1
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Hanif MA, Hossen S, Choi CY, Kho KH. Cloning, characterization, and spatio-temporal expression patterns of HdhSPARC and its responses to multiple stressors. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2224. [PMID: 38278828 PMCID: PMC10817941 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51950-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
SPARC is an extracellular Ca2+-binding, secreted glycoprotein that plays a dynamic role in the growth and development of organisms. This study aimed to describe the isolation, characterization, and expression analysis of HdhSPARC in Pacific abalone (Haliotis discus hannai) to infer its potential functional role. The isolated HdhSPARC was 1633 bp long, encoding a polypeptide of 284 amino acid residues. Structurally, the SPARC protein in abalone is comprised of three biological domains. However, the structure of this protein varied between vertebrates and invertebrates, as suggested by their distinct clustering patterns in phylogenetic analysis. In early development, HdhSPARC was variably expressed, and higher expression was found in veliger larvae. Moreover, HdhSPARC was highly expressed in juvenile abalone with rapid growth compared to their slower-growing counterparts. Among the testicular development stages, the growth stage exhibited higher HdhSPARC expression. HdhSPARC was also upregulated during muscle remodeling and shell biomineralization, as well as in response to different stressors such as heat shock, LPS, and H2O2 exposure. However, this gene was downregulated in Cd-exposed abalone. The present study first comprehensively characterized the HdhSPARC gene, and its spatio-temporal expressions were analyzed along with its responses to various stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Abu Hanif
- Department of Fisheries Science, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, 59626, South Korea
| | - Shaharior Hossen
- Department of Fisheries Science, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, 59626, South Korea
| | - Cheol Young Choi
- Division of Marine BioScience, National Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan, 49112, South Korea
| | - Kang Hee Kho
- Department of Fisheries Science, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, 59626, South Korea.
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2
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Varvara C, Hala E, Di Comite M, Zupa R, Passantino L, Ventriglia G, Quaranta A, Corriero A, Pousis C. An Observational Study of Skeletal Malformations in Four Semi-Intensively Reared Carp Species. Vet Sci 2024; 11:30. [PMID: 38250936 PMCID: PMC10819420 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Cyprinids include some of the most widely farmed freshwater species. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence of skeletal malformations in carp species reared in semi-intensive systems in Albania: common carp (Cyprinus carpio), silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis). The common carp fingerlings had a mean total length of 28.9 ± 5.0 mm; the frequencies of individuals with at least one anomaly and at least one severe anomaly were 79.2% and 43.4%, respectively. The silver carp juveniles had a mean total length of 21.6 ± 2.1 mm; the frequencies of individuals with at least one anomaly and one severe anomaly were 93.1% and 57.5%, respectively. The grass carp fry had a mean total length of 33.5 ± 2.6 mm; all the analyzed specimens showed almost one anomaly and 86.4% showed at least one severe anomaly. The bighead carp juveniles had a mean total length of 34.4 ± 5.7 mm; the frequencies of individuals with at least one anomaly and at least one severe anomaly were 95.0% and 62.5%, respectively. The development of a more suitable feeding protocol for herbivorous species and the setting up of more efficient broodstock management protocols are suggested to reduce the high incidence of skeletal malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Varvara
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (C.V.); (R.Z.); (A.Q.); (A.C.); (C.P.)
| | - Edmond Hala
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Agricultural University of Tirana, 1030 Tirana, Albania;
| | - Mariasevera Di Comite
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Rosa Zupa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (C.V.); (R.Z.); (A.Q.); (A.C.); (C.P.)
| | - Letizia Passantino
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Jonian Area (DiMePRe-J), Section of Veterinary Science and Animal Production, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70010 Valenzano, Italy;
| | - Gianluca Ventriglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (C.V.); (R.Z.); (A.Q.); (A.C.); (C.P.)
| | - Angelo Quaranta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (C.V.); (R.Z.); (A.Q.); (A.C.); (C.P.)
| | - Aldo Corriero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (C.V.); (R.Z.); (A.Q.); (A.C.); (C.P.)
| | - Chrysovalentinos Pousis
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (C.V.); (R.Z.); (A.Q.); (A.C.); (C.P.)
