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Rehman AU. Chemical profile and in vivo anti-hyperlipidaemic activity of chloroform fraction of Zygophyllum indicum in Triton X-100 induced hyperlipidaemic rats. Nat Prod Res 2023:1-11. [PMID: 38018814 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2286612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Anti-hyperlipidaemic effect of chloroform fraction of aerial parts of Zygophyllum indicum (Fagonia indica Burm.f.) was studied in rats. Adult Wistar albino rats were distributed into five groups. Rats of all groups except group I were given an intraperitoneal injection (Triton X-100) to induce hyperlipidaemia. Groups (I and II) served as normal and hyperlipidaemic control groups respectively. Group III and group IV were administered with 250 and 500 mg/kg chloroform fraction of the plant respectively after 18 h of inducing hyperlipidaemia. Group V was given 10 mg/kg of the standard atorvastatin. Chloroform fraction had significant (p < 0.05) hypolipidaemic effects on lipid profile and biochemical parameters with a protective effect on the liver in comparison to group II. F. indica with hypolipidaemic effect is useful in the management of hyperlipidaemia. Chloroform fraction with its constituents can be used as an antihyperlipidaemic supplement in developing countries for the development of novel therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atiq-Ur- Rehman
- University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Allama Iqbal Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
- Department of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
- Salar College of Pharmacy, Amna Inayat Medical College Faizpur Interchange, Lahore, Sheikhupura, Pakistan
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2
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Calzada F, Valdes M, Martínez-Solís J, Velázquez C, Barbosa E. Annona cherimola Miller and Its Flavonoids, an Important Source of Products for the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus: In Vivo and In Silico Evaluations. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16050724. [PMID: 37242507 DOI: 10.3390/ph16050724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The antihyperglycemic activity of ethanolic extract from Annona cherimola Miller (EEAch) and its products were evaluated using in vivo and in silico assays. An α-glucosidase inhibition was evaluated with oral sucrose tolerance tests (OSTT) and molecular docking studies using acarbose as the control. SGLT1 inhibition was evaluated with an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and molecular docking studies using canagliflozin as the control. Among all products tested, EEAc, the aqueous residual fraction (AcRFr), rutin, and myricetin reduced the hyperglycemia in DM2 mice. During the carbohydrate tolerance tests, all the treatments reduced the postprandial peak such as the control drugs. In the molecular docking studies, rutin showed more affinity in inhibiting α-glucosidase enzymes and myricetin in inhibiting the SGLT1 cotransporter, showing ∆G values of -6.03 and -3.32 kcal/mol-1, respectively, in α-glucosidase enzymes. In the case of the SGLT1 cotransporter, molecular docking showed ∆G values of 22.82 and -7.89 in rutin and myricetin, respectively. This research sorts in vivo and in silico pharmacological studies regarding the use of A. cherimola leaves as a source for the development of new potential antidiabetic agents for T2D control, such as flavonoids rutin and myricetin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Calzada
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Farmacología, UMAE Hospital de Especialidades 2° Piso CORSE, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, Mexico City CP 06720, Mexico
| | - Miguel Valdes
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Plan de San Luis y Salvador Díaz Mirón S/N, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City CP 11340, Mexico
| | - Jesús Martínez-Solís
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Plan de San Luis y Salvador Díaz Mirón S/N, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City CP 11340, Mexico
| | - Claudia Velázquez
- Área Académica de Farmacia, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Circuito exHacienda La Concepcion s/n, Carretera Pachuca-Atocpan, San Agustin Tlaxiaca CP 42076, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Barbosa
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Plan de San Luis y Salvador Díaz Mirón S/N, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City CP 11340, Mexico
