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Acha V, Barefoot B, Juarez Garcia A, Lehner V, Monno R, Sandler S, Spooner A, Verpillat P. Principles for Good Practice in the Conduct of Non-interventional Studies: The View of Industry Researchers. Ther Innov Regul Sci 2023; 57:1199-1208. [PMID: 37460826 PMCID: PMC10579109 DOI: 10.1007/s43441-023-00544-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
This reflection paper presents a consolidated view of EFPIA on the need for principles for good practice in the generation and use of non-interventional studies (NIS), including overarching principles such as the registration of hypothesis evaluating treatment effect (HETE) studies. We first define NIS and the important adjacencies to clinical trials and relationship with real-world evidence (RWE). We then outline the principles for good practice with respect to appropriate research design, study protocol, fit-for-purpose variables and data quality, analytical methods, bias reduction, transparency in conduct and use, privacy management and ethics review. We conclude with recommendations for action for the research community to promote trust and credibility in the use of NIS.
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Gerunov AA. A Privacy-by-Design Implementation Methodology for E-Government. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC GOVERNMENT RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.4018/ijegr.288067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The issues of privacy and data protection are gaining in prominence, especially against the backdrop of changing citizen preferences and the enforcement of strict legislations such as the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation. Pursuant both article 25 of the Regulation and following good practice, public sector institutions need to apply the principle of Privacy by Design (PbD) to their Information Systems. However, there is limited consensus on how this application is to be carried out. This article aims to fill this gap by constructing an implementation methodology with a particular focus on the e-government domain. This is done by using a design science approach leveraging practical experience and extant literature to design the methodology in accordance to user needs, existing legal requirements, and best practices. The proposed new methodology is applied to a real-life project from Bulgaria’s e-government road-map and evaluated by project stakeholders and experts.
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Wolff J, Pauling J, Keck A, Baumbach J. Success Factors of Artificial Intelligence Implementation in Healthcare. Front Digit Health 2021; 3:594971. [PMID: 34713083 PMCID: PMC8521923 DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2021.594971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Artificial Intelligence (AI) in healthcare has demonstrated high efficiency in academic research, while only few, and predominantly small, real-world AI applications exist in the preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic contexts. Our identification and analysis of success factors for the implementation of AI aims to close the gap between recent years' significant academic AI advancements and the comparably low level of practical application in healthcare. Methods: A literature and real life cases analysis was conducted in Scopus and OpacPlus as well as the Google advanced search database. The according search queries have been defined based on success factor categories for AI implementation derived from a prior World Health Organization survey about barriers of adoption of Big Data within 125 countries. The eligible publications and real life cases were identified through a catalog of in- and exclusion criteria focused on concrete AI application cases. These were then analyzed to deduct and discuss success factors that facilitate or inhibit a broad-scale implementation of AI in healthcare. Results: The analysis revealed three categories of success factors, namely (1) policy setting, (2) technological implementation, and (3) medical and economic impact measurement. For each of them a set of recommendations has been deducted: First, a risk adjusted policy frame is required that distinguishes between precautionary and permissionless principles, and differentiates among accountability, liability, and culpability. Second, a "privacy by design" centered technology infrastructure shall be applied that enables practical and legally compliant data access. Third, the medical and economic impact need to be quantified, e.g., through the measurement of quality-adjusted life years while applying the CHEERS and PRISMA reporting criteria. Conclusions: Private and public institutions can already today leverage AI implementation based on the identified results and thus drive the translation from scientific development to real world application. Additional success factors could include trust-building measures, data categorization guidelines, and risk level assessments and as the success factors are interlinked, future research should elaborate on their optimal interaction to utilize the full potential of AI in real world application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justus Wolff
- Chair of Experimental Bioinformatics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Syte - Strategy Institute for Digital Health, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Josch Pauling
- LipiTUM, Chair of Experimental Bioinformatics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Keck
- Syte - Strategy Institute for Digital Health, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Baumbach
- Chair of Experimental Bioinformatics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Chair of Computational Systems Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Khowaja SA, Khuwaja P, Dev K, D’Aniello G. VIRFIM: an AI and Internet of Medical Things-driven framework for healthcare using smart sensors. Neural Comput Appl 2021; 35:1-18. [PMID: 34493907 PMCID: PMC8412386 DOI: 10.1007/s00521-021-06434-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
After affecting the world in unexpected ways, the virus has started mutating which is evident with the insurgence of its new variants. The governments, hospitals, schools, industries, and humans, in general, are looking for a potential solution in the vaccine which will eventually be available, but its timeline for eradicating the virus is yet unknown. Several researchers have encouraged and recommended the use of good practices such as physical healthcare monitoring, immunity boosting, personal hygiene, mental healthcare, and contact tracing for slowing down the spread of the virus. In this article, we propose the use of smart sensors integrated with the Internet of Medical Things to cover the spectrum of good practices in an automated manner. We present hypothetical frameworks for each of the good practice modules and propose the VIrus Resistance Framework using the Internet of Medical Things (VIRFIM) to tie all the individual modules in a unified architecture. Furthermore, we validate the realization of VIRFIM framework with two case studies related to physical activity monitoring and stress detection services. We envision that VIRFIM would be influential in assisting people with the new normal for current and future pandemics as well as instrumental in halting the economic losses, respectively. We also provide potential challenges and their probable solutions in compliance with the proposed VIRFIM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunder Ali Khowaja