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council, 70126 Bari, Italy
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3
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Khalili A, van Wijngaarden E, Zoidl GR, Rezai P. Simultaneous screening of zebrafish larvae cardiac and respiratory functions: a microfluidic multi-phenotypic approach. INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY : QUANTITATIVE BIOSCIENCES FROM NANO TO MACRO 2022; 14:162-170. [PMID: 36416255 DOI: 10.1093/intbio/zyac015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Multi-phenotypic screening of multiple zebrafish larvae plays an important role in enhancing the quality and speed of biological assays. Many microfluidic platforms have been presented for zebrafish phenotypic assays, but multi-organ screening of multiple larvae, from different needed orientations, in a single device that can enable rapid and large-sample testing is yet to be achieved. Here, we propose a multi-phenotypic quadruple-fish microfluidic chip for simultaneous monitoring of heart activity and fin movement of 5-7-day postfertilization zebrafish larvae trapped in the chip. In each experiment, fin movements of four larvae were quantified in the dorsal view in terms of fin beat frequency (FBF). Positioning of four optical prisms next to the traps provided the lateral views of the four larvae and enabled heart rate (HR) monitoring. The device's functionality in chemical testing was validated by assessing the impacts of ethanol on heart and fin activities. Larvae treated with 3% ethanol displayed a significant drop of 13.2 and 35.8% in HR and FBF, respectively. Subsequent tests with cadmium chloride highlighted the novel application of our device for screening the effect of heavy metals on cardiac and respiratory function at the same time. Exposure to 5 $\mu$g/l cadmium chloride revealed a significant increase of 8.2% and 39.2% in HR and FBF, respectively. The device can be employed to monitor multi-phenotypic behavioral responses of zebrafish larvae induced by chemical stimuli in various chemical screening assays, in applications such as ecotoxicology and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Khalili
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Georg R Zoidl
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pouya Rezai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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4
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Tarasco M, Gavaia PJ, Bensimon-Brito A, Cordelières FP, Santos T, Martins G, de Castro DT, Silva N, Cabrita E, Bebianno MJ, Stainier DYR, Cancela ML, Laizé V. Effects of pristine or contaminated polyethylene microplastics on zebrafish development. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:135198. [PMID: 35660050 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The presence of microplastics in the aquatic ecosystem represents a major issue for the environment and human health. The capacity of organic pollutants to adsorb onto microplastic particles raises additional concerns, as it creates a new route for toxic compounds to enter the food web. Current knowledge on the impact of pristine and/or contaminated microplastics on aquatic organisms remains insufficient, and we provide here new insights by evaluating their biological effects in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Zebrafish larvae were raised in ZEB316 stand-alone housing systems and chronically exposed throughout their development to polyethylene particles of 20-27 μm, pristine (MP) or spiked with benzo[α]pyrene (MP-BaP), supplemented at 1% w/w in the fish diet. While they had no effect at 30 days post-fertilization (dpf), MP and MP-BaP affected growth parameters at 90 and 360 dpf. Relative fecundity, egg morphology, and yolk area were also impaired in zebrafish fed MP-BaP. Zebrafish exposed to experimental diets exhibited an increased incidence of skeletal deformities at 30 dpf as well as an impaired development of caudal fin/scales, and a decreased bone quality at 90 dpf. An intergenerational bone formation impairment was also observed in the offspring of parents exposed to MP or MP-BaP through a reduction of the opercular bone in 6 dpf larvae. Beside a clear effect on bone development, histological analysis of the gut revealed a reduced number of goblet cells in zebrafish fed MP-BaP diet, a sign of intestinal inflammation. Finally, exposure of larvae to MP-BaP up-regulated the expression of genes associated with the BaP response pathway, while negatively impacting the expression of genes involved in oxidative stress. Altogether, these data suggest that long-term exposure to pristine/contaminated microplastics not only jeopardizes fish growth, reproduction performance, and skeletal health, but also causes intergenerational effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tarasco
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - Paulo J Gavaia
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (FMCB) and Algarve Biomedical Center (ABC), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - Anabela Bensimon-Brito
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Developmental Genetics, Bad Nauheim, Germany; INSERM, ATIP-Avenir, Aix Marseille University, Marseille Medical Genetics, Marseille, France
| | - Fabrice P Cordelières
- Bordeaux Imaging Center (BIC), UMS 3420 CNRS - Université de Bordeaux - US4 INSERM, Pôle d'imagerie Photonique, Centre Broca Nouvelle-Aquitaine, Bordeaux, France
| | - Tamára Santos
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - Gil Martins
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - Daniela T de Castro
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - Nádia Silva
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - Elsa Cabrita
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - Maria J Bebianno
- Centre for Marine and Environmental Research (CIMA), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - Didier Y R Stainier
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Developmental Genetics, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - M Leonor Cancela
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (FMCB) and Algarve Biomedical Center (ABC), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - Vincent Laizé
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal; S2AQUA, Sustainable and Smart Aquaculture Collaborative Laboratory, Olhão, Portugal.