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Santos IL, Rodrigues AMDC, Amante ER, Silva LHMD. Soursop ( Annona muricata) Properties and Perspectives for Integral Valorization. Foods 2023; 12:foods12071448. [PMID: 37048268 PMCID: PMC10093693 DOI: 10.3390/foods12071448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The increased international interest in the properties of soursop (Annona muricata) alerts us to the sustainability of productive chain by-products, which are rich in phytochemicals and other properties justifying their industrial application in addition to reducing the environmental impact and generating income. Chemical characteristics of soursop by-products are widely known in the scientific community; this fruit has several therapeutic effects, especially its leaves, enabling it to be used by the pharmaceutical industry. Damaged and non-standard fruits (due to falling and crushing) (30-50%), seeds (3-8.5%), peels (7-20%), and leaves, although they constitute discarded waste, can be considered as by-products. There are other less cited parts of the plant that also have phytochemical components, such as the columella and the epidermis of the stem and root. Tropical countries are examples of producers where soursop is marketed as fresh fruit or frozen pulp, and the valorization of all parts of the fruit could represent important environmental and economic perspectives. Based on the chemical composition of the fruit as well as its by-products and leaves, this work discusses proposals for the valorization of these materials. Soursop powder, bioactive compounds, oil, biochar, biodiesel, bio-oil, and other products based on published studies are presented in this work, offering new ideas for opportunities for the regions and consumers that produce soursop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivone Lima Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos (PPGCTA) [Graduate Program in Science and Food Technology], Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém 66075-110, Pará, Brazil
| | - Antonio Manoel da Cruz Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos (PPGCTA) [Graduate Program in Science and Food Technology], Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém 66075-110, Pará, Brazil
| | - Edna Regina Amante
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos (PPGCTA) [Graduate Program in Science and Food Technology], Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém 66075-110, Pará, Brazil
| | - Luiza Helena Meller da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos (PPGCTA) [Graduate Program in Science and Food Technology], Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém 66075-110, Pará, Brazil
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Melatonin Treatments Reduce Chilling Injury and Delay Ripening, Leading to Maintenance of Quality in Cherimoya Fruit. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043787. [PMID: 36835199 PMCID: PMC9960509 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Spain is the world's leading producer of cherimoya, a climacteric fruit highly appreciated by consumers. However, this fruit species is very sensitive to chilling injury (CI), which limits its storage. In the present experiments, the effects of melatonin applied as dipping treatment on cherimoya fruit CI, postharvest ripening and quality properties were evaluated during storage at 7 °C + 2 days at 20 °C. The results showed that melatonin treatments (0.01, 0.05, 0.1 mM) delayed CI, ion leakage, chlorophyll losses and the increases in total phenolic content and hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidant activities in cherimoya peel for 2 weeks with respect to controls. In addition, the increases in total soluble solids and titratable acidity in flesh tissue were also delayed in melatonin-treated fruit, and there was also reduced firmness loss compared with the control, the highest effects being found for the 0.05 mM dose. This treatment led to maintenance of fruit quality traits and to increases in the storage time up to 21 days, 14 days more than the control fruit. Thus, melatonin treatment, especially at 0.05 mM concentration, could be a useful tool to decrease CI damage in cherimoya fruit, with additional effects on retarding postharvest ripening and senescence processes and on maintaining quality parameters. These effects were attributed to a delay in the climacteric ethylene production, which was delayed for 1, 2 and 3 weeks for 0.01, 0.1 and 0.05 mM doses, respectively. However, the effects of melatonin on gene expression and the activity of the enzymes involved in ethylene production deserves further research.
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Pearls before Swine: Plant-Derived Wastes to Produce Low-Cholesterol Meat from Farmed Pigs-A Bibliometric Analysis Combined to Meta-Analytic Studies. Foods 2023; 12:foods12030571. [PMID: 36766100 PMCID: PMC9914002 DOI: 10.3390/foods12030571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to environmental and human factors, there is a growing amount of agri-food waste worldwide. The European Commission is incentivizing a zero-waste policy by 2025, pushing to find a "second life" for at least the avoidable ones. In this review, after summarizing the nutritional values of pork and the importance of its inclusion in human diet, a phylogenetic analysis was conducted to investigate potential differences in the structure and activity of HMGCR, which is a key enzyme in cholesterol metabolism. In addition, a bibliometric analysis combined with visual and meta-analytical studies on 1047 scientific articles was conducted to understand whether the inclusion of agro-food waste could affect the growth performance of pigs and reduce cholesterol levels in pork. Although some critical issues were highlighted, the overall data suggest a modern and positive interest in the reuse of agri-food waste as swine feed. However, although interesting and promising results have been reported in several experimental trials, further investigation is needed, since animal health and meat quality are often given marginal consideration.
