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Norouzzadeh M, Teymoori F, Farhadnejad H, Moslehi N, Mirmiran P, Rahideh ST, Azizi F. Cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease incidence and all-cause mortality: the modifying role of diet quality. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1021. [PMID: 38609915 PMCID: PMC11010434 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18468-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examines the potential long-term joint association between smoking and diet quality as modifiable risk factors concerning cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) incidence and all-cause mortality among current and former smokers. METHODS The study followed 955 smokers from the third and fourth examinations of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study to March 2018. Dietary data was collected using a food frequency questionnaire. Three diet quality indices (DQIs) were computed at baseline: DQI-international (DQI-I), DQI-revised (DQI-R), and Mediterranean-DQI (Med-DQI). Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to determine the HR (95% CI) of the joint association between smoking and diet quality among heavy and light smokers, based on the number of cigarettes per day and pack-years, as well as between current and former smokers based on smoking habits. RESULTS Over a follow-up period of almost eight years, 94 cases of CVDs (9.80%) and 40 cases of mortality (4.20%) were documented. The lower diet quality based on the Med-DQI was associated with a higher risk of mortality among current smokers (HR:3.45; 95%CI:1.12, 10.57). Light smokers with good diet quality, compared to heavy smokers with poor diet quality, had a lower risk of CVDs incident (HR:0.35; 95%CI: 0.15, 0.83) and all-cause mortality (HR:0.20; 95%CI:0.05, 0.77). Current smokers with good DQI had a lower risk of mortality compared to current smokers with poor DQI (HR:0.26; 95%CI:0.08, 0.80). However, this lower risk was more significant in former smokers with good DQI (HR:0.10; 95%CI:0.02, 0.45). CONCLUSIONS Light and former smokers had a lower risk of developing CVDs and experiencing mortality. However, when coupled with a high-quality diet, this protective effect is even more pronounced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Norouzzadeh
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshad Teymoori
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Farhadnejad
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazanin Moslehi
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvin Mirmiran
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyedeh Tayebeh Rahideh
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Fereidoun Azizi
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Ma J, Lee YK. The effects of cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking on salty taste preferences based on Korean Community Health Survey data. Nutr Res Pract 2023; 17:487-502. [PMID: 37266114 PMCID: PMC10232194 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2023.17.3.487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Excessive sodium intake, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption are risk factors for a wide range of diseases. This study aimed to determine whether smokers and drinkers are more likely to enjoy their food with more salt, and whether the combination of smoking and drinking is associated with salty taste preferences. SUBJECTS/METHODS This study analyzed the data of over 16 million Koreans from two four-year Korean Community Health Survey cycles (i.e., 2010 to 2013 and 2014 to 2017). The respondents' preferences for salty foods (i.e., their salt intake levels, whether they added salt or soy sauce to foods served on the table, and whether they dipped fried foods in salt or soy sauce), and the odds ratio (OR) of their preference were examined among smokers and drinkers when adjusted for sex, age, body mass index, educational level, household income, marital status, and cigarette smoking or alcohol consumption status. RESULTS Cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption were correlated with the consumption of salty food. Based on the adjusted model, cigarette smokers and alcohol drinkers preferred adding salt or soy sauce or dipping fried foods in soybean more than non-smokers and non-drinkers. In addition, people who smoked and consumed alcohol reported a more significant stacking effect regarding the salty taste preference. CONCLUSION This large population-based study found that both cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption were correlated with salty taste preferences, which may cause excessive sodium intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ma
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Yeon-Kyung Lee
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
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Takahashi F, Hashimoto Y, Kaji A, Sakai R, Kawate Y, Okamura T, Kitagawa N, Okada H, Nakanishi N, Majima S, Osaka T, Senmaru T, Ushigome E, Hamaguchi M, Fukui M. The Association of Salt Intake and Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in People With Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study. Front Nutr 2022; 9:943790. [PMID: 35911124 PMCID: PMC9326474 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.943790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which has a close relationship with type 2 diabetes (T2D), is related to salt intake in the general population. In contrast, the relationship between salt intake and the presence of NAFLD in patients with T2D has not been clarified. Methods Salt intake (g/day) was assessed using urinary sodium excretion, and a high salt intake was defined as an intake greater than the median amount of 9.5 g/day. Hepatic steatosis index (HSI) ≥ 36 points was used to diagnosed NAFLD. Odds ratios of high salt intake to the presence of NAFLD were evaluated by logistic regression analysis. Results The frequency of NAFLD was 36.5% in 310 patients with T2D (66.7 ± 10.7 years old and 148 men). The patients with high salt intake had a higher body mass index (25.0 ± 4.0 vs. 23.4 ± 3.8 kg/m2, p < 0.001) than those with low salt intake. HSI in patients with high salt intake was higher than that in patients with low salt intake (36.2 ± 6.2 vs. 34.3 ± 5.5 points, p = 0.005). In addition, the presence of NALFD in patients with high salt intake was higher than that in patients with low salt intake (44.5% vs. 28.4%, p = 0.005). High salt intake was associated with the prevalence of NAFLD [adjusted odds ratio, 1.76 (95% confidence interval: 1.02–3.03), p = 0.043]. Conclusion This cross-sectional study revealed that salt intake is related to the prevalence of NAFLD in patients with T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyuko Takahashi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Hashimoto
