G.W.); (V.J.M.); (D.S.R.P.)
| | - Vanessa J. Melino
- Center for Desert Agriculture, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia; (C.S.S.); (E.R.); (G.F.); (G.W.); (V.J.M.); (D.S.R.P.)
| | - Dilan S. R. Patiranage
- Center for Desert Agriculture, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia; (C.S.S.); (E.R.); (G.F.); (G.W.); (V.J.M.); (D.S.R.P.)
- Plant Breeding Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (N.E.); (C.J.)
| | - Kasper Johansen
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sandra M. Schmöckel
- Department Physiology of Yield Stability, Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany;
| | - Daniel Bertero
- Department of Plant Production, School of Agriculture, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1417DSE, Argentina;
| | - Helena Oakey
- Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia;
| | - Carla Colque-Little
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2630 Taastrup, Denmark; (C.C.-L.); (D.B.A.); (C.A.)
| | - Irfan Afzal
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Sebastian Raubach
- Department of Information and Computational Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee AB15 8QH, UK;
| | - Nathan Miller
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, 430 Lincoln Dr, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
| | - Jared Streich
- Biosciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA; (J.S.); (D.J.)
| | - Daniel Buchvaldt Amby
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2630 Taastrup, Denmark; (C.C.-L.); (D.B.A.); (C.A.)
| | - Nazgol Emrani
- Plant Breeding Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (N.E.); (C.J.)
| | - Mark Warmington
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Agriculture and Food, Kununurra, WA 6743, Australia;
| | - Magdi A. A. Mousa
- Department of Arid Land Agriculture, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Vegetables, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - David Wu
- Shanxi Jiaqi Agri-Tech Co., Ltd., Taiyuan 030006, China;
| | - Daniel Jacobson
- Biosciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA; (J.S.); (D.J.)
| | - Christian Andreasen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2630 Taastrup, Denmark; (C.C.-L.); (D.B.A.); (C.A.)
| | - Christian Jung
- Plant Breeding Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (N.E.); (C.J.)
| | - Kevin Murphy
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (E.B.C.); (K.M.)
| | - Didier Bazile
- CIRAD, UMR SENS, 34398 Montpellier, France;
- SENS, CIRAD, IRD, University Paul Valery Montpellier 3, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Mark Tester
- Center for Desert Agriculture, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia; (C.S.S.); (E.R.); (G.F.); (G.W.); (V.J.M.); (D.S.R.P.)
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Rimlinger A, Avana ML, Awono A, Chakocha A, Gakwavu A, Lemoine T, Marie L, Mboujda F, Vigouroux Y, Johnson V, Vinceti B, Carrière SM, Duminil J. Trees and their seed networks: The social dynamics of urban fruit trees and implications for genetic diversity. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0243017. [PMID: 33724989 PMCID: PMC7963046 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Trees are a traditional component of urban spaces where they provide ecosystem services critical to urban wellbeing. In the Tropics, urban trees’ seed origins have rarely been characterized. Yet, understanding the social dynamics linked to tree planting is critical given their influence on the distribution of associated genetic diversity. This study examines elements of these dynamics (seed exchange networks) in an emblematic indigenous fruit tree species from Central Africa, the African plum tree (Dacryodes edulis, Burseraceae), within the urban context of Yaoundé. We further evaluate the consequences of these social dynamics on the distribution of the genetic diversity of the species in the city. Urban trees were planted predominantly using seeds sourced from outside the city, resulting in a level of genetic diversity as high in Yaoundé as in a whole region of production of the species. Debating the different drivers that foster the genetic diversity in planted urban trees, the study argues that cities and urban dwellers can unconsciously act as effective guardians of indigenous tree genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Rimlinger
