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Guo LL, Yuan JH, Zhang C, Zhao J, Yao YR, Guo KL, Meng Y, Ji AQ, Kang KL, Wang L. Developmental validation of the STRSeqTyper122 kit for massively parallel sequencing of forensic STRs. Int J Legal Med 2024; 138:1255-1264. [PMID: 38416217 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-024-03195-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Massively parallel sequencing allows for integrated genotyping of different types of forensic markers, which reduces DNA consumption, simplifies experimental processes, and provides additional sequence-based genetic information. The STRseqTyper122 kit genotypes 63 autosomal STRs, 16 X-STRs, 42 Y-STRs, and the Amelogenin locus. Amplicon sizes of 117 loci were below 300 bp. In this study, MiSeq FGx sequencing metrics for STRseqTyper122 were presented. The genotyping accuracy of this kit was examined by comparing to certified genotypes of NIST standard reference materials and results from five capillary electrophoresis-based kits. The sensitivity of STRseqTyper122 reached 125 pg, and > 80% of the loci were correctly called with 62.5 pg and 31.25 pg input genomic DNA. Repeatability, species specificity, and tolerance for DNA degradation and PCR inhibitors of this kit were also evaluated. STRseqTyper122 demonstrated reliable performance with routine case-work samples and provided a powerful tool for forensic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Liang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Genetics of Ministry of Public Security, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Jia-Hui Yuan
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Genetics of Ministry of Public Security, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Genetics of Ministry of Public Security, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Yi-Ren Yao
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Genetics of Ministry of Public Security, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Ke-Li Guo
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Genetics of Ministry of Public Security, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Yang Meng
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Genetics of Ministry of Public Security, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - An-Quan Ji
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Genetics of Ministry of Public Security, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, 100038, China.
| | - Ke-Lai Kang
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Genetics of Ministry of Public Security, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, 100038, China.
| | - Le Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Genetics of Ministry of Public Security, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, 100038, China.
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China.
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Sharma V, Wurmbach E. Systematic evaluation of the Precision ID GlobalFiler™ NGS STR panel v2 using single-source samples of various quantity and quality and mixed DNA samples. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2024; 69:102995. [PMID: 38065030 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2023.102995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Massively parallel sequencing (MPS) techniques were developed approximately 15 years ago. Meanwhile, several MPS kits for forensic identification, phenotypic information, ancestry, and mitochondrial DNA analysis have been developed and their use has been established. Sequencing short tandem repeats (STRs) has certain advantages over the currently used length-based genotyping methods, which are based on PCR amplification followed by capillary electrophoresis (CE). MPS is more discriminative and includes the possibility of testing high numbers of targets (> 100), different types of markers [STRs and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)], as well as the use of smaller amplicons (< 300 bp). This study evaluated in 24 experimental runs the Precision ID GlobalFiler™ NGS STR panel v2 from ThermoFisher, which targets 31 autosomal STRs, amelogenin, and three Y-markers (one STR, SRY, and Yindel). Single-source samples were used in 18 experimental runs, for systematic evaluation. These included assessing library preparation benchmark conditions, limited DNA input, as well as testing repeatability, number of samples per run, and degraded DNA samples. Full profiles were consistently obtained from as little as 50 pg DNA input. Using the optional recovery PCR method improved outcomes for samples with low DNA input. Full profiles were also obtained from severely degraded