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Akinboye AJ, Kim K, Park J, Kim YS, Lee JG. Contamination of ultraviolet absorbers in food: toxicity, analytical methods, occurrence and risk assessments. Food Sci Biotechnol 2024; 33:1805-1824. [PMID: 38752111 PMCID: PMC11091012 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-024-01566-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) absorbers are chemical substances that are widely used as defenses against the damaging effects of solar radiations. UV absorbers, despite their benefits, are categorized as emerging pollutants because they have been demonstrated to be mutagenic, toxic, pseudo-persistent, bio-accumulative, and to have strong estrogenic effects. Because of their common use in personal care products, they continue to enter the environment. Several food samples, particularly those derived from aquatic sources, have been found to be contaminated with these compounds. Toxic effects on aquatic life, such as metabolic imbalance and developmental toxicity, result from the continued presence of UV absorbers in aquatic bodies. In addition, the degree of exposure to these pollutants in foods should be examined because there are certain risks associated with their consumption by humans. Therefore, this review focuses on the toxicity, analytical techniques, occurrence, and risk assessments of UV absorbers found in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adebayo J. Akinboye
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Seoul National University of Science & Technology, Nowon-Gu, Seoul, 01811 Korea
| | - Kiyun Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Seoul National University of Science & Technology, Nowon-Gu, Seoul, 01811 Korea
| | - Junhyeong Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Seoul National University of Science & Technology, Nowon-Gu, Seoul, 01811 Korea
| | - Young-Suk Kim
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Women University, Seodammum-Gu, Seoul, 03760 Korea
| | - Joon-Goo Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Seoul National University of Science & Technology, Nowon-Gu, Seoul, 01811 Korea
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Pintado-Herrera MG, López-López JA, Lara-Martín PA, Medina A, Cadenas I, Giansiracusa S, Corada-Fernández C, Varela JL. Assessment of metal and organic pollutants in combination with stable isotope analysis in tunas from the Gulf of Cadiz (east Atlantic). MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 196:106432. [PMID: 38457908 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Bioaccumulation patterns of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Fe and Cu) and organic (priority and emerging) pollutants, in combination with stable isotope analysis (SIA), were assessed in muscle and liver of three tuna species from the Gulf of Cadiz (Atlantic bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus; Atlantic bonito, Sarda sarda, and skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis). SIA and contaminant (heavy metal and organic) profiles separately discriminated between species. There was no significant overlap between the trophic niches estimated from isotopic data, suggesting that there are diet differences which may determine differential bioaccumulation patterns. The levels of heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants in muscle of all the individuals analyzed were below the allowable limits established by the current legislation. Concentrations of most contaminants were higher in liver than in muscle, underlining the powerful detoxifying capacity of the liver in tunas. In addition to diet, other factors such as size and age (exposure time to environmental chemicals) explain differences in pollutant accumulation patterns in tissues between species, each with varying degrees of involvement depending on the pollutant class. Our results show that combining contaminant profile data with trophic features based on SIA may help understand pollutant bioaccumulation patterns in upper levels of marine food webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina G Pintado-Herrera
- Departamento de Química Física, Instituto de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEIMAR), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Spain
| | - José A López-López
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Pablo A Lara-Martín
- Departamento de Química Física, Instituto de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEIMAR), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Antonio Medina
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Spain.