- SENS, IRD, CIRAD, Univ. Paul Valery Montpellier 3, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- DIADE, Univ. Montpellier, IRD, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail: (AR); (SMC); (JD)
| | - Marie-Louise Avana
- Forestry Department, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Abdon Awono
- CIFOR, C/o IITA Humid Forest Ecoregional Center, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Armel Chakocha
- Forestry Department, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Alexis Gakwavu
- Forestry Department, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | | | - Lison Marie
- DIADE, Univ. Montpellier, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Franca Mboujda
- DIADE, Univ. Montpellier, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Forestry Department, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | | | - Vincent Johnson
- The Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT, Fiumicino Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Vinceti
- The Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT, Fiumicino Rome, Italy
| | - Stéphanie M. Carrière
- SENS, IRD, CIRAD, Univ. Paul Valery Montpellier 3, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail: (AR); (SMC); (JD)
| | - Jérôme Duminil
- DIADE, Univ. Montpellier, IRD, Montpellier, France
- The Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT, Fiumicino Rome, Italy
- * E-mail: (AR); (SMC); (JD)
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Rhoné B, Defrance D, Berthouly-Salazar C, Mariac C, Cubry P, Couderc M, Dequincey A, Assoumanne A, Kane NA, Sultan B, Barnaud A, Vigouroux Y. Pearl millet genomic vulnerability to climate change in West Africa highlights the need for regional collaboration. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5274. [PMID: 33077747 PMCID: PMC7573578 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19066-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change is already affecting agro-ecosystems and threatening food security by reducing crop productivity and increasing harvest uncertainty. Mobilizing crop diversity could be an efficient way to mitigate its impact. We test this hypothesis in pearl millet, a nutritious staple cereal cultivated in arid and low-fertility soils in sub-Saharan Africa. We analyze the genomic diversity of 173 landraces collected in West Africa together with an extensive climate dataset composed of metrics of agronomic importance. Mapping the pearl millet genomic vulnerability at the 2050 horizon based on the current genomic-climate relationships, we identify the northern edge of the current areas of cultivation of both early and late flowering varieties as being the most vulnerable to climate change. We predict that the most vulnerable areas will benefit from using landraces that already grow in equivalent climate conditions today. However, such seed-exchange scenarios will require long distance and trans-frontier assisted migrations. Leveraging genetic diversity as a climate mitigation strategy in West Africa will thus require regional collaboration. Replacement of local crops with alternative varieties adapted to future conditions may improve food security under climate change. Here the authors apply landscape genomics and ensemble climate modelling to pearl millet in West Africa, supporting the potential of transfrontier assisted seed exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bénédicte Rhoné
- DIADE, Univ Montpellier, IRD, Montpellier, France. .,Univ Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive UMR 5558, Villeurbanne, France. .,AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France.
| | - Dimitri Defrance
- ESPACE-DEV, Univ Montpellier, IRD, Univ Guyane, Univ Réunion, Univ Antilles, Univ Avignon, 500 rue Jean-François Breton, F-34093, Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Cécile Berthouly-Salazar
- DIADE, Univ Montpellier, IRD, Montpellier, France.,ISRA, LNRPV, Dakar, Senegal.,Laboratoire Mixte International LAPSE, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ndjido Ardo Kane
- Laboratoire Mixte International LAPSE, Dakar, Senegal.,ISRA, CERAAS, Thiès, Senegal
| | - Benjamin Sultan
- ESPACE-DEV, Univ Montpellier, IRD, Univ Guyane, Univ Réunion, Univ Antilles, Univ Avignon, 500 rue Jean-François Breton, F-34093, Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Adeline Barnaud
- DIADE, Univ Montpellier, IRD, Montpellier, France. .,ISRA, LNRPV, Dakar, Senegal. .,Laboratoire Mixte International LAPSE, Dakar, Senegal.