DNA samples with degradation indices (DI) of > 60. In addition, six experimental runs were performed testing various two-person mixtures with mixture ratios ranging from 1:20 to 20:1. Major and minor contributors were distinguishable by their read counts (coverage), because less DNA input yielded lower read counts, analogous to the traditional CE technology, where less DNA produces lower peak heights. Mixture ratios of approximately 1:1 were indistinguishable, while a greater imbalance, i.e., higher mixture ratios, made the mixture more distinguishable between major and minor contributors. Based on this information, the highest success rate of correctly deconvoluted four-allelic loci was from mixtures with 1:3 ratios. At higher mixture ratios, the drop-out rate of the minor contributor increased, reducing the number of four-allelic loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishakha Sharma
- New York City Office of Chief Medical Examiner, Department of Forensic Biology, 421 East 26th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Elisa Wurmbach
- New York City Office of Chief Medical Examiner, Department of Forensic Biology, 421 East 26th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Budowle B, Arnette A, Sajantila A. A cost-benefit analysis for use of large SNP panels and high throughput typing for forensic investigative genetic genealogy. Int J Legal Med 2023; 137:1595-1614. [PMID: 37341834 PMCID: PMC10421786 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-023-03029-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS), also known as massively sequencing, enables large dense SNP panel analyses which generate the genetic component of forensic investigative genetic genealogy (FIGG). While the costs of implementing large SNP panel analyses into the laboratory system may seem high and daunting, the benefits of the technology may more than justify the investment. To determine if an infrastructural investment in public laboratories and using large SNP panel analyses would reap substantial benefits to society, a cost-benefit analysis (CBA) was performed. This CBA applied the logic that an increase of DNA profile uploads to a DNA database due to a sheer increase in number of markers and a greater sensitivity of detection afforded with NGS and a higher hit/association rate due to large SNP/kinship resolution and genealogy will increase investigative leads, will be more effective for identifying recidivists which in turn reduces future victims of crime, and will bring greater safety and security to communities. Analyses were performed for worst case/best case scenarios as well as by simulation sampling the range spaces with multiple input values simultaneously to generate best estimate summary statistics. This study shows that the benefits, both tangible and intangible, over the lifetime of an advanced database system would be huge and can be projected to be for less than $1 billion per year (over a 10-year period) investment can reap on average > $4.8 billion in tangible and intangible cost-benefits per year. More importantly, on average > 50,000 individuals need not become victims if FIGG were employed, assuming investigative associations generated were acted upon. The benefit to society is immense making the laboratory investment a nominal cost. The benefits likely are underestimated herein. There is latitude in the estimated costs, and even if they were doubled or tripled, there would still be substantial benefits gained with a FIGG-based approach. While the data used in this CBA are US centric (primarily because data were readily accessible), the model is generalizable and could be used by other jurisdictions to perform relevant and representative CBAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Budowle
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Radford University Forensic Science Institute, Radford University, Radford, VA, USA.
| | - Andrew Arnette
- Department of Business Information Technology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Antti Sajantila
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Forensic Medicine Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
