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Álvarez-Salvago F, Figueroa-Mayordomo M, Molina-García C, Atienzar-Aroca S, Pujol-Fuentes C, Jiménez-García JD, Gutiérrez-García P, Ching-López R, Medina-Luque J. Exploring Predictors of Self-Perceived Cardiorespiratory Fitness ≥ 5 Years Beyond Breast Cancer Diagnosis: A Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2025; 13:718. [PMID: 40218016 PMCID: PMC11988748 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare13070718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2025] [Revised: 03/07/2025] [Accepted: 03/19/2025] [Indexed: 04/14/2025] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives: This study aimed to examine the association between self-perceived cardiorespiratory fitness and health outcomes in long-term breast cancer survivors (LTBCSs) and identify possible predictors in women at least 5 years post-diagnosis. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out involving 80 LTBCSs, divided into three groups according to their self-reported cardiorespiratory fitness levels: very poor/poor (1-2), average (3), and good/very good (4-5). Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected, and this study analyzed variables measured at least five years after diagnosis, focusing on various factors including physical fitness, physical activity (PA) levels, cancer-related fatigue (CRF), mood, pain, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). ANOVA, Mann-Whitney U, and chi-square tests were performed, along with correlation and multiple regression analyses. Cohen's d was used to calculate effect sizes. Results: Among the 80 LTBCSs, 35% reported very poor/poor self-perceived cardiorespiratory fitness, 35% reported average levels, and 30% reported good/very good levels. Individuals with lower self-perceived cardiorespiratory fitness levels showed significant declines in physical fitness, greater physical inactivity, increased CRF, higher pain levels, and a poorer HRQoL (p < 0.05). Regression analysis identified "self-perceived muscle strength" (β = 0.40; p < 0.01) and "nausea and vomiting" (β = -0.37; p < 0.01) as significant predictors of higher self-perceived cardiorespiratory fitness (adjusted r2 = 0.472). Conclusions: These findings highlight the importance of self-perceived cardiorespiratory fitness as a relevant indicator of health outcomes in LTBCSs. Given its association with physical fitness, sedentary behavior, CRF, pain, and HRQoL, assessing patients' perceptions may provide valuable insights for developing tailored rehabilitation strategies. Future interventions should consider both subjective and objective measures to optimize the long-term health and quality of life in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Álvarez-Salvago
- FIBIO Research Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, European University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (F.Á.-S.); (S.A.-A.); (C.P.-F.); (P.G.-G.); (J.M.-L.)
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain;
| | - Maria Figueroa-Mayordomo
- FIBIO Research Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, European University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (F.Á.-S.); (S.A.-A.); (C.P.-F.); (P.G.-G.); (J.M.-L.)
| | - Cristina Molina-García
- Faculty of Physiotherapy, Podiatry and Occupational Therapy, Catholic University San Antonio-UCAM, 30107 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Sandra Atienzar-Aroca
- FIBIO Research Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, European University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (F.Á.-S.); (S.A.-A.); (C.P.-F.); (P.G.-G.); (J.M.-L.)
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, European University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Clara Pujol-Fuentes
- FIBIO Research Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, European University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (F.Á.-S.); (S.A.-A.); (C.P.-F.); (P.G.-G.); (J.M.-L.)
| | | | - Palmira Gutiérrez-García
- FIBIO Research Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, European University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (F.Á.-S.); (S.A.-A.); (C.P.-F.); (P.G.-G.); (J.M.-L.)
| | - Rosario Ching-López
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, 18014 Granada, Spain;
| | - Jose Medina-Luque
- FIBIO Research Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, European University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (F.Á.-S.); (S.A.-A.); (C.P.-F.); (P.G.-G.); (J.M.-L.)
- Translational Brain Research, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases DZNE, 81377 Munich, Germany
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Cocca A, Kopp M, Greier K, Labek K, Cocca M, Ruedl G. Validity, reliability, and invariance across sex of a German version of the Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1355928. [PMID: 38420167 PMCID: PMC10899704 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1355928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Since there is no scientifically validated German version of the Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire (BREQ-3), the aim of this study was to assess its psychometric parameters and invariance across sex in a sample of German-speaking young adults. The BREQ-3 is an instrument measuring the social and internal influences of motivation toward exercising. This tool is widespread within the scientific community and has been validated in several languages. Methods A total of 271 participants (45% women; mean age = 20.67 ± 2.17 years; effect size ≥ 0.5) filled in the BREQ-3 at one time point, with a small sub-sample (n = 37) responding it a second time after 15 days. Confirmatory Factorial Analysis, Structural Modeling, and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient were used to examine the German version of the questionnaire. Results Results highlighted a good fit of the six-dimensional model after the removal of two items (CFI = 0.912; SRMR = 0.0594; RMSEA = 0.064), as well as full invariance across sex (pχ2 = 0.218; ΔCFI < 0.01). Internal consistency and reliability were moderate to good. Conclusions The 22-item German BREQ-3 is a scientifically valid instrument that can be used in cross-national studies dealing with social aspects of exercise behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Cocca
- Department of Human Movement Studies, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin Kopp
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Klaus Greier
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Division of Physical Education, Private Educational College (KPH-ES), Stams, Austria
| | - Karin Labek
- Institute of Psychology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michaela Cocca
- Department of English Teaching Language, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
- Faculty of Economics and Management, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Gerhard Ruedl
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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