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Ocampo-Giraldo V, Camacho-Villa C, Costich DE, Vidal Martínez VA, Smale M, Jamora N. Dynamic conservation of genetic resources: Rematriation of the maize landrace Jala. Food Secur 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12571-020-01054-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Kinhoégbè G, Djèdatin G, Loko LEY, Favi AG, Adomou A, Agbangla C, Dansi A. On-farm management and participatory evaluation of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan [L.] Millspaugh) diversity across the agro-ecological zones of the Republic of Benin. JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE 2020; 16:24. [PMID: 32404139 PMCID: PMC7218501 DOI: 10.1186/s13002-020-00378-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pigeonpea is a multipurpose food legume crop that contributes to food security in the Republic of Benin. For the establishment of conservation and breeding programs, previous ethnobotanical surveys on pigeonpea were done in Benin but restricted to south and central regions. In previous years, pigeonpea landraces were introduced in northern Benin for soil fertility management; it is therefore important to evaluate the diversity in this legume in this region. Exhaustive documentation of pigeonpea diversity grown in the Republic of Benin will be necessary for effective breeding and conservation programs. Therefore, the aim of this study was to document genetic diversity of pigeonpea, across the agro-ecological zones of the Republic of Benin for its promotion and valorization. METHODS A total of 500 pigeonpea farmers representing 13 sociolinguistic groups were selected from 50 villages. The data were collected using methods and tools of participatory research appraisal. Folk nomenclatures, taxonomy of pigeonpea and seed system were investigated. The distribution and extent of pigeonpea landraces were evaluated using the Four Square Analysis method. A comparative analysis of pigeonpea use categories production systems, production constraints, famers' preference criteria, and participative evaluation for existing landraces across agro-ecological zones was done. RESULT Folk nomenclature and taxonomy were mainly based on seed coat color and size. Seven pigeonpea use categories were recorded including sacrifice, grain processing and fertilization. The results showed that the pigeonpea seed system is informal. Based on seed characteristics, fifteen landraces were recorded including seven new landraces. The Sudano-Guinean zone contained the highest number (11) of landraces. The average number of landraces per village was 2.7. A high rate of landraces facing threat of disappearance was observed across the ecological zones. Ten constraints are known to affect pigeonpea production in Benin, with pests and diseases as the most critical in all agro-ecological zones. This study revealed that pigeonpea cultivation is increasing in the Sudanian zone. Varieties to be produced must be selected based on 11 criteria which included precocity and resistance to pests and diseases in the three ecological zones and adaptability to any type of soil in the Sudanian zone. The participatory evaluation revealed the existence of a few performing cultivars. CONCLUSIONS Our results revealed that implementation of a pigeonpea genetic conservation program in Benin must take into account the diversity, production constraints and varietal preference, which varied according to agro-ecological zones. In situ and ex situ conservation strategies are important to preserve pigeonpea landraces. Morphological and molecular characterizations of identified cultivars are highly recommended to help select suitable varieties for breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gustave Djèdatin
- BIOGENOM Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Technology of Dassa (FAST-Dassa), National University of Sciences Technologies Engineering and Mathematics of Abomey (UNSTIM), BP 14, Dassa-Zoumé, Benin
| | | | | | | | - Clément Agbangla
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Genomes Analysis, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, 01BP526, Benin
| | - Alexandre Dansi
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Genetic Resources and Plant and Animal Breeding (BIORAVE), Faculty of Sciences and Technology of Dassa (FAST-Dassa), National University of Sciences Technologies Engineering and Mathematics of Abomey (UNSTIM), BP 14, Dassa-Zoumé, Benin
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Network Analysis of Seed Flow, a Traditional Method for Conserving Tartary Buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) Landraces in Liangshan, Southwest China. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11164263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Yi ethnic group in Liangshan Prefecture, Sichuan Province in Southwest China have cultivated Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) for at least a thousand years. Tartary buckwheat landraces are maintained through their traditional seed system. Field work and social network methodologies were used to analyze the seed sources and their flows, and to create a seed network map. Self-saving, exchanging with neighbors and relatives, and purchasing from the market were the main means farmers used to save and exchange Tartary buckwheat seeds. The flow of seed within villages was higher than between villages. Wedding dowry was an important pathway for seed flow among all of the villages. Of the 13 Tartary buckwheat landraces maintained, four landraces were exchanged frequently. The seed exchange network structure was affected by the number of Tartary buckwheat landraces, the age of nodal households, geographic environment, culture, and cultural groups. Nodal households play an important role in the conservation and on-farm management of Tartary buckwheat landraces.
