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Epigenetic Changes Occurring in Plant Inbreeding. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065407. [PMID: 36982483 PMCID: PMC10048984 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Inbreeding is the crossing of closely related individuals in nature or a plantation or self-pollinating plants, which produces plants with high homozygosity. This process can reduce genetic diversity in the offspring and decrease heterozygosity, whereas inbred depression (ID) can often reduce viability. Inbred depression is common in plants and animals and has played a significant role in evolution. In the review, we aim to show that inbreeding can, through the action of epigenetic mechanisms, affect gene expression, resulting in changes in the metabolism and phenotype of organisms. This is particularly important in plant breeding because epigenetic profiles can be linked to the deterioration or improvement of agriculturally important characteristics.
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Varotto S, Krugman T, Aiese Cigliano R, Kashkush K, Kondić-Špika A, Aravanopoulos FA, Pradillo M, Consiglio F, Aversano R, Pecinka A, Miladinović D. Exploitation of epigenetic variation of crop wild relatives for crop improvement and agrobiodiversity preservation. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:3987-4003. [PMID: 35678824 PMCID: PMC9729329 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-022-04122-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Crop wild relatives (CWRs) are recognized as the best potential source of traits for crop improvement. However, successful crop improvement using CWR relies on identifying variation in genes controlling desired traits in plant germplasms and subsequently incorporating them into cultivars. Epigenetic diversity may provide an additional layer of variation within CWR and can contribute novel epialleles for key traits for crop improvement. There is emerging evidence that epigenetic variants of functional and/or agronomic importance exist in CWR gene pools. This provides a rationale for the conservation of epigenotypes of interest, thus contributing to agrobiodiversity preservation through conservation and (epi)genetic monitoring. Concepts and techniques of classical and modern breeding should consider integrating recent progress in epigenetics, initially by identifying their association with phenotypic variations and then by assessing their heritability and stability in subsequent generations. New tools available for epigenomic analysis offer the opportunity to capture epigenetic variation and integrate it into advanced (epi)breeding programmes. Advances in -omics have provided new insights into the sources and inheritance of epigenetic variation and enabled the efficient introduction of epi-traits from CWR into crops using epigenetic molecular markers, such as epiQTLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Varotto
- Department of Agronomy Animal Food Natural Resources and Environment, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università, 16 35020, Legnaro, Italy.
| | - Tamar Krugman
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Abba Khoushy Ave 199, 3498838, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Khalil Kashkush
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beersheba, 84105, Israel
| | - Ankica Kondić-Špika
- Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Maksima Gorkog 30, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Fillipos A Aravanopoulos
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forest Science & Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GR54006, Greece
| | - Monica Pradillo
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Federica Consiglio
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council (CNR), Via Università 133, 80055, Portici, Italy
| | - Riccardo Aversano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055, Portici, Italy
| | - Ales Pecinka
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Czech Acad Sci, Šlechtitelů 31, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Dragana Miladinović
- Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Maksima Gorkog 30, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
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Brooker R, Brown LK, George TS, Pakeman RJ, Palmer S, Ramsay L, Schöb C, Schurch N, Wilkinson MJ. Active and adaptive plasticity in a changing climate. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:717-728. [PMID: 35282996 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Better understanding of the mechanistic basis of plant plasticity will enhance efforts to breed crops resilient to predicted climate change. However, complexity in plasticity's conceptualisation and measurement may hinder fruitful crossover of concepts between disciplines that would enable such advances. We argue active adaptive plasticity is particularly important in shaping the fitness of wild plants, representing the first line of a plant's defence to environmental change. Here, we define how this concept may be applied to crop breeding, suggest appropriate approaches to measure it in crops, and propose a refocussing on active adaptive plasticity to enhance crop resilience. We also discuss how the same concept may have wider utility, such as in ex situ plant conservation and reintroductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob Brooker
- Department of Ecological Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Aberdeen, UK; Department of Ecological Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Dundee, UK.