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Matsushita Memorial Hospital, Moriguchi, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yoshitaka Hashimoto
| | - Ayumi Kaji
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Sakai
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuka Kawate
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takuro Okamura
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kitagawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Diabetology, Kameoka Municipal Hospital, Kameoka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Okada
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoko Nakanishi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Saori Majima
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takafumi Osaka
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takafumi Senmaru
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Emi Ushigome
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahide Hamaguchi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Michiaki Fukui
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Choi JW, Fujii T, Fujii N. Association of a Tobacco-specific Nitrosamine Carcinogen with Urinary Cotinine, Urinary Sodium Excretion, and Total Energy Intake in Adolescents and Children. Curr Med Sci 2021; 41:270-278. [PMID: 33877542 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-021-2343-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the association of a tobacco-specific nitrosamine carcinogen, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) with urinary cotinine (uCot), urinary sodium (uNa) excretion, systolic blood pressure (sBP), and total energy intake in adolescents and children in relation to the subjects' age. A total of 790 subjects aged 6-19 years were evaluated. NNAL, uCot, corrected NNAL (cNNAL), the NNAL/uCot ratio, uNa, sBP, and nutrient intake were measured. A strong association between uCot and cNNAL was observed in children who were 11 years of age (r=0.881, P<0.001); however, no significant association was noted in adolescents who were 19 years of age. The uNa level was significantly higher (133.9 mmol/L vs. 107.8 mmol/L, P<0.001) and sBP was significantly lower (105.3 mmHg vs. 110.6 mmHg, P=0.012) in adolescents with elevated NNAL than in those without elevated NNAL. NNAL was significantly higher in subjects with increased uNa excretion than in those without increased uNa excretion. NNAL was positively correlated with uNa (r=0.183, P<0.001) and negatively correlated with sBP (r=-0.142, P<0.001). Non-smokers with elevated NNAL/uCot ratios had significantly lower total energy intake than those without elevated NNAL/uCot ratios (1729.0 kcal/day vs. 1911.0 kcal/day, P=0.008). The relationship between NNAL and uCot varied according to the subjects' age. NNAL seems to play a role in decreasing sBP by enhancing uNa excretion. Insufficient nutrient intake may contribute to endogenous formation of NNAL in non-smoking adolescents and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Weon Choi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, 22332, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tatsuyoshi Fujii
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tsukuba University Hospital Mito Clinical Education and Training Center, Mito Kyodo General Hospital, Mito, 310-0015, Japan
| | - Noriyoshi Fujii
- School of Medicine, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8577, Japan
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Effects of Gender and Age on Dietary Intake and Body Mass Index in Hypertensive Patients: Analysis of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17124482. [PMID: 32580424 PMCID: PMC7345329 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17124482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Controlling weight and dietary intake are important for hypertensive patients to manage their blood pressure. However, the interaction effect of gender and age on weight and dietary intake is not well known. The aim of this study was to examine the main and interaction effects of age and gender on body mass index (BMI) and dietary intake in hypertensive patients. We analyzed data from 4287 participants with hypertension (1600 participants 45–64 years old and 2687 participants 65 years or older) who participated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013–2016). Two-way ANOVAs were conducted to examine the main and interaction effects of age and gender on BMI and dietary intake. Gender and age had significant main effects on BMI, intake of energy, cholesterol, sodium, and potassium. However, both gender and age illustrated interaction effects on BMI (F = 8.398, p = 0.004), energy intake (F = 12.882, p < 0.001), and cholesterol intake (F = 6.107, p = 0.014), while not showing any significant interaction effects on sodium (F = 3.547, p = 0.060) and potassium (F = 3.396, p = 0.066). Compared to the middle-aged group, BMI, energy intake, and cholesterol intake decreased in the older-aged group. However, the declines were steeper in men than in women. Therefore, both gender and age need to be considered for weight and dietary intake management for hypertensive patients.