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5
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Rosa JT, Tarasco M, Gavaia PJ, Cancela ML, Laizé V. Screening of Mineralogenic and Osteogenic Compounds in Zebrafish—Tools to Improve Assay Throughput and Data Accuracy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15080983. [PMID: 36015130 PMCID: PMC9412667 DOI: 10.3390/ph15080983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone disorders affect millions of people worldwide and treatments currently available often produce undesirable secondary effects or have limited efficacy. It is therefore of the utmost interest for patients to develop more efficient drugs with reduced off-target activities. In the long process of drug development, screening and preclinical validation have recently gained momentum with the increased use of zebrafish as a model organism to study pathological processes related to human bone disorders, and the development of zebrafish high-throughput screening assays to identify bone anabolic compounds. In this review, we provided a comprehensive overview of the literature on zebrafish bone-related assays and evaluated their performance towards an integration into screening pipelines for the discovery of mineralogenic/osteogenic compounds. Tools available to standardize fish housing and feeding procedures, synchronize embryo production, and automatize specimen sorting and image acquisition/analysis toward faster and more accurate screening outputs were also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana T. Rosa
- Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- S2AQUA—Collaborative Laboratory, Association for a Sustainable and Smart Aquaculture, 8700-194 Olhão, Portugal
| | - Marco Tarasco
- Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Paulo J. Gavaia
- Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- GreenColab—Associação Oceano Verde, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - M. Leonor Cancela
- Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- Algarve Biomedical Center, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Vincent Laizé
- Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- S2AQUA—Collaborative Laboratory, Association for a Sustainable and Smart Aquaculture, 8700-194 Olhão, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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6
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Mitovic N, Maksimovic S, Puflovic D, Kovacevic S, Lopicic S, Todorovic J, Spasic S, Dincic M, Ostojic JN. Cadmium significantly changes major morphometrical points and cardiovascular functional parameters during early development of zebrafish. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 87:103723. [PMID: 34391906 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2021.103723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Living organisms are commonly exposed to cadmium and other toxic metals. A vast body of research has shown the significant effects of these toxic metals on developmental processes. In order to study the role of toxic metals on early developmental stages of eukaryotes, we explored the effect of cadmium (Cd2+) contaminant on zebrafish. Thus, zebrafish embryos were exposed to 3 mg/L (16.7 μM) Cd2+ for 96 h and imaged every 24 h from the exposure onwards. Hatching rates of the eggs were determined at 72 h, followed by analyses at 96 h for: survival rate, morphometrical factors, and functional parameters of the cardiovascular system. Interestingly enough, significant hatching delays along with smaller cephalic region and some morphological abnormalities were observed in the treatment group. Moreover, substantial changes were noticed in the length of notochord and embryo, absorption of yolk sac with shorter extension, area of swimming bladder, as well as pericardium sac after Cd2+ treatment. Cadmium also caused significant abnormalities in heart physiology which could be the leading cause of mentioned morphological deformities. Herein, our results shine light on systematic acute embryological effects of cadmium in the early development of zebrafish for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Mitovic
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Stefan Maksimovic
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Darko Puflovic
- Faculty of Electronic Engineering, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
| | - Sanjin Kovacevic
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Srdjan Lopicic
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jasna Todorovic
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Svetolik Spasic
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marko Dincic
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Nesovic Ostojic
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
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7
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Eissa AE, Abu‐Seida AM, Ismail MM, Abu‐Elala NM, Abdelsalam M. A comprehensive overview of the most common skeletal deformities in fish. AQUACULTURE RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/are.15125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alaa E. Eissa
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine and Management Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Cairo University Giza Egypt
| | - Ashraf M. Abu‐Seida
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Cairo University Giza Egypt
