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Abondio P, Bruno F, Passarino G, Montesanto A, Luiselli D. Pangenomics: A new era in the field of neurodegenerative diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 94:102180. [PMID: 38163518 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
A pangenome is composed of all the genetic variability of a group of individuals, and its application to the study of neurodegenerative diseases may provide valuable insights into the underlying aspects of genetic heterogenetiy for these complex ailments, including gene expression, epigenetics, and translation mechanisms. Furthermore, a reference pangenome allows for the identification of previously undetected structural commonalities and differences among individuals, which may help in the diagnosis of a disease, support the prediction of what will happen over time (prognosis) and aid in developing novel treatments in the perspective of personalized medicine. Therefore, in the present review, the application of the pangenome concept to the study of neurodegenerative diseases will be discussed and analyzed for its potential to enable an improvement in diagnosis and prognosis for these illnesses, leading to the development of tailored treatments for individual patients from the knowledge of the genomic composition of a whole population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Abondio
- Laboratory of Ancient DNA, Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Via degli Ariani 1, 48121 Ravenna, Italy.
| | - Francesco Bruno
- Academy of Cognitive Behavioral Sciences of Calabria (ASCoC), Lamezia Terme, Italy; Regional Neurogenetic Centre (CRN), Department of Primary Care, Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale Di Catanzaro, Viale A. Perugini, 88046 Lamezia Terme, CZ, Italy; Association for Neurogenetic Research (ARN), Lamezia Terme, CZ, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Passarino
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende 87036, Italy
| | - Alberto Montesanto
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende 87036, Italy
| | - Donata Luiselli
- Laboratory of Ancient DNA, Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Via degli Ariani 1, 48121 Ravenna, Italy
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Marie-Hardy L, Courtin T, Pascal-Moussellard H, Zakine S, Brice A. The Whole-Exome Sequencing of a Cohort of 19 Families with Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS): Candidate Pathways. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:2094. [PMID: 38003035 PMCID: PMC10671325 DOI: 10.3390/genes14112094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A significant genetic involvement has been known for decades to exist in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), a spine deformity affecting 1-3% of the world population. However, though biomechanical and endocrinological theories have emerged, no clear pathophysiological explanation has been found. Data from the whole-exome sequencing performed on 113 individuals in 19 multi-generational families with AIS have been filtered and analyzed via interaction pathways and functional category analysis (Varaft, Bingo and Panther). The subsequent list of 2566 variants has been compared to the variants already described in the literature, with an 18% match rate. The familial analysis in two families reveals mutations in the BICD2 gene, supporting the involvement of the muscular system in AIS etiology. The cellular component analysis revealed significant enrichment in myosin-related and neuronal activity-related categories. All together, these results reinforce the suspected role of the neuronal and muscular systems, highlighting the calmodulin pathway and suggesting a role of DNA-binding activities in AIS physiopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Marie-Hardy
- Brain Institute of Paris, 43-87 bd de l’Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Thomas Courtin
- Brain Institute of Paris, 43-87 bd de l’Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | | | - Serge Zakine
- Clinique Maussins Nollet, Ramsay Génerale de Santé, 67 Rue de Romainville, 75019 Paris, France;
| | - Alexis Brice
- Brain Institute of Paris, 43-87 bd de l’Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
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3
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Manzoor H, Zahid H, Emerling CA, Kumar KR, Hussain HMJ, Seo GH, Wajid M, Naz S. A biallelic variant of DCAF13 implicated in a neuromuscular disorder in humans. Eur J Hum Genet 2023; 31:629-637. [PMID: 36797467 PMCID: PMC10250411 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-023-01319-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuromuscular disorders encompass a broad range of phenotypes and genetic causes. We investigated a consanguineous family in which multiple patients had a neuromuscular disorder characterized by a waddling gait, limb deformities, muscular weakness and facial palsy. Exome sequencing was completed on the DNA of three of the four patients. We identified a novel missense variant in DCAF13, ENST00000612750.5, NM_015420.7, c.907 G > A;p.(Asp303Asn), ENST00000616836.4, NM_015420.6, c.1363 G > A:p.(Asp455Asn) (rs1209794872) segregating with this phenotype; being homozygous in all four affected patients and heterozygous in the unaffected individuals. The variant was extremely rare in the public databases (gnomAD allele frequency 0.000007081); was absent from the DNA of 300 ethnically matched controls and affected an amino acid which has been conserved across 1-2 billion years of evolution in eukaryotes. DCAF13 contains three WD40 domains and is hypothesized to have roles in both rRNA processing and in ubiquitination of proteins. Analysis of DCAF13 with the p.(Asp455Asn) variant predicted that the amino acid change is deleterious and affects a β-hairpin turn, within a WD40 domain of the protein which may decrease protein stability. Previously, a heterozygous variant of DCAF13 NM_015420.6, c.20 G > C:p.(Trp7Ser) with or without a heterozygous missense variant in CCN3, was suggested to cause inherited cortical myoclonic tremor with epilepsy. In addition, a heterozygous DCAF13 variant has been associated with autism spectrum disorder. Our study indicates a potential role of biallelic DCAF13 variants in neuromuscular disorders. Screening of additional patients with similar phenotype may broaden the allelic and phenotypic spectrum due to DCAF13 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humera Manzoor
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hafsa Zahid
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | | | - Kishore R Kumar
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory and Department of Neurology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord Clinical School Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Muhammad Wajid
- Department of Zoology, University of Okara, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Sadaf Naz
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan.