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Mannino G, Ricciardi M, Gatti N, Serio G, Vigliante I, Contartese V, Gentile C, Bertea CM. Changes in the Phytochemical Profile and Antioxidant Properties of Prunus persica Fruits after the Application of a Commercial Biostimulant Based on Seaweed and Yeast Extract. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415911. [PMID: 36555550 PMCID: PMC9779733 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant biostimulants are formulations that are experiencing great success from the perspective of sustainable agriculture. In this work, we evaluated the effect derived from the application of a biostimulant based on algae and yeast extracts (Expando®) on the agronomic yield and nutraceutical profile of two different cultivars ("Sugar Time" and "West Rose") of Prunus persica (peach). Although, at the agronomic level, significant effects on production yields were not recorded, the biostimulant was able to reduce the ripening time, increase the fruit size, and make the number of harvestable fruits homogeneous. From a nutraceutical point of view, our determinations via spectrophotometric (UV/Vis) and chromatographic (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS) analysis showed that the biostimulant was able to boost the content of bioactive compounds in both the pulp (5.0 L/ha: +17%; 4.0 L/ha: +12%; 2.5 L/ha: +11%) and skin (4.0 L/ha: +38%; 2.5 L/ha: +15%). These changes seem to follow a dose-dependent effect, also producing attractive effects on the antioxidant properties of the fruits harvested from the treated trees. In conclusion, the biostimulant investigated in this work proved to be able to produce more marketable fruit in a shorter time, both from a pomological and a functional point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Mannino
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Innovation Centre, Plant Physiology Unit, University of Turin, 10135 Turin, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Maddalena Ricciardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Innovation Centre, Plant Physiology Unit, University of Turin, 10135 Turin, Italy
| | - Noemi Gatti
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Innovation Centre, Plant Physiology Unit, University of Turin, 10135 Turin, Italy
| | - Graziella Serio
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | | | | | - Carla Gentile
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Cinzia M. Bertea
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Innovation Centre, Plant Physiology Unit, University of Turin, 10135 Turin, Italy
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Tackling the Future Pandemics: Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Agents (BSAAs) Based on A-Type Proanthocyanidins. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238353. [PMID: 36500445 PMCID: PMC9736452 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
A-type proanthocyanidins (PAC-As) are plant-derived natural polyphenols that occur as oligomers or polymers of flavan-3-ol monomers, such as (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin, connected through an unusual double A linkage. PAC-As are present in leaves, seeds, flowers, bark, and fruits of many plants, and are thought to exert protective natural roles against microbial pathogens, insects, and herbivores. Consequently, when tested in isolation, PAC-As have shown several biological effects, through antioxidant, antibacterial, immunomodulatory, and antiviral activities. PAC-As have been observed in fact to inhibit replication of many different human viruses, and both enveloped and non-enveloped DNA and RNA viruses proved sensible to their inhibitory effect. Mechanistic studies revealed that PAC-As cause reduction of infectivity of viral particles they come in contact with, as a result of their propensity to interact with virion surface capsid proteins or envelope glycoproteins essential for viral attachment and entry. As viral infections and new virus outbreaks are a major public health concern, development of effective Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Agents (BSAAs) that can be rapidly deployable even against future emerging viruses is an urgent priority. This review summarizes the antiviral activities and mechanism of action of PAC-As, and their potential to be deployed as BSAAs against present and future viral infections.
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Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Properties with Involved Mechanisms of Eugenia involucrata DC Fruits. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11091769. [PMID: 36139843 PMCID: PMC9495894 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the phytochemical profile and the antioxidative properties of Eugenia involucrata fruits were evaluated. Spectrophotometric assays indicated that these berries are a rich source of polyphenols with very high radical-scavenging and metal-reducing activities. High-performance liquid chromatography–Orbitrap analysis was able to carry out the annotation of 36 different compounds, mainly belonging to the flavonol, flavan-3-ol, and anthocyanin families. Antioxidant activity of the fruit extract was evaluated in a cell-based lipid peroxidation model. Obtained data showed that the extract, at very low concentration, was able to prevent oxidative damage in HepG2 cells exposed to oxidative stimuli. Moreover, the evaluation of the gene expression of the most important antioxidant enzymes suggested that the observed antioxidant protection in cells also involves an improvement in enzymatic antioxidant defenses. Finally, the collected data show that E. involucrata fruits are a good source of natural antioxidant molecules and provide evidence of their potential application in the nutraceutical field.