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Poethe SS, Holtel J, Biermann JP, Riemer T, Grabmüller M, Madea B, Thiele R, Jäger R. Cost-Effective Next Generation Sequencing-Based STR Typing with Improved Analysis of Minor, Degraded and Inhibitor-Containing DNA Samples. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043382. [PMID: 36834791 PMCID: PMC9960623 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Forensic DNA profiles are established by multiplex PCR amplification of a set of highly variable short tandem repeat (STR) loci followed by capillary electrophoresis (CE) as a means to assign alleles to PCR products of differential length. Recently, CE analysis of STR amplicons has been supplemented by high-throughput next generation sequencing (NGS) techniques that are able to detect isoalleles bearing sequence polymorphisms and allow for an improved analysis of degraded DNA. Several such assays have been commercialised and validated for forensic applications. However, these systems are cost-effective only when applied to high numbers of samples. We report here an alternative, cost-efficient shallow-sequence output NGS assay called maSTR assay that, in conjunction with a dedicated bioinformatics pipeline called SNiPSTR, can be implemented with standard NGS instrumentation. In a back-to-back comparison with a CE-based, commercial forensic STR kit, we find that for samples with low DNA content, with mixed DNA from different individuals, or containing PCR inhibitors, the maSTR assay performs equally well, and with degraded DNA is superior to CE-based analysis. Thus, the maSTR assay is a simple, robust and cost-efficient NGS-based STR typing method applicable for human identification in forensic and biomedical contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara-Sophie Poethe
- Institute for Functional Gene Analytics, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, Grantham Allee 20, 53757 Sankt Augustin, Germany
| | - Julia Holtel
- Institute for Functional Gene Analytics, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, Grantham Allee 20, 53757 Sankt Augustin, Germany
| | - Jan-Philip Biermann
- Institute for Functional Gene Analytics, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, Grantham Allee 20, 53757 Sankt Augustin, Germany
| | - Trine Riemer
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, von-Liebig Str. 20, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Experimental Neonatology, Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Melanie Grabmüller
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Bonn, Stiftsplatz 12, 53111 Bonn, Germany
| | - Burkhard Madea
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Bonn, Stiftsplatz 12, 53111 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ralf Thiele
- Institute for Functional Gene Analytics, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, Grantham Allee 20, 53757 Sankt Augustin, Germany
- Computer Science Department, Hochschule Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, University of Applied Sciences, Grantham Allee 20, 53757 Sankt Augustin, Germany
| | - Richard Jäger
- Institute for Functional Gene Analytics, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, Grantham Allee 20, 53757 Sankt Augustin, Germany
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, von-Liebig Str. 20, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany
- Institute of Safety and Security Research, Hochschule Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, University of Applied Sciences, Grantham Allee 20, 53757 Sankt Augustin, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
This review paper covers the forensic-relevant literature in biological sciences from 2019 to 2022 as a part of the 20th INTERPOL International Forensic Science Managers Symposium. Topics reviewed include rapid DNA testing, using law enforcement DNA databases plus investigative genetic genealogy DNA databases along with privacy/ethical issues, forensic biology and body fluid identification, DNA extraction and typing methods, mixture interpretation involving probabilistic genotyping software (PGS), DNA transfer and activity-level evaluations, next-generation sequencing (NGS), DNA phenotyping, lineage markers (Y-chromosome, mitochondrial DNA, X-chromosome), new markers and approaches (microhaplotypes, proteomics, and microbial DNA), kinship analysis and human identification with disaster victim identification (DVI), and non-human DNA testing including wildlife forensics. Available books and review articles are summarized as well as 70 guidance documents to assist in quality control that were published in the past three years by various groups within the United States and around the world.