| | - Mona M. Ismail
- Department of Fish Diseases and Management Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Suez Canal University Ismailia Egypt
| | - Nermeen M. Abu‐Elala
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine and Management Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Cairo University Giza Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abdelsalam
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine and Management Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Cairo University Giza Egypt
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8
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Tarasco M, Cordelières FP, Cancela ML, Laizé V. ZFBONE: An ImageJ toolset for semi-automatic analysis of zebrafish bone structures. Bone 2020; 138:115480. [PMID: 32534223 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The last decade has seen an increased interest in the discovery of compounds with bone anabolic activity to treat skeletal disorders such as osteoporosis and increase the well-being of patients. Due to the many technical advantages over classical rodent systems, zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been increasingly used in screening pipelines, in particular those aiming at identifying osteoactive compounds with pharmacological potential. Because compound osteoactivity is mostly determined in zebrafish through the morphometric analysis of bone structures, image analysis, rather than screening assay implementation, molecule availability and image acquisition, represents a bottleneck to the screening throughput. The absence of auto/semi-automatic tools for image analysis of fish bone structures is also a limitation to a broader usage of zebrafish screening pipelines. We present here ZFBONE (for ZebraFish BONE), an open-source, freely available, user-friendly, rapid and reliable toolset, aiming at accelerating image analysis by automating the morphometric assessment of zebrafish bone structures, but also at increasing data accuracy by reducing operator bias. Tools included in ZFBONE allow users to assess, from 2D images, morphometric parameters of several bone structures (e.g. operculum, caudal fin rays and scales) but also the extent and the intensity of bone-specific colorations. ZFBONE has been developed using the open-source ImageJ software, to make it available to the whole zebrafish research community, but also to have it easily modifiable according to user demands. ZFBONE can also be used toward the standardization of zebrafish screening protocols in academia and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tarasco
- Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal.
| | - Fabrice P Cordelières
- Bordeaux Imaging Center, UMS 3420 CNRS - University of Bordeaux - US4 INSERM, Bordeaux, France
| | - M Leonor Cancela
- Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, Algarve Biomedical Centre and Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Vincent Laizé
- Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
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9
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Tarasco M, Martins G, Gavaia PJ, Bebianno MJ, Cancela ML, Laizé V. ZEB316: A Small Stand-Alone Housing System to Study Microplastics in Small Teleosts. Zebrafish 2020; 17:18-26. [PMID: 31994994 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2019.1801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many anthropogenic chemicals and plastic debris end up in the aquatic ecosystem worldwide, representing a major concern for the environment and human health. Small teleosts, such as zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes), offer significant advantages over classical animal models and are currently used as first-line organisms to assess environmental risks associated with many aquatic toxicants. Toxicological studies require the use of inert materials and controlled conditions. Yet, none of the available commercialized systems is adequate to assess the toxic effect of microplastics, because they contain components made of plastic polymers that may release micrometric plastic particles, leach manufacturing compounds, or adsorb chemicals. The ZEB316 stand-alone housing system presented in this study is meant to be a cost-effective and easy-to-built solution to perform state-of-the-art toxicological studies. It is built with inert and corrosion-resistant materials and provides good housing conditions through efficient recirculation and filtration systems. Assessment of water parameters and fish growth performance showed that the ZEB316 provides housing conditions comparable to those available from commercial housing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tarasco
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Gil Martins
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Paulo J Gavaia
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine (DCBM), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Maria J Bebianno
- Centre for Marine and Environmental Research (CIMA), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - M Leonor Cancela
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine (DCBM), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal.,Algarve Biomedical Centre (ABC) and Centre for Biomedical Research (CBMR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Vincent Laizé
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
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