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Sumalde AAM, Scholes MA, Kalmanson OA, Terhune EA, Frejo L, Wethey CI, Roman-Naranjo P, Carry PM, Gubbels SP, Lopez-Escamez JA, Hadley-Miller N, Santos-Cortez RLP. Rare Coding Variants in Patients with Non-Syndromic Vestibular Dysfunction. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:831. [PMID: 37107589 PMCID: PMC10137884 DOI: 10.3390/genes14040831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Vertigo due to vestibular dysfunction is rare in children. The elucidation of its etiology will improve clinical management and the quality of life of patients. Genes for vestibular dysfunction were previously identified in patients with both hearing loss and vertigo. This study aimed to identify rare, coding variants in children with peripheral vertigo but no hearing loss, and in patients with potentially overlapping phenotypes, namely, Meniere's disease or idiopathic scoliosis. Rare variants were selected from the exome sequence data of 5 American children with vertigo, 226 Spanish patients with Meniere's disease, and 38 European-American probands with scoliosis. In children with vertigo, 17 variants were found in 15 genes involved in migraine, musculoskeletal phenotypes, and vestibular development. Three genes, OTOP1, HMX3, and LAMA2, have knockout mouse models for vestibular dysfunction. Moreover, HMX3 and LAMA2 were expressed in human vestibular tissues. Rare variants within ECM1, OTOP1, and OTOP2 were each identified in three adult patients with Meniere's disease. Additionally, an OTOP1 variant was identified in 11 adolescents with lateral semicircular canal asymmetry, 10 of whom have scoliosis. We hypothesize that peripheral vestibular dysfunction in children may be due to multiple rare variants within genes that are involved in the inner ear structure, migraine, and musculoskeletal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Augusto M. Sumalde
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of the Philippines Manila College of Medicine, Philippine General Hospital, Manila 1000, Philippines
| | - Melissa A. Scholes
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Olivia A. Kalmanson
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Terhune
- Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Lidia Frejo
- Otology and Neurotology Group CTS495, Department of Genomic Medicine, GENYO-Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research-Pfizer-University of Granada-Junta de Andalucia, PTS, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADA, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Cambria I. Wethey
- Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Pablo Roman-Naranjo
- Otology and Neurotology Group CTS495, Department of Genomic Medicine, GENYO-Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research-Pfizer-University of Granada-Junta de Andalucia, PTS, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADA, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Patrick M. Carry
- Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Musculoskeletal Research Center, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Samuel P. Gubbels
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jose A. Lopez-Escamez
- Otology and Neurotology Group CTS495, Department of Genomic Medicine, GENYO-Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research-Pfizer-University of Granada-Junta de Andalucia, PTS, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADA, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Meniere’s Disease Neuroscience Research Program, Faculty of Medicine & Health, School of Medical Sciences, The Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Nancy Hadley-Miller
- Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Musculoskeletal Research Center, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Regie Lyn P. Santos-Cortez
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Center for Children’s Surgery, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Xie H, Li M, Kang Y, Zhang J, Zhao C. Zebrafish: an important model for understanding scoliosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:506. [PMID: 36059018 PMCID: PMC9441191 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04534-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Scoliosis is a common spinal deformity that considerably affects the physical and psychological health of patients. Studies have shown that genetic factors play an important role in scoliosis. However, its etiopathogenesis remain unclear, partially because of the genetic heterogeneity of scoliosis and the lack of appropriate model systems. Recently, the development of efficient gene editing methods and high-throughput sequencing technology has made it possible to explore the underlying pathological mechanisms of scoliosis. Owing to their susceptibility for developing scoliosis and high genetic homology with human, zebrafish are increasingly being used as a model for scoliosis in developmental biology, genetics, and clinical medicine. Here, we summarize the recent advances in scoliosis research on zebrafish and discuss the prospects of using zebrafish as a scoliosis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Xie
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University and Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Disease of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China.,Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266003, China.,Sars-Fang Centre, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Mingzhu Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University and Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Disease of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China
| | - Yunsi Kang
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266003, China.,Sars-Fang Centre, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University and Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Disease of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China. .,The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, 524023, China.