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Dash HR, Vajpayee K, Shukla R, Srivastava A, Shrivastava P, Das S. Sequence-based assessment of expediency of tri-, tetra-, and penta-nucleotides repeat autosomal STR markers in the central Indian population using Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). Meta Gene 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2021.100983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Lomovskaya YV, Kobyakova MI, Senotov AS, Lomovsky AI, Minaychev VV, Fadeeva IS, Shtatnova DY, Krasnov KS, Zvyagina AI, Akatov VS, Fadeev RS. Macrophage-like THP-1 Cells Derived from High-Density Cell Culture Are Resistant to TRAIL-Induced Cell Death via Down-Regulation of Death-Receptors DR4 and DR5. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020150. [PMID: 35204655 PMCID: PMC8961584 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The mechanisms of leukemic cell resistance to antitumor immunity remains a topical issue. In this work, we found an increase in TRAIL-resistance of human acute myeloid leukemia cells THP-1 in high-density populations in vitro. The results obtained show that a macrophage-like phenotype of the acute myeloid leukemia cells, caused by stressful conditions in high-density culture, can increaser resistance to TRAIL-induced apoptosis, while retaining proliferative potential. The mechanism of the increase in TRAIL-resistance can be related to a decrease in the expression of death receptors DR4 and DR5. The possible realization of these events in vivo may be the reason for tumor progression. Abstract Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL/Apo2L) is a highly selective and promising anticancer agent due to its specific apoptosis-inducing effect on tumor cells, rather than most normal cells. TRAIL is currently under investigation for use in the treatment of leukemia. However, the resistance of leukemic cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis may limit its efficacy. The mechanisms of leukemic cell resistance to antitumor immunity remains a topical issue. In this work, we have found an increase in the resistance to TRAIL-induced cell death in human leukemia THP-1 cells, which was caused by differentiation into a macrophage-like phenotype in high-density culture in vitro. Stressful conditions, manifested by the inhibition of cell growth and the activation of cell death in high-density culture of THP-1 cells, induced the appearance of cells adhered to culture dishes. The THP-1ad cell line was derived by selection of these adhered cells. The genetic study, using STR and aCGH assays, has shown that THP-1ad cells were derived from THP-1 cells due to mutagenesis. The THP-1ad cells possessed high proliferative potential and a macrophage-like immunophenotype. The adhesion of THP-1ad cells to the extracellular matrix was mediated by αVβ5 integrin. The cytokine production, as well as the rise of intracellular ROS and NO activities by LPS in THP-1ad cell culture, were characteristic of macrophage-like cells. The THP-1ad cells were found to appear to increase in resistance to TRAIL-induced cell death in comparison with THP-1 cells. The mechanism of the increase in TRAIL-resistance can be related to a decrease in the expression of death receptors DR4 and DR5 on the THP-1ad cells. Thus, the macrophage-like phenotype formation with the maintenance of a high proliferative potential of leukemic cells, caused by stress conditions in high-density cell cultures in vitro, can induce an increase in resistance to TRAIL-induced cell death due to the loss of DR4 and DR5 receptors. The possible realization of these events in vivo may be the reason for tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Vladimirovna Lomovskaya
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (Y.V.L.); (M.I.K.); (A.S.S.); (A.I.L.); (V.V.M.); (I.S.F.); (D.Y.S.); (K.S.K.); (A.I.Z.); (V.S.A.)
| | - Margarita Igorevna Kobyakova
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (Y.V.L.); (M.I.K.); (A.S.S.); (A.I.L.); (V.V.M.); (I.S.F.); (D.Y.S.); (K.S.K.); (A.I.Z.); (V.S.A.)
| | - Anatoly Sergeevich Senotov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (Y.V.L.); (M.I.K.); (A.S.S.); (A.I.L.); (V.V.M.); (I.S.F.); (D.Y.S.); (K.S.K.); (A.I.Z.); (V.S.A.)
| | - Alexey Igorevich Lomovsky
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (Y.V.L.); (M.I.K.); (A.S.S.); (A.I.L.); (V.V.M.); (I.S.F.); (D.Y.S.); (K.S.K.); (A.I.Z.); (V.S.A.)
| | - Vladislav Valentinovich Minaychev
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (Y.V.L.); (M.I.K.); (A.S.S.); (A.I.L.); (V.V.M.); (I.S.F.); (D.Y.S.); (K.S.K.); (A.I.Z.); (V.S.A.)
| | - Irina Sergeevna Fadeeva
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (Y.V.L.); (M.I.K.); (A.S.S.); (A.I.L.); (V.V.M.); (I.S.F.); (D.Y.S.); (K.S.K.); (A.I.Z.); (V.S.A.)
| | - Daria Yuryevna Shtatnova
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (Y.V.L.); (M.I.K.); (A.S.S.); (A.I.L.); (V.V.M.); (I.S.F.); (D.Y.S.); (K.S.K.); (A.I.Z.); (V.S.A.)
- Pushchino State Institute of Natural Science, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Kirill Sergeevich Krasnov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (Y.V.L.); (M.I.K.); (A.S.S.); (A.I.L.); (V.V.M.); (I.S.F.); (D.Y.S.); (K.S.K.); (A.I.Z.); (V.S.A.)