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Wang M, Li W, Zhou R, Wang S, Zheng H, Jiang J, Wang S, Yu C, Gao W, Lv J, Wu T, Cao W, Hu Y, Li L, Ji JS. The Paradox Association between Smoking and Blood Pressure among Half Million Chinese People. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17082824. [PMID: 32325946 PMCID: PMC7215755 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17082824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Background: The association between smoking and blood pressure (BP) has been explored extensively, yet the results remain inconclusive. Using real-world evidence of a large Chinese population, we examine the effect of smoking on BP levels. Methods: We utilize half a million adults from the China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB) study with baseline sampling collected between 2004 and 2008. Multivariable linear regression analyses are used to estimate linear regression coefficients of smoking for systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). Results: 459,815 participants (180,236 males and 279,579 females) are included in the analysis. Regular smoking is significantly associated with lower SBP (-0.57 mm Hg, p < 0.001) and DBP (-0.35 mm Hg, p < 0.001) when compared with non-smoking in men. Additionally, SBP and DBP decrease significantly among all groups of different smoking status in women (p < 0.001). Additionally, pack-years show negative associations with SBP and DBP in both men and women. Further analysis shows the interaction of smoking and alcohol consumption is associated with an increase of SBP and DBP (men: 2.38 mm Hg and 0.89 mm Hg; women: 5.21 mm Hg and 2.62 mm Hg) among co-regular smokers and regular drinkers when compared with regular smokers who are not exposed to alcohol consumption. Conclusions: A negative association between smoking and BP is observed. However, the interaction between smoking and alcohol consumption is associated with BP increase. The findings suggest the importance of considering smoking and alcohol consumption in BP control in addition to antihypertensive treatment in clinical and public health practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Wang
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (M.W.); (W.L.); (R.Z.); (S.W.); (H.Z.); (J.J.); (S.W.); (C.Y.); (W.G.); (J.L.); (W.C.); (Y.H.); (L.L.)
| | - Wenyong Li
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (M.W.); (W.L.); (R.Z.); (S.W.); (H.Z.); (J.J.); (S.W.); (C.Y.); (W.G.); (J.L.); (W.C.); (Y.H.); (L.L.)
| | - Ren Zhou
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (M.W.); (W.L.); (R.Z.); (S.W.); (H.Z.); (J.J.); (S.W.); (C.Y.); (W.G.); (J.L.); (W.C.); (Y.H.); (L.L.)
| | - Siyue Wang
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (M.W.); (W.L.); (R.Z.); (S.W.); (H.Z.); (J.J.); (S.W.); (C.Y.); (W.G.); (J.L.); (W.C.); (Y.H.); (L.L.)
| | - Hongchen Zheng
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (M.W.); (W.L.); (R.Z.); (S.W.); (H.Z.); (J.J.); (S.W.); (C.Y.); (W.G.); (J.L.); (W.C.); (Y.H.); (L.L.)
| | - Jin Jiang
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (M.W.); (W.L.); (R.Z.); (S.W.); (H.Z.); (J.J.); (S.W.); (C.Y.); (W.G.); (J.L.); (W.C.); (Y.H.); (L.L.)
| | - Shengfeng Wang
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (M.W.); (W.L.); (R.Z.); (S.W.); (H.Z.); (J.J.); (S.W.); (C.Y.); (W.G.); (J.L.); (W.C.); (Y.H.); (L.L.)
| | - Canqing Yu
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (M.W.); (W.L.); (R.Z.); (S.W.); (H.Z.); (J.J.); (S.W.); (C.Y.); (W.G.); (J.L.); (W.C.); (Y.H.); (L.L.)
| | - Wenjing Gao
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (M.W.); (W.L.); (R.Z.); (S.W.); (H.Z.); (J.J.); (S.W.); (C.Y.); (W.G.); (J.L.); (W.C.); (Y.H.); (L.L.)
| | - Jun Lv
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (M.W.); (W.L.); (R.Z.); (S.W.); (H.Z.); (J.J.); (S.W.); (C.Y.); (W.G.); (J.L.); (W.C.); (Y.H.); (L.L.)
| | - Tao Wu
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (M.W.); (W.L.); (R.Z.); (S.W.); (H.Z.); (J.J.); (S.W.); (C.Y.); (W.G.); (J.L.); (W.C.); (Y.H.); (L.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Weihua Cao
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (M.W.); (W.L.); (R.Z.); (S.W.); (H.Z.); (J.J.); (S.W.); (C.Y.); (W.G.); (J.L.); (W.C.); (Y.H.); (L.L.)
| | - Yonghua Hu
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (M.W.); (W.L.); (R.Z.); (S.W.); (H.Z.); (J.J.); (S.W.); (C.Y.); (W.G.); (J.L.); (W.C.); (Y.H.); (L.L.)
| | - Liming Li
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (M.W.); (W.L.); (R.Z.); (S.W.); (H.Z.); (J.J.); (S.W.); (C.Y.); (W.G.); (J.L.); (W.C.); (Y.H.); (L.L.)