| | - Irene Cadenas
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Sara Giansiracusa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Informatica e Statistica, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, Italy
| | - Carmen Corada-Fernández
- Departamento de Química Física, Instituto de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEIMAR), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Spain
| | - José L Varela
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Spain
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González-Bareiro E, Montesdeoca-Esponda S, De la Fuente J, Sosa-Ferrera Z, Arbelo M, Fernández A, Santana-Rodríguez JJ. Assessment of the presence of UV filters and UV stabilizers in stranded dolphin blubber. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 895:165041. [PMID: 37356772 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
The presence of ultraviolet filters (UVFs) and stabilizers (UVSs) was evaluated for the first time in the common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). UVFs and UVSs are compounds of growing concern because their effects on the environment are not completely known. UVFs and UVSs are added to personal care products (PCPs), such as cosmetics and products related to sun care and once released to the aquatic ecosystem, marine organisms can bioaccumulate these substances. This work aimed to determine the presence of 12 UVFs and UVSs in cetacean blubber samples to assess the pollution to which these animals of the highest trophic chain levels are exposed due to human activity. Analytical determinations were carried out using a method based on microwave-assisted extraction combined with ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry detection. The developed method was successfully applied to determine the target compounds in the blubber tissues of five necropsied common bottlenose dolphins. Three of the 12 studied compounds, namely 2-ethylhexyl 2-cyano-3,3-diphenylprop-2-enoate (octocrilene, OC), 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (benzophenone 3, BP3) and 3-methylbutyl (E)-3-(4methoxyphenyl) prop-2-enoate (IMC), were detected in several samples. Of the identified compounds, OC was present in all the samples and at the highest concentration within the range from 52.61 ± 18.59 to 108.0 ± 11.32 ng·g-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily González-Bareiro
- Instituto Universitario de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (i-UNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Sarah Montesdeoca-Esponda
- Instituto Universitario de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (i-UNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
| | - Jesús De la Fuente
- Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), Centro Atlántico de Investigación de Cetáceos, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Zoraida Sosa-Ferrera
- Instituto Universitario de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (i-UNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Manuel Arbelo
- Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), Centro Atlántico de Investigación de Cetáceos, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Antonio Fernández
- Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), Centro Atlántico de Investigación de Cetáceos, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - José Juan Santana-Rodríguez
- Instituto Universitario de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (i-UNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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Marcin S, Aleksander A. Acute toxicity assessment of nine organic UV filters using a set of biotests. Toxicol Res 2023; 39:649-667. [PMID: 37779587 PMCID: PMC10541396 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-023-00192-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
UV filters in environmental compartments are a source of concern related to their ecotoxicological effects. However, little is known about UV filters' toxicity, particularly those released into the environment as mixtures. Acute toxicity of nine organic UV filters benzophenone-1, benzophenone-2, benzophenone-3, 4-methoxy benzylidene camphor, octocrylene, ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate, 2-ethylhexyl salicylate, homosalate, and butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane was determined. UV filter solutions were tested as single, binary, and ternary mixtures of various compositions. Single solutions were tested using a set of bio tests, including tests on saline crustaceans (Artemia franciscana), freshwater crustaceans (Daphnia magna), marine bacteria (Aliivibrio fischeri), and freshwater plants (Lemna minor). The tests represent different stages of the trophic chain, and hence their overall results could be used to risk assessment concerning various water reservoirs. The toxicity of binary and ternary mixtures was analyzed using the standardized Microtox® method. Generally, organic UV filters were classified as acutely toxic. Octocrylene was the most toxic for Arthemia franciscana (LC50 = 0.55 mg L-1) and Daphnia magna (EC50 = 2.66-3.67 mg L-1). The most toxic against freshwater plants were homosalate (IC50 = 1.46 mg L-1) and octocrylene (IC50 = 1.95 mg L-1). Ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (EC50 = 1.38-2.16 mg L-1) was the most toxic for marine bacteria. The least toxic for crustaceans and plants were benzophenone-1 (EC50 = 6.15-46.78 mg L-1) and benzophenone-2 (EC50 = 14.15-54.30 mg L-1), while 4-methoxy benzylidene camphor was the least toxic for marine bacteria (EC50 = 12.97-15.44 mg L-1). Individual species differ in their sensitivity to the tested organic UV filters. An assessment of the toxicity of mixtures indicates high and acute toxicity to marine bacteria after exposition to a binary mixture of benzophenone-2 with octocrylene, 2-ethylhexyl salicylate, or homosalate. The toxicity of mixtures was lower than single solutions predicting antagonistic interaction between chemicals. Graphical abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Stec Marcin