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Mannino G, Serio G, Gaglio R, Busetta G, La Rosa L, Lauria A, Settanni L, Gentile C. Phytochemical Profile and Antioxidant, Antiproliferative, and Antimicrobial Properties of Rubus idaeus Seed Powder. Foods 2022; 11:foods11172605. [PMID: 36076790 PMCID: PMC9455724 DOI: 10.3390/foods11172605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of the contemporary research on sustainable development and circular economy, the quest for effective strategies aimed at revaluation of waste and by-products generated in industrial and agricultural production becomes important. In this work, an ethanolic extract from red raspberry (Rubus idaeus) seed waste (WRSP) was evaluated for its phytochemical composition and functional properties in term of antioxidative, antiproliferative, and antimicrobial activities. Chemical composition of the extract was determined by both HPLC-ESI-MS/MS and spectrophotometric methods. Phytochemical analysis revealed that flavan-3-ols and flavonols were the major phenolic compounds contained in WRSP. The extract demonstrated very high radical-scavenging (4.86 ± 0.06 µmol TE/DW) and antioxidant activity in a cell-based model (0.178 ± 0.03 mg DW/mL cell medium). The WRSP extract also exhibited antiproliferative activity against three different epithelial cancer cell lines (MCF-7, HepG2, and HeLa cells) in a dose-dependent manner. Finally, microbiological assays showed the absence of colonies of bacteria and microscopic fungi (yeasts and molds) and revealed that the WRSP extract has a large inhibition spectrum against spoilage and pathogenic bacteria, without inhibitory activity against pro-technological bacteria. In conclusion, the obtained results show that WRSP is a rich source of phytochemical compounds exerting interesting biological activities. For these reasons WRSP could find applications in the nutritional, nutraceutical, and pharmacological fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Mannino
- Innovation Centre, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Quarello 15/A, 10135 Turin, Italy
| | - Graziella Serio
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Raimondo Gaglio
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Gabriele Busetta
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Lorenza La Rosa
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonino Lauria
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Luca Settanni
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (C.G.)
| | - Carla Gentile
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (C.G.)
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Development of an Effective Sonotrode Based Extraction Technique for the Recovery of Phenolic Compounds with Antioxidant Activities in Cherimoya Leaves. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11152034. [PMID: 35956511 PMCID: PMC9370491 DOI: 10.3390/plants11152034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The leaves of Annona cherimola Mill (cherimoya) are a potential source of phenolic compounds that have been shown to have beneficial properties. Therefore, this study focuses on establishing an ultrasonic-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds in cherimoya leaves using a sonotrode. For that purpose, a Box-Behnken design based on a response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize factors, such as amplitude, extraction time and solvent composition to obtain the maximum content of phenolic compounds by HPLC-MS and the maximum in-vitro antioxidant activity by DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays in ‘Fino de Jete’ cherimoya leaves. The optimal conditions were 70% amplitude, 10 min and 40:60 ethanol/water (EtOH/H2O) (v/v). The results obtained under these optimum conditions by using a sonotrode were compared with those from an ultrasonic bath; briefly, recovery of phenolic compounds by sonotrode was 2.3 times higher than a bath. Therefore, these optimal conditions were applied to different varieties ‘Campas’, ‘Fino de Jete’ and ‘Negrito Joven’ harvested in the Tropical Coast of Granada (Spain). A total of 39 phenolic compounds were determined in these cherimoya leaf extracts, 24 phenolic compounds by HPLC-MS and 15 proanthocianidins by HPLC-FLD. 5-p-coumaroylquinic acid, lathyroside-7-O-α-l-rhamnopyranoside and quercetin hexose acetate were first identified in cherimoya leaves. The most concentrated phenolic compounds were the flavonoids, such as rutin and quercetin hexoside and proanthocyanidins including monomers. Almost no significant differences in the phenolic content in these cultivars were found (11–13 mg/g d.w. for phenolic compounds and 11–20 mg/g d.w. for proanthocyanidins). In addition, sonotrode ultrasonic-assisted extraction has been shown to be an efficient extraction technique in the phenolic recovery from cherimoya leaves that could be implemented on an industrial scale.
