1
|
Shaalan O, Fawzy El-Sayed K, Abouauf E. Evaluation of the remineralization potential of self-assembling peptide P11-4 with fluoride compared to fluoride varnish in the management of incipient carious lesions: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Clin Oral Investig 2024; 28:438. [PMID: 39037455 PMCID: PMC11263456 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-024-05822-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present trial's aim was to compare the remineralization potential of self-assembling peptide P11-4 combined with fluoride to that of fluoride varnish. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-eight participants with 58 incipient carious lesions were enrolled in the present trial. Participants were randomly divided into two groups with 14 participants and 29 incipient lesions in each group. Patients were assigned either to self-assembling peptide combined with fluoride (Curodont Repair Fluoride Plus™) or sodium fluoride varnish (NaF, Bifluorid 10) groups. Both agents were applied according to the manufacturer's instructions on non-cavitated incipient carious lesions. Lesions were assessed by two calibrated and blinded assessors at baseline, and after one-, three- and six-months using a laser fluorescence device (DIAGNOdent). RESULTS Although laser fluorescence scores significantly improved in both groups over time (p < 0.05), no notable differences were evident between both groups at one-month (p > 0.05). Yet, at three- and six-months statistically lower laser fluorescence readings were evident in the self-assembling peptide combined with fluoride group in comparison to the fluoride alone group (p < 0.05). There was 60% less risk for caries progression for Curodont Repair Fluoride Plus™ when compared to NaF varnish after six months. Self-assembling peptide combined with fluoride was able to change 65.5% of non-cavitated carious lesions from DIAGNOdent score 3 (11-20) to score 1 (0-4). Fluoride varnish was able to change 13.8% of the lesions from score 3 to score 1 after six months. CONCLUSIONS The self-assembling peptide combined with fluoride varnish showed higher remineralization potential than fluoride varnish alone for incipient carious lesions over a six-months follow up. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The combination of self-assembling peptide P11-4 and fluoride could offer a new tool in managing incipient carious lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omar Shaalan
- Conservative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Al Saraya Str. 11, Manial, Cairo, Egypt
- Conservative Dentistry Division, School of Dentistry, Newgiza University, First 6th of October, Egypt
| | - Karim Fawzy El-Sayed
- Oral Medicine and Periodontology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Eman Abouauf
- Conservative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Al Saraya Str. 11, Manial, Cairo, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ozsunkar PS, Özen DÇ, Abdelkarim AZ, Duman S, Uğurlu M, Demİr MR, Kuleli B, Çelİk Ö, Imamoglu BS, Bayrakdar IS, Duman SB. Detecting white spot lesions on post-orthodontic oral photographs using deep learning based on the YOLOv5x algorithm: a pilot study. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:490. [PMID: 38658959 PMCID: PMC11044306 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04262-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deep learning model trained on a large image dataset, can be used to detect and discriminate targets with similar but not identical appearances. The aim of this study is to evaluate the post-training performance of the CNN-based YOLOv5x algorithm in the detection of white spot lesions in post-orthodontic oral photographs using the limited data available and to make a preliminary study for fully automated models that can be clinically integrated in the future. METHODS A total of 435 images in JPG format were uploaded into the CranioCatch labeling software and labeled white spot lesions. The labeled images were resized to 640 × 320 while maintaining their aspect ratio before model training. The labeled images were randomly divided into three groups (Training:349 images (1589 labels), Validation:43 images (181 labels), Test:43 images (215 labels)). YOLOv5x algorithm was used to perform deep learning. The segmentation performance of the tested model was visualized and analyzed using ROC analysis and a confusion matrix. True Positive (TP), False Positive (FP), and False Negative (FN) values were determined. RESULTS Among the test group images, there were 133 TPs, 36 FPs, and 82 FNs. The model's performance metrics include precision, recall, and F1 score values of detecting white spot lesions were 0.786, 0.618, and 0.692. The AUC value obtained from the ROC analysis was 0.712. The mAP value obtained from the Precision-Recall curve graph was 0.425. CONCLUSIONS The model's accuracy and sensitivity in detecting white spot lesions remained lower than expected for practical application, but is a promising and acceptable detection rate compared to previous study. The current study provides a preliminary insight to further improved by increasing the dataset for training, and applying modifications to the deep learning algorithm. CLINICAL REVELANCE Deep learning systems can help clinicians to distinguish white spot lesions that may be missed during visual inspection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pelin Senem Ozsunkar
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Duygu Çelİk Özen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Ahmed Z Abdelkarim
- Division of Oral & Maxillofacial Radiology, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State Universiy, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sacide Duman
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Uğurlu
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Rıdvan Demİr
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Batuhan Kuleli
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Özer Çelİk
- Department of Mathematics-Computer, Eskişehir Osmangazi University Faculty of Science, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Busra Seda Imamoglu