| | - Lawrie K Brown
- Department of Ecological Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Dundee, UK
| | - Timothy S George
- Department of Ecological Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Dundee, UK
| | - Robin J Pakeman
- Department of Ecological Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Sarah Palmer
- Institute of Biological, Environmental, and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, UK
| | - Luke Ramsay
- Department of Ecological Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Dundee, UK
| | - Christian Schöb
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Mike J Wilkinson
- Institute of Biological, Environmental, and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, UK
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Kumari P, Khan S, Wani IA, Gupta R, Verma S, Alam P, Alaklabi A. Unravelling the Role of Epigenetic Modifications in Development and Reproduction of Angiosperms: A Critical Appraisal. Front Genet 2022; 13:819941. [PMID: 35664328 PMCID: PMC9157814 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.819941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics are the heritable changes in gene expression patterns which occur without altering DNA sequence. These changes are reversible and do not change the sequence of the DNA but can alter the way in which the DNA sequences are read. Epigenetic modifications are induced by DNA methylation, histone modification, and RNA-mediated mechanisms which alter the gene expression, primarily at the transcriptional level. Such alterations do control genome activity through transcriptional silencing of transposable elements thereby contributing toward genome stability. Plants being sessile in nature are highly susceptible to the extremes of changing environmental conditions. This increases the likelihood of epigenetic modifications within the composite network of genes that affect the developmental changes of a plant species. Genetic and epigenetic reprogramming enhances the growth and development, imparts phenotypic plasticity, and also ensures flowering under stress conditions without changing the genotype for several generations. Epigenetic modifications hold an immense significance during the development of male and female gametophytes, fertilization, embryogenesis, fruit formation, and seed germination. In this review, we focus on the mechanism of epigenetic modifications and their dynamic role in maintaining the genomic integrity during plant development and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Kumari
- Conservation and Molecular Biology Lab., Department of Botany, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, India
| | - Sajid Khan
- Conservation and Molecular Biology Lab., Department of Botany, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, India
| | - Ishfaq Ahmad Wani
- Conservation and Molecular Biology Lab., Department of Botany, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, India
| | - Renu Gupta
- Division of Soil Sciences & Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture Sher e Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Chatha, India
| | - Susheel Verma
- Department of Botany, University of Jammu, Jammu, India
- *Correspondence: Susheel Verma,
| | - Pravej Alam
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Humanities, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University (PSAU), Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Alaklabi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Bisha, Bisha, Saudi Arabia
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Gibert A, Marin S, Mouginot P, Archambeau J, Illes M, Ollivier G, Gandara A, Pujol B. Non-reproducible signals of adaptation to elevation between open and understorey microhabitats in snapdragon plants. J Evol Biol 2021; 35:322-332. [PMID: 34897875 PMCID: PMC9299861 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Experimental studies on local adaptation rarely investigate how different environmental variables might modify signals of adaptation or maladaptation. In plant common garden experiments, signals of adaptation or maladaptation to elevation are usually investigated in open habitats under full light. However, most plants inhabit heterogeneous habitats where environmental conditions differ. Understorey microhabitats are common and differ in terms of tree shade, temperature, water availability, microbiota, allelochemicals etc. Germination is a fitness-related trait of major importance for the adaptation of plants to contrasted climate conditions. It is affected by shade in snapdragon plants (Antirrhinum majus) and many other plant species. Here, we tested for the reproducibility of signals extrapolated from germination results between open and understorey microhabitats in two parapatric snapdragon plant subspecies (A. m. striatum and A. m. pseudomajus) characterized by a similar elevation range by using common garden experiments at different elevations. Signals observed under one microhabitat systematically differed in the other. Most scenarios could be inferred, with signals either shifting, appearing or disappearing between different environments. Our findings imply that caution should be taken when extrapolating the evolutionary significance of these types of experimental signals because they are not stable from one local environmental condition to the next. Forecasting the ability of plants to adapt to environmental changes based on common garden and reciprocal transplant experiments must account for the multivariate nature of the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Gibert
- PSL Université Paris, EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, Perpignan Cedex, France
| | - Sara Marin
- PSL Université Paris, EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, Perpignan Cedex, France.,Laboratoire Évolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB UMR 5174), Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, CNRS, IRD, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierick Mouginot
- PSL Université Paris, EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, Perpignan Cedex, France
| | | | - Morgane Illes
- Laboratoire Évolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB UMR 5174), Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, CNRS, IRD, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Gabriel Ollivier
- Laboratoire Évolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB UMR 5174), Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, CNRS, IRD, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Alice Gandara
- Laboratoire Évolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB UMR 5174), Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, CNRS, IRD, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Benoit Pujol
- PSL Université Paris, EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, Perpignan Cedex, France
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Exploration of Epigenetics for Improvement of Drought and Other Stress Resistance in Crops: A Review. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10061226. [PMID: 34208642 PMCID: PMC8235456 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Crop plants often have challenges of biotic and abiotic stresses, and they adapt sophisticated ways to acclimate and cope with these through the expression of specific genes. Changes in chromatin, histone, and DNA mostly serve the purpose of combating challenges and ensuring the survival of plants in stressful environments. Epigenetic changes, due to environmental stress, enable plants to remember a past stress event in order to deal with such challenges in the future. This heritable memory, called "plant stress memory", enables plants to respond against stresses in a better and efficient way, not only for the current plant in prevailing situations but also for future generations. Development of stress resistance in plants for increasing the yield potential and stability has always been a traditional objective of breeders for crop improvement through integrated breeding approaches. The application of epigenetics for improvements in complex traits in tetraploid and some other field crops has been unclear. An improved understanding of epigenetics and stress memory applications will contribute to the development of strategies to incorporate them into breeding for complex agronomic traits. The insight in the application of novel plant breeding techniques (NPBTs) has opened a new plethora of options among plant scientists to develop germplasms for stress tolerance. This review summarizes and discusses plant stress memory at the intergenerational and transgenerational levels, mechanisms involved in stress memory, exploitation of induced and natural epigenetic changes, and genome editing technologies with their future possible applications, in the breeding of crops for abiotic stress tolerance to increase the yield for zero hunger goals achievement on a sustainable basis in the changing climatic era.