- Pushchino State Institute of Natural Science, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Alena Igorevna Zvyagina
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (Y.V.L.); (M.I.K.); (A.S.S.); (A.I.L.); (V.V.M.); (I.S.F.); (D.Y.S.); (K.S.K.); (A.I.Z.); (V.S.A.)
| | - Vladimir Semenovich Akatov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (Y.V.L.); (M.I.K.); (A.S.S.); (A.I.L.); (V.V.M.); (I.S.F.); (D.Y.S.); (K.S.K.); (A.I.Z.); (V.S.A.)
| | - Roman Sergeevich Fadeev
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (Y.V.L.); (M.I.K.); (A.S.S.); (A.I.L.); (V.V.M.); (I.S.F.); (D.Y.S.); (K.S.K.); (A.I.Z.); (V.S.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-496-773-94-52
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Ragazzo M, Puleri G, Errichiello V, Manzo L, Luzzi L, Potenza S, Strafella C, Peconi C, Nicastro F, Caputo V, Giardina E. Evaluation of OpenArray™ as a Genotyping Method for Forensic DNA Phenotyping and Human Identification. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12020221. [PMID: 33546406 PMCID: PMC7913479 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A custom plate of OpenArray™ technology was evaluated to test 60 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) validated for the prediction of eye color, hair color, and skin pigmentation, and for personal identification. The SNPs were selected from already validated subsets (Hirisplex-s, Precision ID Identity SNP Panel, and ForenSeq DNA Signature Prep Kit). The concordance rate and call rate for every SNP were calculated by analyzing 314 sequenced DNA samples. The sensitivity of the assay was assessed by preparing a dilution series of 10.0, 5.0, 1.0, and 0.5 ng. The OpenArray™ platform obtained an average call rate of 96.9% and a concordance rate near 99.8%. Sensitivity testing performed on serial dilutions demonstrated that a sample with 0.5 ng of total input DNA can be correctly typed. The profiles of the 19 SNPs selected for human identification reached a random match probability (RMP) of, on average, 10−8. An analysis of 21 examples of biological evidence from 8 individuals, that generated single short tandem repeat profiles during the routine workflow, demonstrated the applicability of this technology in real cases. Seventeen samples were correctly typed, revealing a call rate higher than 90%. Accordingly, the phenotype prediction revealed the same accuracy described in the corresponding validation data. Despite the reduced discrimination power of this system compared to STR based kits, the OpenArray™ System can be used to exclude suspects and prioritize samples for downstream analyses, providing well-established information about the prediction of eye color, hair color, and skin pigmentation. More studies will be needed for further validation of this technology and to consider the opportunity to implement this custom array with more SNPs to obtain a lower RMP and to include markers for studies of ancestry and lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Ragazzo
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.R.); (G.P.); (V.E.); (L.M.); (L.L.); (C.S.); (V.C.)
| | - Giulio Puleri
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.R.); (G.P.); (V.E.); (L.M.); (L.L.); (C.S.); (V.C.)
| | - Valeria Errichiello
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.R.); (G.P.); (V.E.); (L.M.); (L.L.); (C.S.); (V.C.)
| | - Laura Manzo
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.R.); (G.P.); (V.E.); (L.M.); (L.L.); (C.S.); (V.C.)
| | - Laura Luzzi
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.R.); (G.P.); (V.E.); (L.M.); (L.L.); (C.S.); (V.C.)
| | - Saverio Potenza
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Section of Legal Medicine, Social Security and Forensic Toxicology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Claudia Strafella
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.R.); (G.P.); (V.E.); (L.M.); (L.L.); (C.S.); (V.C.)
- Genomic Medicine Laboratory UILDM, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy;
| | - Cristina Peconi
- Genomic Medicine Laboratory UILDM, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy;
| | | | - Valerio Caputo
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.R.); (G.P.); (V.E.); (L.M.); (L.L.); (C.S.); (V.C.)
| | - Emiliano Giardina
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.R.); (G.P.); (V.E.); (L.M.); (L.L.); (C.S.); (V.C.)
- Genomic Medicine Laboratory UILDM, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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9
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Special Issue "Forensic Genetics and Genomics". Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12020158. [PMID: 33503983 PMCID: PMC7912074 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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