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Moreira PA, Aguirre-Dugua X, Mariac C, Zekraoui L, Couderc M, Rodrigues DP, Casas A, Clement CR, Vigouroux Y. Diversity of Treegourd (Crescentia cujete) Suggests Introduction and Prehistoric Dispersal Routes into Amazonia. Front Ecol Evol 2017. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2017.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Tartary Buckwheat Genetic Diversity in the Himalayas Associated with Farmer Landrace Diversity and Low Dietary Dependence. SUSTAINABILITY 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/su9101806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Ayenan MAT, Danquah A, Ahoton LE, Ofori K. Utilization and farmers' knowledge on pigeonpea diversity in Benin, West Africa. JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE 2017; 13:37. [PMID: 28633633 PMCID: PMC5477678 DOI: 10.1186/s13002-017-0164-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding factors driving farmers' uses of crop genetic resources is a key component not only to design appropriate conservation strategies but also to promote sustainable production. However, in Benin, limited information is available on farmers' knowledge related to pigeonpea uses and conservation. This study aimed at i) identifying and investigating the different uses of pigeonpea in relation with socio-cultural factors, namely age, gender, ethnic group and respondents' residence, ii) assessing pigeonpea varieties richness at household level and iii) evaluating the extent and distribution of pigeonpea varieties. METHODS Three hundred and two farmers were surveyed using structured questionnaire. Direct observation, field visit and focus group discussion were carried out. Association between number of varieties maintained at household level and socio-cultural variables was tested. Mann-Whitney test was used to assess whether the number of varieties held by households headed by men and women were different. Distribution and extent of diversity was assessed through four cells analysis. RESULTS Farmers in Benin mainly grow pigeonpea for its grains for home consumption. Pigeonpea's stem and leaves are used for medicinal purposes to treat malaria, dizziness, measles, and eye infection. The ethnic group and the locality of residence of farmers influenced on the use of pigeonpea for medicinal purposes (P < 0.01). There was no significant association (P > 0.05) between the number of varieties held by household and the age of the respondent, number of years of experience in pigeonpea cultivation, the size of household, number of family members engaged in agricultural activities and gender. Farmers used criteria including seed colors, seed size, plant height, maturity groups and cooking time to classify their varieties. Varieties with white seed coat color were the most grown while varieties with black, red or mottled seed coat color are being abandoned and deserve to be conserved. CONCLUSION Knowledge on medicinal uses of pigeonpea is vertically transmitted within community and pigeonpea varieties maintenance at household level does not depend on socio-cultural factors. This study will contribute to raise awareness on the various utilization of pigeonpea. In addition, it provides the basis for designing conservation strategies of pigeonpea genetic resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Anatole Tele Ayenan
- Department of Crop Science, School of Agriculture, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 44, Legon, Ghana
| | - Agyemang Danquah
- Department of Crop Science, School of Agriculture, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 44, Legon, Ghana
| | - Léonard Essehou Ahoton
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences (FSA), University of Abomey- Calavi, 01 BP 526 Cotonou, Republic of Benin
| | - Kwadwo Ofori
- Department of Crop Science, School of Agriculture, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 44, Legon, Ghana
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Unexpected pattern of pearl millet genetic diversity among ethno-linguistic groups in the Lake Chad Basin. Heredity (Edinb) 2017; 118:491-502. [PMID: 28121310 PMCID: PMC5520532 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2016.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite of a growing interest in considering the role of sociological factors in seed exchanges and their consequences on the evolutionary dynamics of agro-biodiversity, very few studies assessed the link between ethno-linguistic diversity and genetic diversity patterns in small-holder farming systems. This is key for optimal improvement and conservation of crop genetic resources. Here, we investigated genetic diversity at 17 SSR markers of pearl millet landraces (varieties named by farmers) in the Lake Chad Basin. 69 pearl millet populations, representing 27 landraces collected in eight ethno-linguistic farmer groups, were analyzed. We found that the farmers' local taxonomy was not a good proxy for population's genetic differentiation as previously shown at smaller scales. Our results show the existence of a genetic structure of pearl millet mainly associated with ethno-linguistic diversity in the western side of the lake Chad. It suggests there is a limit to gene flow between landraces grown by different ethno-linguistic groups. This result was rather unexpected, because of the highly outcrossing mating system of pearl millet, the high density of pearl millet fields all along the green belt of this Sahelian area and the fact that seed exchanges among ethno-linguistic groups are known to occur. In the eastern side of the Lake, the pattern of genetic diversity suggests a larger efficient circulation of pearl millet genes between ethno-linguistic groups that are less numerous, spatially intermixed and, for some of them, more prone to exogamy. Finally, other historical and environmental factors which may contribute to the observed diversity patterns are discussed.