- Environmental Chemistry Research Unit, Institute of Biology and Earth Sciences, Pomeranian University in Słupsk, 22a Arciszewskiego Str., 76-200 Słupsk, Poland
| | - Astel Aleksander
- Environmental Chemistry Research Unit, Institute of Biology and Earth Sciences, Pomeranian University in Słupsk, 22a Arciszewskiego Str., 76-200 Słupsk, Poland
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Liu Y, Gao L, Ai Q, Qiao L, Li J, Lyu B, Zheng M, Wu Y. Concentrations, Profiles, and Health Risks of Organic Ultraviolet Filters in Eight Food Categories Determined through the Sixth Chinese Total Diet Study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:13366-13374. [PMID: 37647541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) filters are emerging contaminants that have been found in high concentrations in human tissues. Food intake is generally considered to be the primary route of human exposure to contaminants. In this study, 184 composite food samples, prepared from 4268 individual samples in eight categories collected from 23 Chinese provinces for the sixth Chinese total diet study, were analyzed. The total and median UV filter concentrations in food samples were 1.5-68.3 and 7.9 ng/g wet weight, respectively. The highest median concentrations were found in decreasing order in meat, cereals, and legumes. In total, 15 UV filters were analyzed. 2-Ethylhexyl salicylate, homosalate, and 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate were dominant and made median contributions of 34.1%, 22.6%, and 14.5%, respectively, and 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-di-tert-pentylphenol contributed the median of 0.03%, of the total UV filter concentrations. The estimated total daily UV filter intake in animal-origin foods and total UV filter concentration in human milk from the same province were significantly correlated (r = 0.44, p < 0.05). Predicted absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination properties led to 10 UV filters being prioritized as most likely to be retained in human tissues. The prioritization results and toxicity assessments indicated that octocrylene and 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate have stronger effects in vivo and therefore require more attention than others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lirong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Qiaofeng Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lin Qiao
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jingguang Li
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014); NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Bing Lyu
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014); NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Yongning Wu
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014); NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
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Castro Ó, Borrull S, Riu J, Gimeno-Monforte S, Montesdeoca-Esponda S, Sosa-Ferrera Z, Santana-Rodríguez JJ, Pocurull E, Borrull F. Seafood consumption as a source of exposure to high production volume chemicals: A comparison between Catalonia and the Canary Islands. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 175:113729. [PMID: 36925040 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Seafood plays an important role in diet because of its health benefits. However, the fact that chemical compounds such as high production volume chemicals may be present in seafood means that its consumption can be a potential risk for population. To assess the occurrence of HPVs and estimate the exposure and risk associated with their consumption, specimens of the most consumed seafood species in Catalonia and the Canary Islands, Spain, were collected and analysed. Results showed higher levels of HPVs in samples from Catalonia and a prevalence of phthalate esters and benzenesulfonamides over the other target compounds in samples from both locations. Multivariate analysis showed spatial differences between the mean concentration profiles of HPVs for the samples from Catalonia and the Canary Islands. Exposures were higher for the samples from Catalonia, although the intake of HPVs via seafood was not of any real concern in either of the locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Óscar Castro
- Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Sescelades Campus, Marcel·lí Domigo s/n, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Sílvia Borrull
- Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Sescelades Campus, Marcel·lí Domigo s/n, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Jordi Riu
- Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Sescelades Campus, Marcel·lí Domigo s/n, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Sandra Gimeno-Monforte
- Instituto Universitario de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (i-UNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Sarah Montesdeoca-Esponda