- Department of Orthodontics, Hamidiye Faculty of Dentistry, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Sevki Bayrakdar
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Suayip Burak Duman
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Inonu University, Malatya, 44280, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Al-Nerabieah Z, AlKhouli M, Dashash M. Assessment of diagnostic accuracy and reliability of reveal fluorescence dental loupes in detecting molar incisor hypomineralization in children. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2024; 46:104033. [PMID: 38432500 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2024.104033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH) poses challenges to accurate diagnosis, impacting children's oral health. Traditional methods exhibit limitations, necessitating innovative approaches. This study aimed to evaluate the reliability and diagnostic accuracy Reveal Fluorescence Dental Loupes (RFDLs) for the detection of MIH METHODS: This cross-sectional study, adhering to STRAD guidelines, involved 38 healthy children (age 7-9) with MIH. Ethical approval and informed consent were obtained. Microscope images and Reveal loupes were employed for examinations. Validity was assessed against microscope results, and inter- and intra-examiner reliability were measured using ICC and Kappa coefficients. Sensitivity, specificity, and overall accuracy were calculated, with an AUC-ROC analysis for discriminatory ability. RESULTS Intra-examiner reliability scores were excellent (Examiner 1: ICC 0.92, Examiner 2: ICC 0.94). Inter-examiner reliability (Kappa 0.92) indicated almost perfect agreement. Reveal demonstrated high sensitivity (82.61 %) and specificity (92.59 %), with an overall accuracy of 88.70 %. AUC-ROC analysis supported its robust discriminatory ability (AUC: 0.871). CONCLUSIONS Reveal Fluorescence Dental Loupes emerged as a promising diagnostic tool for accurate MIH detection, particularly in outreach settings. The study highlights the transformative impact of accessible and reliable diagnostic tools on pediatric oral health outcomes. While acknowledging limitations and the absence of a gold standard, the findings contribute to advancing MIH diagnostic capabilities. Further research in diverse populations is warranted for comprehensive validation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zuhair Al-Nerabieah
- Paediatric dentistry department, Faculty of Dentistry, Damascus University, Syria.
| | - Muaaz AlKhouli
- Paediatric dentistry department, Faculty of Dentistry, Damascus University, Syria
| | - Mayssoon Dashash
- Professor, Paediatric dentistry department, Faculty of Dentistry, Damascus University, Syria
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Veneri F, Filippini T, Consolo U, Vinceti M, Generali L. Ozone Treatment for the Management of Caries in Primary Dentition: A Systematic Review of Clinical Studies. Dent J (Basel) 2024; 12:69. [PMID: 38534293 DOI: 10.3390/dj12030069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Dental caries in children is a frequent and debilitating condition, whose management is often challenging. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the effectiveness of ozone applications for the treatment of caries in primary dentition. According to PRISMA guidelines, a systematic literature search was performed up to 6 January 2024. Clinical studies using ozone to treat caries of deciduous teeth were considered for inclusion. Out of the 215 records retrieved, seven studies were eventually included in the review, all of which used gaseous ozone. Four studies were judged at high risk of bias, two at low risk, and one of some concerns. The great heterogeneity of designs, outcomes, and protocols made it impossible to conduct a meta-analysis. Despite some limitations, the evidence yielded by the included studies suggests that ozone application, regardless of the protocol applied, is comparable to other interventions in terms of clinical outcomes and anti-bacterial activity, with no reported adverse effects and good patient acceptance. Therefore, ozone application may be a non-invasive approach to treat caries in primary dentition, especially in very young and poorly cooperative patients. Further standardized and rigorous studies are, however, needed to identify the best clinical protocols for this specific field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Veneri
- Unit of Dentistry & Oral-Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Transplant Surgery, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine Relevance (CHIMOMO), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
- PhD Program in Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Tommaso Filippini
- Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Section of Public Health, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
- School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA
| | - Ugo Consolo
- Unit of Dentistry & Oral-Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Transplant Surgery, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine Relevance (CHIMOMO), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Marco Vinceti
- Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Section of Public Health, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Luigi Generali