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Labeyrie V, Deu M, Dussert Y, Rono B, Lamy F, Marangu C, Kiambi D, Calatayud C, Coppens d'Eeckenbrugge G, Robert T, Leclerc C. Past and present dynamics of sorghum and pearl millet diversity in Mount Kenya region. Evol Appl 2016; 9:1241-1257. [PMID: 27877203 PMCID: PMC5108216 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Crop populations in smallholder farming systems are shaped by the interaction of biological, ecological, and social processes, occurring on different spatiotemporal scales. Understanding these dynamics is fundamental for the conservation of crop genetic resources. In this study, we investigated the processes involved in sorghum and pearl millet diversity dynamics on Mount Kenya. Surveys were conducted in ten sites distributed along two elevation transects and occupied by six ethnolinguistic groups. Varieties of both species grown in each site were inventoried and characterized using SSR markers. Genetic diversity was analyzed using both individual- and population-based approaches. Surveys of seed lot sources allowed characterizing seed-mediated gene flow. Past sorghum diffusion dynamics were explored by comparing Mount Kenya sorghum diversity with that of the African continent. The absence of structure in pearl millet genetic diversity indicated common ancestry and/or important pollen- and seed-mediated gene flow. On the contrary, sorghum varietal and genetic diversity showed geographic patterns, pointing to different ancestry of varieties, limited pollen-mediated gene flow, and geographic patterns in seed-mediated gene flow. Social and ecological processes involved in shaping seed-mediated gene flow are further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesse Labeyrie
- UMR AGAP CIRAD Montpellier France; Present address: UPR GREEN CIRAD 34398 Montpellier France
| | | | - Yann Dussert
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution UMR 8079 CNRS Université Paris-Sud Orsay France; Present address: UMR 1065 Santé et Agroécologie du Vignoble INRA 33140 Villenave d'Ornon France
| | | | - Françoise Lamy
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution UMR 8079 CNRS Université Paris-Sud Orsay France; Department of Biologie UVSQ Versailles France
| | - Charles Marangu
- KALRO Embu Kenya; Present address: CIMMYT 00621 Nairobi Kenya
| | - Dan Kiambi
- ICRISAT Nairobi Kenya; Present address: ABCIC P.O. Box 100882-00101 Nairobi Kenya
| | | | | | - Thierry Robert
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution UMR 8079 CNRS Université Paris-Sud Orsay France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, IFD Paris Cedex 05 France
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Abstract
Recent studies investigating the relationship between crop genetic diversity and human cultural diversity patterns showed that seed exchanges are embedded in farmers' social organization. However, our understanding of the social processes involved remains limited. We investigated how farmers' membership in three major social groups interacts in shaping sorghum seed exchange networks in a cultural contact zone on Mount Kenya. Farmers are members of residence groups at the local scale and of dialect groups clustered within larger ethnolinguistic units at a wider scale. The Chuka and Tharaka, who are allied in the same ethnolinguistic unit, coexist with the Mbeere dialect group in the study area. We assessed farmers' homophily, propensity to exchange seeds with members of the same group, using exponential random graph models. We showed that homophily is significant within both residence and ethnolinguistic groups. At these two levels, homophily is driven by the kinship system, particularly by the combination of patrilocal residence and ethnolinguistic endogamy, because most seeds are exchanged among relatives. Indeed, residential homophily in seed exchanges results from local interactions between women and their in-law family, whereas at a higher level, ethnolinguistic homophily is driven by marriage endogamy. Seed exchanges and marriage ties are interrelated, and both are limited between the Mbeere and the other groups, although frequent between the Chuka and Tharaka. The impact of these social homophily processes on crop diversity is discussed.