| | - John S. Ji
- Environmental Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan 215316, China;
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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Dietary sources of salt intake in adults and older people: a population-based study in a Brazilian town. Public Health Nutr 2018; 22:1388-1397. [PMID: 30472972 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980018003233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess salt intake and its dietary sources using biochemical and self-report methods and to characterize salt intake according to sociodemographic and disease-related variables in a sample of the Brazilian population. DESIGN Population-based cross-sectional survey. SETTING Salt intake was assessed by biochemical (24 h urinary Na excretion) and self-report methods (sodium FFQ, 24 h dietary recall, seasoned-salt questionnaire, discretionary-salt questionnaire and total reported salt intake).ParticipantsAdults and older people (n 517) aged 20-80 years, living in Artur Nogueira, São Paulo, Brazil. RESULTS Mean salt intake based on 24 h urinary Na excretion and total reported salt intake was 10·5 and 11·0 g/d, respectively; both measures were significantly correlated. Discretionary salt and seasoned salt were the most important sources of salt intake (68·2 %). Men in the study consumed more salt than women as estimated by 24 h urinary Na excretion (11·7 v. 9·6 g salt/d; P<0·0001). Participants known to be hypertensive added more salt to their meals but consumed less salty ultra-processed foods. Waist circumference in both sexes and BMI were positively correlated with salt intake estimated by 24 h urinary Na excretion. In addition, regression analysis revealed that being a young male or having a high waist circumference was a predictor of higher salt intake. CONCLUSIONS Salt intake in this population was well above the recommended amount. The main source of salt intake came from salt added during cooking. Salt intake varied according to sex and waist circumference.
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Ko J, Kim KB, Timmerman GM, Clark AP, Kim M. Factors Predicting Sodium Intake of Korean Americans with Type 2 Diabetes. J Immigr Minor Health 2018; 20:641-650. [PMID: 28589487 PMCID: PMC5996387 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-017-0602-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its complications including cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease threaten Korean Americans (KAs). High dietary sodium intake contributes to both conditions. The purpose of the study was to assess dietary sodium consumption and to examine the predictors of sodium intake among KA with T2DM. A total 232 KA who had uncontrolled diabetes participated in this study. The majority of the sample (69%) consumed more sodium than current national guidelines. A high level of energy intake was the strongest predictor for sodium intake with gender and marital status also related. Our findings identified predictive factors to excessive sodium intake and these data support the need for culturally-tailored education about appropriate dietary sodium and energy intake are needed for patients about T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisook Ko
- School of Nursing, The University of Texas at Austin, 1710 Red River, Austin, TX, 78751, USA.
| | - Kim B Kim
- Korean Resource Center, Ellicott City, MD, USA
| | - Gayle M Timmerman
- School of Nursing, The University of Texas at Austin, 1710 Red River, Austin, TX, 78751, USA
| | - Angela P Clark
- School of Nursing, The University of Texas at Austin, 1710 Red River, Austin, TX, 78751, USA
| | - Miyong Kim
- School of Nursing, The University of Texas at Austin, 1710 Red River, Austin, TX, 78751, USA
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Diet quality and its relationship with central obesity among Mexican Americans: findings from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2012. Public Health Nutr 2016; 20:1193-1202. [PMID: 27974064 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980016003190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Using the Healthy Eating Index-2010 (HEI-2010), the present study aimed to examine diet quality and the impact of overall diet quality and its components on central obesity among Mexican-American men and women. DESIGN Cross-sectional data from NHANES 1999-2012 were used. The HEI-2010 data, including twelve components for a total score of 100, were collected with a 24 h recall interview. Central obesity was defined as a waist circumference of ≥88 cm for women and ≥102 cm for men. Weighted logistic regressions were performed to assess associations between HEI-2010 scores and central obesity. SETTING National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2012. SUBJECTS A total of 6847 Mexican Americans aged ≥20 years with reliable dietary recall status and non-pregnancy status. RESULTS Higher HEI-2010 total score was associated with lower odds of central obesity in Mexican-American men (OR; 95 % CI=0·98; 0·98, 1·00). Among all Mexican Americans, one-unit higher score of total fruit and sodium (i.e. lower level of intake) was associated with 4 % (0·96; 0·93, 0·99) and 2 % (0·98; 0·96, 0·99) lower odds of central obesity, respectively. However, a higher total proteins score was associated with higher odds of central obesity (1·08; 1·00, 1·16). In gender-specific analyses, a higher whole fruit or sodium score was inversely associated with central obesity in men but not in women. CONCLUSIONS HEI-2010 scores of total fruit and sodium were inversely associated with central obesity among all Mexican Americans. However, total proteins score and central obesity was positively associated. In Mexican-American men, HEI-2010 total and whole fruit scores were inversely associated with central obesity.
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