| | - Chengtian Zhao
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China. .,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266003, China. .,Sars-Fang Centre, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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6
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Giampietro PF, Hadley-Miller N, Raggio CL. Overview of Gene Special Issue “Genetic Conditions Affecting the Skeleton: Congenital, Idiopathic Scoliosis and Arthrogryposis”. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13071194. [PMID: 35885977 PMCID: PMC9315581 DOI: 10.3390/genes13071194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Philip F. Giampietro
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Nancy Hadley-Miller
- Musculoskeletal Research Center, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
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Computerized-Assisted Scoliosis Diagnosis Based on Faster R-CNN and ResNet for the Classification of Spine X-Ray Images. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2022; 2022:3796202. [PMID: 35707041 PMCID: PMC9192275 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3796202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In order to reduce the subjectivity of preoperative diagnosis and achieve accurate and rapid classification of idiopathic scoliosis and thereby improving the standardization and automation of spinal surgery diagnosis, we implement the Faster R-CNN and ResNet to classify patient spine images. In this paper, the images are based on spine X-ray imaging obtained by our radiology department. We compared the results with the orthopedic surgeon's measurement results for verification and analysis and finally presented the grading results for performance evaluation. The final experimental results can meet the clinical needs, and a fast and robust deep learning-based scoliosis diagnosis algorithm for scoliosis can be achieved without manual intervention using the X-ray scans. This can give rise to a computerized-assisted scoliosis diagnosis based on X-ray imaging, which has strong potential in clinical utility applied to the field of orthopedics.
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8
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Liu Z, Hai Y, Li Z, Wu L. Zebrafish and idiopathic scoliosis: the 'unknown knowns'. Trends Genet 2022; 38:524-528. [PMID: 35115176 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The etiology and heterogeneity of idiopathic scoliosis (IS) are poorly understood. Studies using scoliotic zebrafish models have indicated a potential link between ciliary defects and scoliosis. They may further explain the onset of IS partially. However, it is necessary to further interpret the link between this progress and clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Yong Hai
- Department of Orthopedics, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhuoran Li
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lingyun Wu
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Muñoz-Montecinos C, Romero A, Sepúlveda V, Vira MÁ, Fehrmann-Cartes K, Marcellini S, Aguilera F, Caprile T, Fuentes R. Turning the Curve Into Straight: Phenogenetics of the Spine Morphology and Coordinate Maintenance in the Zebrafish. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:801652. [PMID: 35155449 PMCID: PMC8826430 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.801652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebral column, or spine, provides mechanical support and determines body axis posture and motion. The most common malformation altering spine morphology and function is adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), a three-dimensional spinal deformity that affects approximately 4% of the population worldwide. Due to AIS genetic heterogenicity and the lack of suitable animal models for its study, the etiology of this condition remains unclear, thus limiting treatment options. We here review current advances in zebrafish phenogenetics concerning AIS-like models and highlight the recently discovered biological processes leading to spine malformations. First, we focus on gene functions and phenotypes controlling critical aspects of postembryonic aspects that prime in spine architecture development and straightening. Second, we summarize how primary cilia assembly and biomechanical stimulus transduction, cerebrospinal fluid components and flow driven by motile cilia have been implicated in the pathogenesis of AIS-like phenotypes. Third, we highlight the inflammatory responses associated with scoliosis. We finally discuss recent innovations and methodologies for morphometrically characterize and analyze the zebrafish spine. Ongoing phenotyping projects are expected to identify novel and unprecedented postembryonic gene functions controlling spine morphology and mutant models of AIS. Importantly, imaging and gene editing technologies are allowing deep phenotyping studies in the zebrafish, opening new experimental paradigms in the morphometric and three-dimensional assessment of spinal malformations. In the future, fully elucidating the phenogenetic underpinnings of AIS etiology in zebrafish and humans will undoubtedly lead to innovative pharmacological treatments against spinal deformities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Muñoz-Montecinos
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Grupo de Procesos en Biología del Desarrollo (GDeP), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Adrián Romero
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Grupo de Procesos en Biología del Desarrollo (GDeP), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Vania Sepúlveda
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Grupo de Procesos en Biología del Desarrollo (GDeP), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - María Ángela Vira
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Grupo de Procesos en Biología del Desarrollo (GDeP), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Karen Fehrmann-Cartes
- Núcleo de Investigaciones Aplicadas en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Universidad de las Américas, Concepción, Chile
| | - Sylvain Marcellini
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Grupo de Procesos en Biología del Desarrollo (GDeP), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Felipe Aguilera
- Grupo de Procesos en Biología del Desarrollo (GDeP), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Teresa Caprile
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Grupo de Procesos en Biología del Desarrollo (GDeP), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- *Correspondence: Teresa Caprile, ; Ricardo Fuentes,
| | - Ricardo Fuentes
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Grupo de Procesos en Biología del Desarrollo (GDeP), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- *Correspondence: Teresa Caprile, ; Ricardo Fuentes,
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