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Salpeteur M, Patel H, Balbo AL, Rubio-Campillo X, Madella M, Ajithprasad P, Reyes-García V. When Knowledge Follows Blood. CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1086/681006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Sosnowska J, Walanus A, Balslev H. Asháninka Palm Management and Domestication in the Peruvian Amazon. HUMAN ECOLOGY: AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL 2015; 43:451-466. [PMID: 26213438 PMCID: PMC4512279 DOI: 10.1007/s10745-015-9745-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Palms are a natural resource that has been abundantly used by Amerindians for centuries. Only a few palm domestications have been reported in the American tropics, where there is great diversity of the Arecaceae family. We report the results of a survey combining ethnobotanical and ecological methods to study the past and present management and distribution of palms by the Asháninka indigenous people from the Tambo river region in the Peruvian Amazon. Our objectives were to document palm-related traditional ecological knowledge, to examine correlation between palm abundance and Asháninka management practices and social exchange of palm resources, and to address the question of how the Asháninka have modified palm diversity and distribution in their territory. We found that most palm species have multiple uses; the most intensively managed were palms that provide thatch, notably Attalea phalerata, Oenocarpus mapora and Phytelephas macrocarpa. Of these, Attalea phalerata was the most commonly cultivated and was found only in cultivated stands. Our results have implications for understanding the domestication of Attalea weberbaueri, which is a landrace within the Attalea phalerata complex. A closer understanding of this process would require morphometric and genetic methods to compare wild and managed populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Sosnowska
- />W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Lubicz 46, 31-512 Cracow, Poland
| | - Adam Walanus
- />Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Cracow, Poland
| | - Henrik Balslev
- />Research Group for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Building 1540, Ny Munkegade 114, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Thomas M, Verzelen N, Barbillon P, Coomes OT, Caillon S, McKey D, Elias M, Garine E, Raimond C, Dounias E, Jarvis D, Wencélius J, Leclerc C, Labeyrie V, Cuong PH, Hue NTN, Sthapit B, Rana RB, Barnaud A, Violon C, Reyes LMA, Moreno LL, De Santis P, Massol F. A Network-Based Method to Detect Patterns of Local Crop Biodiversity. ADV ECOL RES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aecr.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sahri A, Chentoufi L, Arbaoui M, Ardisson M, Belqadi L, Birouk A, Roumet P, Muller MH. Towards a comprehensive characterization of durum wheat landraces in Moroccan traditional agrosystems: analysing genetic diversity in the light of geography, farmers' taxonomy and tetraploid wheat domestication history. BMC Evol Biol 2014; 14:264. [PMID: 25528060 PMCID: PMC4300848 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-014-0264-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crop diversity managed by smallholder farmers in traditional agrosystems is the outcome of historical and current processes interacting at various spatial scales, and influenced by factors such as farming practices and environmental pressures. Only recently have studies started to consider the complexity of these processes instead of simply describing diversity for breeding purposes. A first step in that aim is to add multiple references to the collection of genetic data, including the farmers' varietal taxonomy and practices and the historical background of the crop. RESULTS On the basis of interview data collected in a previous study, we sampled 166 populations of durum wheat varieties in two traditional Moroccan agrosystems, in the Pre-Rif and Atlas Mountains regions. Using a common garden experiment, we detected a high phenotypic variability on traits indicative of taxonomical position and breeding status, namely spike shape and plant height. Populations often combined modern (short) with traditional-like (tall) statures, and classical durum squared spike shape (5 flowers/spikelet) with flat spike shape (3 flowers/ spikelet) representative of primitive domesticated tetraploid wheat (ssp. dicoccum). By contrast, the genetic diversity assessed using 14 microsatellite markers was relatively limited. When compared to the genetic diversity found in a large collection of tetraploid wheat, it corresponded to free-threshing tetraploid wheat. Within Morocco, the two studied regions differed for both genetic diversity and variety names. Within regions, neither geography nor variety names nor even breeding status constituted strong barriers to gene exchange despite a few significant patterns. CONCLUSIONS This first assessment of morphological and genetic diversity allowed pointing out some important factors that may have influenced the structure and evolutionary dynamics of durum wheat in Morocco: the significance of variety names, the occurrence of mixtures within populations, the relative strength of seed exchange between farmers and local adaptation, as well as the fate of modern varieties once they have been introduced. Further, multidisciplinary studies at different spatial scales are needed to better understand these complex agrosystems of invaluable importance for food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sahri
- Département de Production, Protection et Biotechnologies Végétales, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, B.P. 6202, Rabat-Instituts, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Lamyae Chentoufi
- Département de Production, Protection et Biotechnologies Végétales, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, B.P. 6202, Rabat-Instituts, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Mustapha Arbaoui
- Département de Production, Protection et Biotechnologies Végétales, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, B.P. 6202, Rabat-Instituts, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Morgane Ardisson
- INRA, UMR 1334, Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (AGAP), 2 place Pierre Viala, F-34060, Montpellier Cedex 1, France.
| | - Loubna Belqadi
- Département de Production, Protection et Biotechnologies Végétales, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, B.P. 6202, Rabat-Instituts, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Ahmed Birouk
- Département de Production, Protection et Biotechnologies Végétales, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, B.P. 6202, Rabat-Instituts, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Pierre Roumet
- INRA, UMR 1334, Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (AGAP), 2 place Pierre Viala, F-34060, Montpellier Cedex 1, France.
| | - Marie-Hélène Muller
- INRA, UMR 1334, Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (AGAP), 2 place Pierre Viala, F-34060, Montpellier Cedex 1, France.