- Instituto Universitario de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (i-UNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Zoraida Sosa-Ferrera
- Instituto Universitario de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (i-UNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Jose Juan Santana-Rodríguez
- Instituto Universitario de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (i-UNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Eva Pocurull
- Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Sescelades Campus, Marcel·lí Domigo s/n, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Francesc Borrull
- Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Sescelades Campus, Marcel·lí Domigo s/n, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
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Isabel Cadena-Aizaga M, Montesdeoca-Esponda S, Sosa-Ferrera Z, Juan Santana-Rodríguez J. Occurrence and bioconcentration of organic UV filters in primary marine consumers. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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8
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High production volume chemicals in seafood: A review of analytical methods, occurrence and population risk. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Nataraj B, Maharajan K, Malafaia G, Hemalatha D, Ahmed MAI, Ramesh M. Gene expression profiling in liver of zebrafish exposed to ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate and its photoproducts. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 826:154046. [PMID: 35217044 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, the ecotoxicological potential of organic ultraviolet filters (OU-VFs) has received growing attention. However, the toxicity of its photoproducts or transformation products on freshwater vertebrates has been little explored. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to evaluate the possible adverse effects of ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (EHMC) and its photoproducts [2-ethylhexanol (2-EH) and 4-methoxybenzaldehyde (4-MBA)] on the expression of stress-responsive and antioxidant genes. For this, zebrafish (Danio rerio) adults were exposed to pollutants at an environmentally relevant concentration (3 μg/L) and evaluated after 7, 14, and 21 days of exposure. The results of the principal component analysis (PCA) and two-way repeated measures (RM) ANOVA revealed that EHMC, 2-EH, and 4-MBA exposure caused significant downregulation of the genes hsp70, nrf2, cyp1a, ahr, sod1, sod2, cat, gstp1, gpx1a, gss, and gsr (on all trial days) in the liver of the animals. On the other hand, taken together, our data did not show significant differences between the effects induced by EHMC and its photoproducts. The genes evaluated in the present study play a major role in regulating the defensive antioxidant response against EHMC and its photoproducts. Additionally, our study provides an insight into the mechanisms of those OU-VFs in freshwater fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojan Nataraj
- Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, India
| | - Kannan Maharajan
- Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, India; Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 28789 East Jingshi Road, Jinan 250103, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Guilherme Malafaia
- Post-Graduation Program in Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Ecology, Conservation and Biodiversity, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Devan Hemalatha
- Department of Zoology, PSG College of Arts & Science, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu - 641014, India
| | | | - Mathan Ramesh
- Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, India.
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Degradation of Benzotriazole UV Stabilizers in PAA/d-Electron Metal Ions Systems-Removal Kinetics, Products and Mechanism Evaluation. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27103349. [PMID: 35630827 PMCID: PMC9145517 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Benzotriazole UV stabilizers (BUVs) have gained popularity, due to their absorption properties in the near UV range (200–400 nm). They are used in the technology for manufacturing plastics, protective coatings, and cosmetics, to protect against the destructive influence of UV radiation. These compounds are highly resistant to biological and chemical degradation. As a result of insufficient treatment by sewage treatment plants, they accumulate in the environment and in the tissues of living organisms. BUVs have adverse effects on living organisms. This work presents the use of peracetic acid in combination with d-electron metal ions (Fe2+, Co2+), for the chemical oxidation of five UV filters from the benzotriazole group: 2-(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)benzotriazole (UV-P), 2-tert-butyl-6-(5-chloro-2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-methylphenol (UV-326), 2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-(5-chloro-2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)phenol (UV-327), 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-di-tert-pentylphenol (UV-328), and 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol (UV-329). The oxidation procedure has been optimized based on the design of experiments (DoE) methodology. The oxidation of benzotriazoles follows first order kinetics. The oxidation products of each benzotriazole were investigated, and the oxidation mechanisms of the tested compounds were proposed.