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Mouginot P, Luviano Aparicio N, Gourcilleau D, Latutrie M, Marin S, Hemptinne JL, Grunau C, Pujol B. Phenotypic Response to Light Versus Shade Associated with DNA Methylation Changes in Snapdragon Plants ( Antirrhinum majus). Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:227. [PMID: 33557416 PMCID: PMC7914928 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The phenotypic plasticity of plants in response to change in their light environment, and in particularly, to shade is a schoolbook example of ecologically relevant phenotypic plasticity with evolutionary adaptive implications. Epigenetic variation is known to potentially underlie plant phenotypic plasticity. Yet, little is known about its role in ecologically and evolutionary relevant mechanisms shaping the diversity of plant populations in nature. Here we used a reference-free reduced representation bisulfite sequencing method for non-model organisms (epiGBS) to investigate changes in DNA methylation patterns across the genome in snapdragon plants (Antirrhinum majus L.). We exposed plants to sunlight versus artificially induced shade in four highly inbred lines to exclude genetic confounding effects. Our results showed that phenotypic plasticity in response to light versus shade shaped vegetative traits. They also showed that DNA methylation patterns were modified under light versus shade, with a trend towards global effects over the genome but with large effects found on a restricted portion. We also detected the existence of a correlation between phenotypic and epigenetic variation that neither supported nor rejected its potential role in plasticity. While our findings imply epigenetic changes in response to light versus shade environments in snapdragon plants, whether these changes are directly involved in the phenotypic plastic response of plants remains to be investigated. Our approach contributed to this new finding but illustrates the limits in terms of sample size and statistical power of population epigenetic approaches in non-model organisms. Pushing this boundary will be necessary before the relationship between environmentally induced epigenetic changes and phenotypic plasticity is clarified for ecologically relevant mechanisms with evolutionary implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierick Mouginot
- PSL Université Paris: EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, CEDEX 9, 66860 Perpignan, France; (P.M.); (M.L.); (S.M.)
| | - Nelia Luviano Aparicio
- Université Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, UPVD, Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environnements (IHPE), 66860 Perpignan, France; (N.L.A.); (C.G.)
| | - Delphine Gourcilleau
- Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique (EDB, UMR 5174), Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, CNRS, IRD, UPS, 118 route de Narbonne, Bat 4R1, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France; (D.G.); (J.-L.H.)
| | - Mathieu Latutrie
- PSL Université Paris: EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, CEDEX 9, 66860 Perpignan, France; (P.M.); (M.L.); (S.M.)
| | - Sara Marin
- PSL Université Paris: EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, CEDEX 9, 66860 Perpignan, France; (P.M.); (M.L.); (S.M.)
| | - Jean-Louis Hemptinne
- Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique (EDB, UMR 5174), Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, CNRS, IRD, UPS, 118 route de Narbonne, Bat 4R1, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France; (D.G.); (J.-L.H.)
| | - Christoph Grunau
- Université Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, UPVD, Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environnements (IHPE), 66860 Perpignan, France; (N.L.A.); (C.G.)
| | - Benoit Pujol
- PSL Université Paris: EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, CEDEX 9, 66860 Perpignan, France; (P.M.); (M.L.); (S.M.)