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Perales H, Golicher D. Mapping the diversity of maize races in Mexico. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114657. [PMID: 25486121 PMCID: PMC4259470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional landraces of maize are cultivated throughout more than one-half of Mexico's cropland. Efforts to organize in situ conservation of this important genetic resource have been limited by the lack of knowledge of regional diversity patterns. We used recent and historic collections of maize classified for race type to determine biogeographic regions and centers of landrace diversity. We also analyzed how diversity has changed over the last sixty years. Based on racial composition of maize we found that Mexico can be divided into 11 biogeographic regions. Six of these biogeographic regions are in the center and west of the country and contain more than 90% of the reported samples for 38 of the 47 races studied; these six regions are also the most diverse. We found no evidence of rapid overall decline in landrace diversity for this period. However, several races are now less frequently reported and two regions seem to support lower diversity than in previous collection periods. Our results are consistent with a previous hypothesis for diversification centers and for migration routes of original maize populations merging in western central Mexico. We provide maps of regional diversity patterns and landrace based biogeographic regions that may guide efforts to conserve maize genetic resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Perales
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Grupo de Agroecología, Carretera Panamericana y Periférico Sur s/n, San Cristóbal, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Duncan Golicher
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Grupo Conservación y Restauración de Bosques, Carretera Panamericana y Periférico Sur s/n, San Cristóbal, Chiapas, Mexico
- Center for Conservation Ecology & Environmental Change, School of Applied Sciences, Bournemouth University, Dorset, United Kingdom
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Ethnolinguistic structuring of sorghum genetic diversity in Africa and the role of local seed systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:14100-5. [PMID: 25225391 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1401646111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sorghum is a drought-tolerant crop with a vital role in the livelihoods of millions of people in marginal areas. We examined genetic structure in this diverse crop in Africa. On the continent-wide scale, we identified three major sorghum populations (Central, Southern, and Northern) that are associated with the distribution of ethnolinguistic groups on the continent. The codistribution of the Central sorghum population and the Nilo-Saharan language family supports a proposed hypothesis about a close and causal relationship between the distribution of sorghum and languages in the region between the Chari and the Nile rivers. The Southern sorghum population is associated with the Bantu languages of the Niger-Congo language family, in agreement with the farming-language codispersal hypothesis as it has been related to the Bantu expansion. The Northern sorghum population is distributed across early Niger-Congo and Afro-Asiatic language family areas with dry agroclimatic conditions. At a finer geographic scale, the genetic substructure within the Central sorghum population is associated with language-group expansions within the Nilo-Saharan language family. A case study of the seed system of the Pari people, a Western-Nilotic ethnolinguistic group, provides a window into the social and cultural factors involved in generating and maintaining the continent-wide diversity patterns. The age-grade system, a cultural institution important for the expansive success of this ethnolinguistic group in the past, plays a central role in the management of sorghum landraces and continues to underpin the resilience of their traditional seed system.