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Can Agri-Food Waste Be a Sustainable Alternative in Aquaculture? A Bibliometric and Meta-Analytic Study on Growth Performance, Innate Immune System, and Antioxidant Defenses. Foods 2022; 11:foods11131861. [PMID: 35804678 PMCID: PMC9266230 DOI: 10.3390/foods11131861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The agri-food industry generates a large amount of waste every year, which is both an environmental and economic problem, especially for the countries in charge of its disposal. Over the years, there has been a growing interest especially in plant waste, since they are rich in compounds with high nutritional and nutraceutical value. As a result, several scientific disciplines are investigating their alternative use in the formulation of dietary supplements for human or animal use, or as biostimulants for agricultural purposes. In this review, using a meta-analytical approach, we summarize the main and most recent findings related to the use of plant waste as potential ingredients in dietary supplementation for fish grown under controlled experimental conditions. In particular, in this review, it has been highlighted that plant waste may have not only positive effects on growth performance, but also beneficial effects on modulation of the innate immune system and antioxidant defenses. Finally, the bibliometric study and a mapping provide an overview of the recent publications, showing the research strength across the country, the number of potential collaborations among institutions, and the main research focus, demonstrating how this topic is growing in interest, especially in Europe.
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Mannino G, Serio G, Bertea CM, Chiarelli R, Lauria A, Gentile C. Phytochemical profile and antioxidant properties of the edible and non-edible portions of black sapote (Diospyros digyna Jacq.). Food Chem 2022; 380:132137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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13
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Fresh-Cut Mangoes: How to Increase Shelf Life by Using Neem Oil Edible Coating. COATINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings12050664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The mango is the most widely cultivated tropical fruit. Fresh-cut mango is very useful, but it is very perishable. The purpose of this study was to highlight the effects of neem oil on fresh-cut mango fruits kept for 9 days at 4 ± 1 °C and 80 ± 5% relative humidity. The neem plant (Azadirachta indica) has numerous antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Despite this, very few studies have been carried out on neem oil added to edible coatings (EC) to retard ripening processes. Two formulations were tested: EC1 (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose + CaCl2) and EC2 (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose + CaCl2 + neem oil), both compared with an untreated sample (control). Physicochemical, microbial, proximate and sensory analyses were carried out. Neem oil reduced loss of firmness and colour, while hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and CaCl2 reduced normal cell degradation (weight loss and soluble solids content). Microbiological investigation showed that the EC2 inhibited the development of the main spoilage bacteria during the entire storage period, prolonging the preservation of fresh-cut fruits. The sensory analysis showed a rapid degradation after 5 d in the control sample, while the EC2 was the best.
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Magara G, Prearo M, Vercelli C, Barbero R, Micera M, Botto A, Caimi C, Caldaroni B, Bertea CM, Mannino G, Barceló D, Renzi M, Gasco L, Re G, Dondo A, Elia AC, Pastorino P. Modulation of Antioxidant Defense in Farmed Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) Fed with a Diet Supplemented by the Waste Derived from the Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Basil ( Ocimum basilicum). Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020415. [PMID: 35204297 PMCID: PMC8869336 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytotherapy is based on the use of plants to prevent or treat human and animal diseases. Recently, the use of essential oils and polyphenol-enriched extracts is also rapidly increasing in the aquaculture sector as a means of greater industrial and environmental sustainability. Previous studies assessed the antibacterial and antiparasitic effects of these bioactive compounds on fish. However, studies on the modulation of oxidative stress biomarkers are still scant to date. Thus, in this study, the modulation of antioxidant defense against oxidative stress exerted by fish diets supplemented with a basil supercritical extract (F1-BEO) was assessed in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. The F1-BEO extracted with supercritical fluid extraction was added to the commercial feed flour (0.5, 1, 2, 3% w/w) and mixed with fish oil to obtain a suitable compound for pellet preparation. Fish were fed for 30 days. The levels of stress biomarkers such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, glutathione reductase, glyoxalase I, glyoxalase II, lactate dehydrogenase, glutathione and malondialdehyde showed a boost in the antioxidant pathway in fish fed with a 0.5% F1-BEO-supplemented diet. Higher F1-BEO supplementation led to a failure of activity of several enzymes and the depletion of glutathione levels. Malondialdehyde concentration suggests a sufficient oxidative stress defense against lipid peroxidation in all experimental groups, except for a 3% F1-BEO-supplemented diet (liver 168.87 ± 38.79 nmol/mg prot; kidney 146.86 ± 23.28 nmol/mg prot), compared to control (liver 127.76 ± 18.15 nmol/mg prot; kidney 98.68 ± 15.65 nmol/mg prot). Our results suggest supplementing F1-BEO in fish diets up to 0.5% to avoid potential oxidative pressure in farmed trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Magara
- Department of Chemistry Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (G.M.); (B.C.); (A.C.E.)