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Fischer C, Göen T. Determination of UV-327 and its metabolites in human urine using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:3978-3986. [PMID: 34528941 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00932j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The benzotriazole UV stabilizer (BUVS) 2-(5-chloro-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-di-(tert-butyl)phenol (UV-327) is added to plastic materials for UV protection. The compound is known to be ubiquitously distributed in the environment. We developed the first analytical method for the determination of UV-327 and seven metabolites, which were identified in vitro, in urine to be able to investigate the in vivo metabolism of UV-327 and to assess potential human exposure to the compound. Enzymatic hydrolysis of phase II conjugates is followed by sample purification with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME). The analytes are extracted from the urine samples after acidification with hydrochloric acid solution and addition of sodium chloride solution. Isopropyl alcohol and chloroform are used as disperser solvent and extraction solvent, respectively. After derivatization, the trimethylsilylated analytes are chromatographically separated and detected by gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). To achieve maximum extraction of the analytes from the sample solution, the DLLME procedure was optimized with respect to the type and volume of disperser and extraction solvent, the pH value of the sample solution, the addition of salt, and the duration of vortex-mixing. Subsequent method validation demonstrated high sensitivity and reliability, with limits of detection (LODs) between 0.05 and 0.1 μg l-1 and mean relative recovery rates ranging from 88 to 112%. Precision and repeatability were proven by relative standard deviations ranging from 1 to 13% and from 5 to 14%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Fischer
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 9-11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Thomas Göen
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 9-11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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Santana-Viera S, Montesdeoca-Esponda S, Sosa-Ferrera Z, Santana-Rodríguez JJ. UV filters and UV stabilisers adsorbed in microplastic debris from beach sand. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 168:112434. [PMID: 33964666 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) in oceans adsorb different types of pollutants, which can negatively impact the food chain. The extensive use of personal care products (PCPs) has led to their ubiquitous environmental presence, and their partition between plastic matrices and surroundings is determined by their physico-chemical characteristics and environmental conditions. This work develops and applies a methodology to determine 12 UV filters (UVFs) and UV stabilisers (UVSs) in MPs collected in beach sand. The analyses were carried out by ultrasound-assisted extraction and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry detection. The validated procedure was applied to MPs samples taken in sand samples from 13 beaches on the Canary Islands (Spain). The results showed the presence of 10 UV filters and UV stabilisers at concentrations between 1 and 4031 ng·g-1, where octocrylene was the most frequently found. The target analytes were present in all the sampling beaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Santana-Viera
- Instituto Universitario de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (i-UNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Sarah Montesdeoca-Esponda
- Instituto Universitario de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (i-UNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
| | - Zoraida Sosa-Ferrera
- Instituto Universitario de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (i-UNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - José Juan Santana-Rodríguez
- Instituto Universitario de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (i-UNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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Human metabolism and kinetics of the UV absorber 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-di-tert-pentylphenol (UV 328) after oral administration. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:2677-2690. [PMID: 34180011 PMCID: PMC8298232 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03093-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
2-(2H-Benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-di-tert-pentylphenol (UV 328; CAS: 25973-55-1) is an ultraviolet light (UV) absorber which belongs to the class of hydroxy phenol benzotriazoles. Therefore, UV 328 is added to plastics and other polymers due to its photostability to prevent discoloration and prolong product stability which may result in an exposure of consumers. However, information about the toxic effects on humans and the human metabolism are still lacking. In the present study, human metabolism pathways of UV 328 and its elimination kinetics were explored. For that purpose, three healthy volunteers were orally exposed to a single dose of 0.3 mg UV 328/kg bodyweight. UV 328 and its metabolites were investigated in blood and urine samples collected until 48 and 72 h after exposure, respectively. Thereby, previously published analytical procedures were applied for the sample analysis using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and subsequent measurement via gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry with advanced electron ionization. UV 328 was found to be oxidized at its alkyl side chains leading to the formation of hydroxy and/or oxo function with maximum blood concentrations at 8–10 h after exposure for UV 328-6/3-OH, UV 328-4/3-OH and UV 328-4/3-CO. In contrast, a plateau for UV 328-4/3-CO-6/3-OH levels was reached around 10 h post-dosage. The highest blood levels were found for native UV 328 at 8 h after ingestion. Furthermore, biphasic elimination kinetics in blood were revealed for almost all detected metabolites. UV 328 and its metabolites did not occur in blood as conjugates. The renal elimination kinetics were very similar with the kinetics in blood. However, the prominence of the metabolites in urine was somewhat different compared to blood. In contrast, mostly conjugated metabolites occurred for renal elimination. In urine, UV 328-4/3-CO-6/3-OH was found to be the most dominant urinary biomarker followed by UV 328-6/3-OH and UV 328-4/3-OH. In total, approximately 0.1% of the orally administered dose was recovered in urine within 72 h. Although high levels of UV 328 in blood proved good resorption and high systemic availability of the substance in the human body, the urine results revealed a rather low quantitative metabolism and urinary excretion rate. Consequently, biliary excretion as part of the enterohepatic cycle and elimination via feces are assumed to be the preferred pathways instead of renal elimination.
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