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Chentoufi L, Sahri A, Arbaoui M, Belqadi L, Birouk A, Roumet P, Muller MH. Anchoring durum wheat diversity in the reality of traditional agricultural systems: varieties, seed management, and farmers' perception in two Moroccan regions. JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE 2014; 10:58. [PMID: 25027694 PMCID: PMC4132198 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4269-10-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditional agrosystems are the places were crop species have evolved and continue to evolve under a combination of human and environmental pressures. A better knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the dynamics of crop diversity in these agrosystems is crucial to sustain food security and farmers' self-reliance. It requires as a first step, anchoring a description of the available diversity in its geographical, environmental, cultural and socio-economic context. METHODS We conducted interviews with farmers cultivating durum wheat in two contrasted traditional agrosystems of Morocco in the Pre-Rif (163 farmers) and in the oases of the Atlas Mountains (110 farmers). We documented the varietal diversity of durum wheat, the main characteristics of the farms, the farming and seed management practices applied to durum wheat, and the farmers' perception of their varieties. RESULTS As expected in traditional agrosystems, farmers largely practiced diversified subsistence agriculture on small plots and relied on on-farm seed production or informal seed exchange networks. Heterogeneity nevertheless prevailed on many variables, especially on the modernization of practices in the Pre-Rif region. Fourteen (resp. 11) traditional and 5 (resp. 3) modern varieties were identified in the Pre-Rif region (resp. in the Atlas Mountains). The majority of farmers grew a single variety, and most traditional varieties were distributed in restricted geographical areas. At the farm level, more than half of the varieties were renewed in the last decade in the Pre-Rif, a more rapid renewal than in the Atlas Mountain. Modern varieties were more prevalent in the Pre-Rif region and were integrated in the traditional practices of seed production, selection and exchange. They were clearly distinguished by the farmers from the landraces, the last ones being appreciated for their quality traits. CONCLUSIONS The surveyed traditional agrosystems constitute open, dynamic and heterogeneous entities. We suggest that competing factors could favour or limit the cultivation of improved varieties and the erosion of original durum wheat diversity. This first description opens the way to focused further investigations, including complementing variety names with cultural, genetic and phenotypic information and unravelling the multidimensional factors and consequences of modern variety adoption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamyae Chentoufi
- Département de Production, Protection et Biotechnologies Végétales, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, B.P. 6202, Rabat-Instituts, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Ali Sahri
- Département de Production, Protection et Biotechnologies Végétales, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, B.P. 6202, Rabat-Instituts, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mustapha Arbaoui
- Département de Production, Protection et Biotechnologies Végétales, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, B.P. 6202, Rabat-Instituts, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Loubna Belqadi
- Département de Production, Protection et Biotechnologies Végétales, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, B.P. 6202, Rabat-Instituts, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Ahmed Birouk
- Département de Production, Protection et Biotechnologies Végétales, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, B.P. 6202, Rabat-Instituts, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Pierre Roumet
- INRA, UMR 1334, Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (AGAP), 2 place Pierre Viala, F-34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France
| | - Marie-Hélène Muller
- INRA, UMR 1334, Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (AGAP), 2 place Pierre Viala, F-34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France
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Labeyrie V, Deu M, Barnaud A, Calatayud C, Buiron M, Wambugu P, Manel S, Glaszmann JC, Leclerc C. Influence of ethnolinguistic diversity on the sorghum genetic patterns in subsistence farming systems in eastern Kenya. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92178. [PMID: 24637745 PMCID: PMC3956919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the effects of actions undertaken by human societies on crop evolution processes is a major challenge for the conservation of genetic resources. This study investigated the mechanisms whereby social boundaries associated with patterns of ethnolinguistic diversity have influenced the on-farm distribution of sorghum diversity. Social boundaries limit the diffusion of planting material, practices and knowledge, thus shaping crop diversity in situ. To assess the effect of social boundaries, this study was conducted in the contact zone between the Chuka, Mbeere and Tharaka ethnolinguistic groups in eastern Kenya. Sorghum varieties were inventoried and samples collected in 130 households. In all, 297 individual plants derived from seeds collected under sixteen variety names were characterized using a set of 18 SSR molecular markers and 15 morphological descriptors. The genetic structure was investigated using both a Bayesian assignment method and distance-based clustering. Principal Coordinates Analysis was used to describe the structure of the morphological diversity of the panicles. The distribution of the varieties and the main genetic clusters across ethnolinguistic groups was described using a non-parametric MANOVA and pairwise Fisher tests. The spatial distribution of landrace names and the overall genetic spatial patterns were significantly correlated with ethnolinguistic partition. However, the genetic structure inferred from molecular makers did not discriminate the short-cycle landraces despite their morphological distinctness. The cases of two improved varieties highlighted possible fates of improved materials. The most recent one was often given the name of local landraces. The second one, that was introduced a dozen years ago, displays traces of admixture with local landraces with differential intensity among ethnic groups. The patterns of congruence or discordance between the nomenclature of farmers’ varieties and the structure of both genetic and morphological diversity highlight the effects of the social organization of communities on the diffusion of seed, practices, and variety nomenclature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Stéphanie Manel
- UMR LPED, Université Aix-Marseille/IRD, Marseille, France
- UMR AMAP, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
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Kawa NC, McCarty C, Clement CR. Manioc Varietal Diversity, Social Networks, and Distribution Constraints in Rural Amazonia. CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1086/673528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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