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Genitoni J, Vassaux D, Delaunay A, Citerne S, Portillo Lemus L, Etienne MP, Renault D, Stoeckel S, Barloy D, Maury S. Hypomethylation of the aquatic invasive plant, Ludwigia grandiflora subsp. hexapetala mimics the adaptive transition into the terrestrial morphotype. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2020; 170:280-298. [PMID: 32623739 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ongoing global changes affect ecosystems and open up new opportunities for biological invasion. The ability of invasive species to rapidly adapt to new environments represents a relevant model for studying short-term adaptation mechanisms. The aquatic invasive plant, Ludwigia grandiflora subsp. hexapetala, is classified as harmful in European rivers. In French wet meadows, this species has shown a rapid transition from aquatic to terrestrial environments with emergence of two distinct morphotypes in 5 years. To understand the heritable mechanisms involved in adjustment to such a new environment, we investigate both genetic and epigenetic as possible sources of flexibility involved in this fast terrestrial transition. We found a low overall genetic differentiation between the two morphotypes arguing against the possibility that terrestrial morphotype emerged from a new adaptive genetic capacity. Artificial hypomethylation was induced on both morphotypes to assess the epigenetic hypothesis. We analyzed global DNA methylation, morphological changes, phytohormones and metabolite profiles of both morphotype responses in both aquatic and terrestrial conditions in shoot and root tissues. Hypomethylation significantly affected morphological variables, phytohormone levels and the amount of some metabolites. The effects of hypomethylation depended on morphotypes, conditions and plant tissues, which highlighted differences among the morphotypes and their plasticity. Using a correlative integrative approach, we showed that hypomethylation of the aquatic morphotype mimicked the characteristics of the terrestrial morphotype. Our data suggest that DNA methylation rather than a new adaptive genetic capacity is playing a key role in L. grandiflora subsp. hexapetala plasticity during its rapid aquatic to terrestrial transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Genitoni
- ESE, Ecology and Ecosystem Health, Institut Agro, INRAE, Rennes, 35042, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), EA1207 USC1328 INRA, Université d'Orléans, Orléans, 45067, France
| | - Danièle Vassaux
- ESE, Ecology and Ecosystem Health, Institut Agro, INRAE, Rennes, 35042, France
| | - Alain Delaunay
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), EA1207 USC1328 INRA, Université d'Orléans, Orléans, 45067, France
| | - Sylvie Citerne
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, 78000, France
| | - Luis Portillo Lemus
- ESE, Ecology and Ecosystem Health, Institut Agro, INRAE, Rennes, 35042, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Etienne
- Institut Agro, CNRS, Université Rennes, IRMAR (Institut de Recherche Mathématique de Rennes) - UMR 6625, Rennes, F-35000, France
| | - David Renault
- UMR CNRS 6553 EcoBio, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 1 rue Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Solenn Stoeckel
- IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université Rennes, Le Rheu, 35653, France
| | - Dominique Barloy
- ESE, Ecology and Ecosystem Health, Institut Agro, INRAE, Rennes, 35042, France
| | - Stéphane Maury
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), EA1207 USC1328 INRA, Université d'Orléans, Orléans, 45067, France
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9
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The Epigenetics Dilemma. Genes (Basel) 2019; 11:genes11010023. [PMID: 31878110 PMCID: PMC7016732 DOI: 10.3390/genes11010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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10
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Latutrie M, Gourcilleau D, Pujol B. Epigenetic variation for agronomic improvement: an opportunity for vegetatively propagated crops. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2019; 106:1281-1284. [PMID: 31505022 PMCID: PMC6856848 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Latutrie
- PSL Université Paris: EPHE‐UPVD‐CNRSUSR 3278 CRIOBEUniversité de Perpignan52 Avenue Paul Alduy66860Perpignan CedexFrance
- Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique (EDB, UMR 5174)Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi‐Pyrénées, CNRS, IRD, UPS.118 route de Narbonne, Bat 4R131062Toulouse cedex 9France
| | - Delphine Gourcilleau
- Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique (EDB, UMR 5174)Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi‐Pyrénées, CNRS, IRD, UPS.118 route de Narbonne, Bat 4R131062Toulouse cedex 9France
| | - Benoit Pujol
- PSL Université Paris: EPHE‐UPVD‐CNRSUSR 3278 CRIOBEUniversité de Perpignan52 Avenue Paul Alduy66860Perpignan CedexFrance
- Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique (EDB, UMR 5174)Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi‐Pyrénées, CNRS, IRD, UPS.118 route de Narbonne, Bat 4R131062Toulouse cedex 9France
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