| | - Marino Prearo
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Turin, Italy; (M.P.); (A.D.)
| | - Cristina Vercelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, 10095 Turin, Italy; (C.V.); (G.R.)
| | - Raffaella Barbero
- ASL TO4, Servizio Veterinario-Igiene Degli Allevamenti e Delle Produzioni Zootecniche, Settimo Torinese, 10036 Turin, Italy;
| | - Marco Micera
- Exenia Group S.R.L, Pinerolo, 10064 Turin, Italy; (M.M.); (A.B.)
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10123 Turin, Italy;
| | - Alfonso Botto
- Exenia Group S.R.L, Pinerolo, 10064 Turin, Italy; (M.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Christian Caimi
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, 10095 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (L.G.)
| | - Barbara Caldaroni
- Department of Chemistry Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (G.M.); (B.C.); (A.C.E.)
| | | | - Giuseppe Mannino
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10123 Turin, Italy;
- Correspondence: (G.M.); (P.P.); Tel.: +39-0116706362 (G.M.); +39-0112686251 (P.P.)
| | - Damià Barceló
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), 17003 Girona, Spain;
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Monia Renzi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Laura Gasco
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, 10095 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (L.G.)
| | - Giovanni Re
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, 10095 Turin, Italy; (C.V.); (G.R.)
| | - Alessandro Dondo
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Turin, Italy; (M.P.); (A.D.)
| | - Antonia Concetta Elia
- Department of Chemistry Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (G.M.); (B.C.); (A.C.E.)
| | - Paolo Pastorino
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Turin, Italy; (M.P.); (A.D.)
- Correspondence: (G.M.); (P.P.); Tel.: +39-0116706362 (G.M.); +39-0112686251 (P.P.)
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15
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Le TD, Viet Nguyen T, Muoi NV, Toan HT, Lan NM, Pham TN. Supply Chain Management of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Fruit: A Review With a Focus on Product Quality During Postharvest. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.799431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is a widely consumed fruit in tropical/subtropical regions around the world due to its excellent flavor and taste, and valuable source of nutrients and phytochemical compounds. As a climacteric fruit, mango is easily perishable after harvesting due to the ripening process, environmental conditions, and improper postharvest handling, leading to significant quality losses as well as economic loss throughout a supply chain. Postharvest losses are attributed to harvesting at an improper maturity stage, poor postharvest pretreatment, improper packing and packaging, inappropriate storage temperature and distribution conditions. These caused mechanical damage, sap burn, spongy tissue, weight loss, fruit softening, decay, chilling injury, and postharvest diseases. Currently, each step in the supply chain has been applied many postharvest technologies to reduce the quality losses of mango fruits as well as improving their marketability with the highest retention of quality. This review documented available possible causes for the quality losses and observed the physicochemical changes of mango fruit when applying postharvest technologies at each critical step in the mango supply chain from harvesting, pre-treatment, packaging, storage, to distribution. The summarized information is expected to provide comprehensive quality changes of mango fruits and point out the proper technology at each step of the supply chain.
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16
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Cosmeceutical Potential of Major Tropical and Subtropical Fruit By-Products for a Sustainable Revalorization. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020203. [PMID: 35204085 PMCID: PMC8868306 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing production of tropical fruits followed by their processing results in tons of waste, such as skins or seeds. However, these by-products have been reported to be rich in bioactive compounds (BACs) with excellent properties of interest in the cosmeceutical industry: antioxidant, anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and photoprotective properties. This review summarizes the tropical fruits most produced worldwide, their bioactive composition and the most important and studied therapeutic properties that their by-products can contribute to skin health, as well as the different approaches for obtaining these compounds using techniques by conventional (Soxhlet, liquid-liquid extraction or maceration) and non-conventional extractions (supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) and two-phase aqueous system), followed by their identification by HPLC-MS or GC-MS analysis. Moreover, this work encompasses several studies that may prove the effects of seeds and skins from tropical fruits against oxidative stress, hyperpigmentation, acne, aging or UV radiation. Therefore, the investigation of functional components present in tropical fruit by-products under a circular bioeconomy model could be of great interest for the cosmeceutical industry and a very promising option for obtaining new cosmeceutical formulations.