- Department of Telecommunication Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
| | - Parus Khuwaja
- Institute of Business Administration, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
| | - Kapal Dev
- Department of Institute of Intelligent systems, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Giuseppe D’Aniello
- Department of Information and Electrical Engineering and Applied Mathematics, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
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Saksena N, Matthan R, Bhan A, Balsari S. Rebooting consent in the digital age: a governance framework for health data exchange. BMJ Glob Health 2021; 6:e005057. [PMID: 34301754 PMCID: PMC8728384 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In August 2020, India announced its vision for the National Digital Health Mission (NDHM), a federated national digital health exchange where digitised data generated by healthcare providers will be exported via application programme interfaces to the patient's electronic personal health record. The NDHM architecture is initially expected to be a claims platform for the national health insurance programme 'Ayushman Bharat' that serves 500 million people. Such large-scale digitisation and mobility of health data will have significant ramifications on care delivery, population health planning, as well as on the rights and privacy of individuals. Traditional mechanisms that seek to protect individual autonomy through patient consent will be inadequate in a digitised ecosystem where processed data can travel near instantaneously across various nodes in the system and be combined, aggregated, or even re-identified.In this paper we explore the limitations of 'informed' consent that is sought either when data are collected or when they are ported across the system. We examine the merits and limitations of proposed alternatives like the fiduciary framework that imposes accountability on those that use the data; privacy by design principles that rely on technological safeguards against abuse; or regulations. Our recommendations combine complementary approaches in light of the evolving jurisprudence in India and provide a generalisable framework for health data exchange that balances individual rights with advances in data science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita Saksena
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, FXB Center for Health and Human Rights, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Anant Bhan
- Centre for Ethics, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Satchit Balsari
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, FXB Center for Health and Human Rights, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School / Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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The role of 5G for digital healthcare against COVID-19 pandemic: Opportunities and challenges. ICT EXPRESS 2021; 7. [PMCID: PMC7609229 DOI: 10.1016/j.icte.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic caused a massive impact on healthcare, social life, and economies on a global scale. Apparently, technology has a vital role to enable ubiquitous and accessible digital health services in pandemic conditions as well as against “re-emergence” of COVID-19 disease in a post-pandemic era. Accordingly, 5G systems and 5G-enabled e-health solutions are paramount. This paper highlights methodologies to effectively utilize 5G for e-health use cases and its role to enable relevant digital services. It also provides a comprehensive discussion of the implementation issues, possible remedies and future research directions for 5G to alleviate the health challenges related to COVID-19.
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Evaluating the E-Health Cloud Computing Systems Adoption in Taiwan's Healthcare Industry. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11040310. [PMID: 33918246 PMCID: PMC8067106 DOI: 10.3390/life11040310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the electronic health (e-health) cloud computing system is a promising innovation, its adoption in the healthcare industry has been slow. This study investigated the adoption of e-health cloud computing systems in the healthcare industry and considered security functions, management, cloud service delivery, and cloud software for e-health cloud computing systems. Although numerous studies have determined factors affecting e-health cloud computing systems, few comprehensive reviews of factors and their relations have been conducted. Therefore, this study investigated the relations between the factors affecting e-health cloud computing systems by using a multiple criteria decision-making technique, in which decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL), DANP (DEMATEL-based Analytic Network Process), and modified VIKOR (VlseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje) approaches were combined. The intended level of adoption of an e-health cloud computing system could be determined by using the proposed approach. The results of a case study performed on the Taiwanese healthcare industry indicated that the cloud management function must be primarily enhanced and that cost effectiveness is the most significant factor in the adoption of e-health cloud computing. This result is valuable for allocating resources to decrease performance gaps in the Taiwanese healthcare industry.
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Abstract
When the Internet and other interconnected networks are used in a health system, it is referred to as “e-Health.” In this paper, we examined research studies from 2017–2020 to explore the utilization of intelligent techniques in health and its evolution over time, particularly the integration of Internet of Things (IoT) devices and cloud computing. E-Health is defined as “the ability to seek, find, understand and appraise health information derived from electronic sources and acquired knowledge to properly solve or treat health problems. As a repository for health information as well as e-Health analysis, the Internet has the potential to protect consumers from harm and empower them to participate fully in informed health-related decision-making. Most importantly, high levels of e-Health integration mitigate the risk of encountering unreliable information on the Internet. Various research perspectives related to security and privacy within IoT-cloud-based e-Health systems are examined, with an emphasis on the opportunities, benefits and challenges of the implementation such systems. The combination of IoT-based e-Health systems integrated with intelligent systems such as cloud computing that provide smart objectives and applications is a promising future trend.
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