- Unit of Dentistry & Oral-Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Transplant Surgery, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine Relevance (CHIMOMO), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shaalan OO. DIAGNOdent versus International Caries Detection and Assessment System in detection of incipient carious lesions: A diagnostic accuracy study. J Conserv Dent 2023; 26:199-206. [PMID: 37205891 PMCID: PMC10190091 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_575_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim The present investigation aimed at assessing the diagnostic accuracy of DIAGNOdent compared to the International Caries Detection and Assessment System-II (ICDAS-II) in the detection of facial, smooth surface noncavitated carious lesions. Settings and Design Sixty patients were enrolled in the current study according to the eligibility criteria. There were 161 teeth with noncavitated, white spot carious lesions and 32 sound teeth. Materials and Methods Before examination, teeth were cleaned and polished and all patients were assessed under standardized operating conditions: preset dental unit position, operating light, and prolonged air drying (approximately 5 s). All teeth were assessed by two calibrated examiners individually without any contact using ICDAS-II and DIAGNOdent. Statistical Analysis The diagnostic accuracy of DIAGNOdent device was determined, including sensitivity, specificity, overall accuracy, positive and negative predictive values, and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Chi-square test was conducted to compare the distribution of ICDAS-II and DIAGNOdent scores. Inter-observer agreement between assessors was evaluated using Cohen's kappa test. Results In the current study, DIAGNOdent had an overall accuracy of 84.45% with sensitivity and specificity of 87.58% and 96.87%, respectively, and +PV and -PV of 97.7% and 83.9%, respectively, when score 0 represented sound tooth surface, while scores 1 and 2 were considered clinically noncavitated carious lesions. Moreover, when only ICDAS score 1 was considered representing first visual change in enamel, DIAGNOdent had an accuracy of 74.15% with sensitivity and specificity of 83.53% and 90.62%, respectively, and +PV and -PV of 93% and 78.6%, respectively. In the present study, when only ICDAS score 2 was considered representing distinct visual change in enamel, DIAGNOdent had an accuracy of 100% with sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 100%, respectively, and +PV and -PV of 100% and 100%, respectively. Conclusions The overall performance of DIAGNOdent was equivalent to the visual inspection using ICDAS-II. DIAGNOdent might be considered a useful adjunctive device for detection and monitoring development of noncavitated carious lesions on facial smooth surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omar Osama Shaalan
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
PCDM and PCDM4MP: New Pairwise Correlation-Based Data Mining Tools for Parallel Processing of Large Tabular Datasets. MATHEMATICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/math10152671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The paper describes PCDM and PCDM4MP as new tools and commands capable of exploring large datasets. They select variables based on identifying the absolute values of Pearson’s pairwise correlation coefficients between a chosen response variable and any other existing in the dataset. In addition, for each pair, they also report the corresponding significance and the number of non-null intersecting observations, and all this reporting is performed in a record-oriented manner (both source and output). Optionally, using threshold values for these three as parameters of PCDM, any user can select the most correlated variables based on high magnitude, significance, and support criteria. The syntax is simple, and the tools show the exploration progress in real-time. In addition, PCDM4MP can trigger different instances of Stata, each using a distinct class of variables belonging to the same dataset and resulting after simple name filtering (first letter). Moreover, this multi-processing (MP) version overcomes the parallelization limitations of the existing parallel module, and this is accomplished by using vertical instead of horizontal partitions of large flat datasets, dynamic generation of the task pattern, tasks, and logs, all within a single execution of this second command, and the existing qsub module to automatically and continuously allocate the tasks to logical processors and thereby emulating with fewer resources a cluster environment. In addition, any user can perform further selections based on the results printed in the console. The paper contains examples of using these tools for large datasets such as the one belonging to the World Values Survey and based on a simple variable naming practice. This article includes many recorded simulations and presents performance results. They depend on different resources and hardware configurations used, including cloud vs. on-premises, large vs. small amounts of RAM and processing cores, and in-memory vs. traditional storage.
Collapse
|
7
|
Deep Learning Application in Dental Caries Detection Using Intraoral Photos Taken by Smartphones. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12115504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A mobile-phone-based diagnostic tool, which most of the population can easily access, could be a game changer in increasing the number of examinations of people with dental caries. This study aimed to apply a deep learning algorithm in diagnosing the stages of smooth surface caries via smartphone images. Materials and methods: A training dataset consisting of 1902 photos of the smooth surface of teeth taken with an iPhone 7 from 695 people was used. Four deep learning models, consisting of Faster Region-Based Convolutional Neural Networks (Faster R-CNNs), You Only Look Once version 3 (YOLOv3), RetinaNet, and Single-Shot Multi-Box Detector (SSD), were tested to detect initial caries lesions and cavities. The reference standard was the diagnosis of a dentist based on image examination according to the International Caries Classification and Management System (ICCMS) classification. Results: For cavitated caries, YOLOv3 and Faster R-CNN showed the highest sensitivity among the four tested models, at 87.4% and 71.4%, respectively. The sensitivity levels of these two models were only 36.9 % and 26% for visually non-cavitated (VNC). The specificity of the four models reached above 86% for cavitated caries and above 71% for VNC. Conclusion: The clinical application of YOLOv3 and Faster R-CNN models for diagnosing dental caries via smartphone images was promising. The current study provides a preliminary insight into the potential translation of AI from the laboratory to clinical practice.