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17
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Hernández Fuentes LM, Montalvo González E, García Magaña MDL, Anaya Esparza LM, Nolasco González Y, Villagrán Z, González Torres S, Velázquez Monreal JJ, Morelos Flores DA. Current Situation and Perspectives of Fruit Annonaceae in Mexico: Biological and Agronomic Importance and Bioactive Properties. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:plants11010007. [PMID: 35009011 PMCID: PMC8747276 DOI: 10.3390/plants11010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The Annonaceae family is one of the oldest angiosperms. The genus Annona is the one with the most species and, together with Asimina, the only ones that contain edible fruits. In the last 10 years, interest in these fruit species has increased, mainly due to their nutritional properties and their application in the treatment of human diseases. Mexico is the center of origin for most of them. However, at present much of the basic agronomic information, postharvest handling of the fruits, and their potential as new crops for areas with poor soils in organic matter or semi-dry climates is unknown. It is considered that these custard apple species may be an option to change towards instead of crops that have lost profitability and sustainability. A review of the current state of knowledge in different areas of the species A. muricata, A. macroprophyllata, A. reticulata, A. squamosa, and A. cherimola was carried out and to focus research efforts on the topics of greatest interest and on those where is required to achieve a sustainable production and use of these resources in Mexico. However, knowledge about the cultivation and potential uses of these species is needed to increase their commercialization; the integration of interdisciplinary and interinstitutional groups is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M. Hernández Fuentes
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Santiago Ixcuintla 63300, Nayarit, Mexico;
- Correspondence: (L.M.H.F.); (E.M.G.); (J.J.V.M.)
| | - Efigenia Montalvo González
- Laboratorio Integral de Investigación en Alimentos, Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tepic, Tepic 63175, Nayarit, Mexico; (M.d.L.G.M.); (L.M.A.E.); (D.A.M.F.)
- Correspondence: (L.M.H.F.); (E.M.G.); (J.J.V.M.)
| | - Maria de Lourdes García Magaña
- Laboratorio Integral de Investigación en Alimentos, Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tepic, Tepic 63175, Nayarit, Mexico; (M.d.L.G.M.); (L.M.A.E.); (D.A.M.F.)
| | - Luis M. Anaya Esparza
- Laboratorio Integral de Investigación en Alimentos, Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tepic, Tepic 63175, Nayarit, Mexico; (M.d.L.G.M.); (L.M.A.E.); (D.A.M.F.)
- División de Ciencias Agropecuarias e Ingenierías, Centro Universitario de los Altos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tepatitlán de Morelos 47620, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Yolanda Nolasco González
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Santiago Ixcuintla 63300, Nayarit, Mexico;
- Laboratorio Integral de Investigación en Alimentos, Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tepic, Tepic 63175, Nayarit, Mexico; (M.d.L.G.M.); (L.M.A.E.); (D.A.M.F.)
| | - Zuamí Villagrán
- División de Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de los Altos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tepatitlán de Morelos 47620, Jalisco, Mexico; (Z.V.); (S.G.T.)
| | - Sughey González Torres
- División de Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de los Altos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tepatitlán de Morelos 47620, Jalisco, Mexico; (Z.V.); (S.G.T.)
| | - José Joaquín Velázquez Monreal
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Tecomán 28925, Colima, Mexico
- Correspondence: (L.M.H.F.); (E.M.G.); (J.J.V.M.)
| | - David Antonio Morelos Flores
- Laboratorio Integral de Investigación en Alimentos, Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tepic, Tepic 63175, Nayarit, Mexico; (M.d.L.G.M.); (L.M.A.E.); (D.A.M.F.)