Collapse
|
8
|
Seredin P, Goloshchapov D, Kashkarov V, Emelyanova A, Buylov N, Ippolitov Y, Prutskij T. Development of a Visualisation Approach for Analysing Incipient and Clinically Unrecorded Enamel Fissure Caries Using Laser-Induced Contrast Imaging, MicroRaman Spectroscopy and Biomimetic Composites: A Pilot Study. J Imaging 2022; 8:jimaging8050137. [PMID: 35621901 PMCID: PMC9142888 DOI: 10.3390/jimaging8050137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This pilot study presents a practical approach to detecting and visualising the initial forms of caries that are not clinically registered. The use of a laser-induced contrast visualisation (LICV) technique was shown to provide detection of the originating caries based on the separation of emissions from sound tissue, areas with destroyed tissue and regions of bacterial invasion. Adding microRaman spectroscopy to the measuring system enables reliable detection of the transformation of the organic–mineral component in the dental tissue and the spread of bacterial microflora in the affected region. Further laboratory and clinical studies of the comprehensive use of LICV and microRaman spectroscopy enable data extension on the application of this approach for accurate determination of the boundaries in the changed dental tissue as a result of initial caries. The obtained data has the potential to develop an effective preventive medical diagnostic approach and as a result, further personalised medical treatment can be specified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Seredin
- Solid State Physics and Nanostructures Department, Voronezh State University, University Sq.1, 394018 Voronezh, Russia; (D.G.); (V.K.); (A.E.); (N.B.)
- Scientific and Educational Center, Nanomaterials and Nanotechnologies, Ural Federal University, Mir Av., 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Dmitry Goloshchapov
- Solid State Physics and Nanostructures Department, Voronezh State University, University Sq.1, 394018 Voronezh, Russia; (D.G.); (V.K.); (A.E.); (N.B.)
| | - Vladimir Kashkarov
- Solid State Physics and Nanostructures Department, Voronezh State University, University Sq.1, 394018 Voronezh, Russia; (D.G.); (V.K.); (A.E.); (N.B.)
| | - Anna Emelyanova
- Solid State Physics and Nanostructures Department, Voronezh State University, University Sq.1, 394018 Voronezh, Russia; (D.G.); (V.K.); (A.E.); (N.B.)
| | - Nikita Buylov
- Solid State Physics and Nanostructures Department, Voronezh State University, University Sq.1, 394018 Voronezh, Russia; (D.G.); (V.K.); (A.E.); (N.B.)
| | - Yuri Ippolitov
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry with Orthodontia, Voronezh State Medical University, Studentcheskaya St. 11, 394006 Voronezh, Russia;
| | - Tatiana Prutskij
- Sciences Institute, Autonomous University of Puebla (BUAP), Puebla 72570, Mexico;
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Monea M, Eşian D, Vlad RE, Bica CI. In vivo effectiveness of visual inspection and laser fluorescence in the diagnosis of early pit-and-fissure carious lesions: A cross-sectional study in a group of Romanian children. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e27811. [PMID: 34766591 PMCID: PMC8589235 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000027811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
General practitioners are still facing great challenges in the management of occlusal caries. Therefore, the development of better diagnostic protocols and assessment of caries activity might improve the results of nonoperative treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of visual inspection based on ICDAS-II (International Caries Detection and Assessment System) and DiagnoDent pen in the detection of pit-and-fissure early lesions in young permanent molars. The evaluation of 237 occlusal surfaces and caries risk assessment were performed in 96 children aged 7 to 15 years. The presence of pit-and-fissure noncavitated lesions was recorded using ICDAS-II scoring system and laser fluorescence. Statistical analysis was performed using McNemar test, with a level of significance of P < .05. The caries risk was measured for all participants. In 109 occlusal surfaces both methods identified enamel changes (46%) and in 62 cases both methods excluded the carious lesion (26.2%). The statistical analysis showed a significant moderate agreement between ICDAS-II code and DiagnoDent pen measurements (McNemar chi-squared statistic 9.5, P = .002 and Cohen kappa coefficient = 0.427). The majority of children (69.8%) had moderate caries risk and the most frequent risk factors recorded were sugar intake between meals, lack of regular dental control and poor oral hygiene. We concluded that ICDAS-II is a valuable and reliable diagnostic tool for early pit-and-fissure lesions and could be used alone during dental examination in children. The evaluation of caries risk should become clinical routine, as parameters belonging to high risk were frequently recorded in our study group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Monea
- Department of Odontology and Oral Pathology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Daniela Eşian
- Department of Pedodontics, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Ramona Elena Vlad
- Department of Odontology and Oral Pathology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Cristina Ioana Bica
- Department of Pedodontics, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureş, Romania
| |
Collapse
|