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18
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Proanthocyanidins and Where to Find Them: A Meta-Analytic Approach to Investigate Their Chemistry, Biosynthesis, Distribution, and Effect on Human Health. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10081229. [PMID: 34439477 PMCID: PMC8389005 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PACs) are a class of polyphenolic compounds that are attracting considerable interest in the nutraceutical field due to their potential health benefits. However, knowledge about the chemistry, biosynthesis, and distribution of PACs is limited. This review summarizes the main chemical characteristics and biosynthetic pathways and the main analytical methods aimed at their identification and quantification in raw plant matrices. Furthermore, meta-analytic approaches were used to identify the main plant sources in which PACs were contained and to investigate their potential effect on human health. In particular, a cluster analysis identified PACs in 35 different plant families and 60 different plant parts normally consumed in the human diet. On the other hand, a literature search, coupled with forest plot analyses, highlighted how PACs can be actively involved in both local and systemic effects. Finally, the potential mechanisms of action through which PACs may impact human health were investigated, focusing on their systemic hypoglycemic and lipid-lowering effects and their local anti-inflammatory actions on the intestinal epithelium. Overall, this review may be considered a complete report in which chemical, biosynthetic, ecological, and pharmacological aspects of PACs are discussed.
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19
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Mannino G, Iovino P, Lauria A, Genova T, Asteggiano A, Notarbartolo M, Porcu A, Serio G, Chinigò G, Occhipinti A, Capuzzo A, Medana C, Munaron L, Gentile C. Bioactive Triterpenes of Protium heptaphyllum Gum Resin Extract Display Cholesterol-Lowering Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052664. [PMID: 33800828 PMCID: PMC7961947 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is one of the major causes of cardiovascular disease, the risk of which is further increased if other forms of dyslipidemia occur. Current therapeutic strategies include changes in lifestyle coupled with drug administration. Statins represent the most common therapeutic approach, but they may be insufficient due to the onset of resistance mechanisms and side effects. Consequently, patients with mild hypercholesterolemia prefer the use of food supplements since these are perceived to be safer. Here, we investigate the phytochemical profile and cholesterol-lowering potential of Protium heptaphyllum gum resin extract (PHE). Chemical characterization via HPLC-APCI-HRMS2 and GC-FID/MS identified 13 compounds mainly belonging to ursane, oleanane, and tirucallane groups. Studies on human hepatocytes have revealed how PHE is able to reduce cholesterol production and regulate the expression of proteins involved in its metabolism. (HMGCR, PCSK9, LDLR, FXR, IDOL, and PPAR). Moreover, measuring the inhibitory activity of PHE against HMGR, moderate inhibition was recorded. Finally, molecular docking studies identified acidic tetra- and pentacyclic triterpenoids as the main compounds responsible for this action. In conclusion, our study demonstrates how PHE may be a useful alternative to contrast hypercholesterolemia, highlighting its potential as a sustainable multitarget natural extract for the nutraceutical industry that is rapidly gaining acceptance as a source of health-promoting compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Mannino
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (G.M.); (A.L.); (M.N.); (G.S.)
| | - Piera Iovino
- Biosfered S.R.L., 10148 Turin, Italy; (P.I.); (A.A.)
| | - Antonino Lauria
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (G.M.); (A.L.); (M.N.); (G.S.)
| | - Tullio Genova
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10123 Turin, Italy; (T.G.); (G.C.); (L.M.)
| | - Alberto Asteggiano
- Biosfered S.R.L., 10148 Turin, Italy; (P.I.); (A.A.)
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy (C.M.)
| | - Monica Notarbartolo
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (G.M.); (A.L.); (M.N.); (G.S.)
| | - Alessandra Porcu
- Abel Nutraceuticals S.R.L., 10148 Turin, Italy; (A.P.); (A.O.); (A.C.)
| | - Graziella Serio
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (G.M.); (A.L.); (M.N.); (G.S.)
| | - Giorgia Chinigò
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10123 Turin, Italy; (T.G.); (G.C.); (L.M.)
| | - Andrea Occhipinti
- Abel Nutraceuticals S.R.L., 10148 Turin, Italy; (A.P.); (A.O.); (A.C.)
| | - Andrea Capuzzo
- Abel Nutraceuticals S.R.L., 10148 Turin, Italy; (A.P.); (A.O.); (A.C.)
| | - Claudio Medana
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy (C.M.)
| | - Luca Munaron
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10123 Turin, Italy; (T.G.); (G.C.); (L.M.)
| | - Carla Gentile
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (G.M.); (A.L.); (M.N.); (G.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-091-2388-6472
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20
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Gentile C. Biological Activities of Plant Food Components: Implications in Human Health. Foods 2021; 10:foods10020456. [PMID: 33669658 PMCID: PMC7922861 DOI: 10.3390/foods10020456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Scientific data and epidemiological evidence collected over the last fifty years have shown that nutrition plays a decisive role in human health [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Gentile
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
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