1
|
Santos CC, Costa MJ, Forte P, Marinho DA. A comparison of load cell and pressure sensors to measure in-water force in young competitive swimmers. J Biomech 2023; 160:111815. [PMID: 37783185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the in-water force of young competitive swimmers using tethered swimming and differential pressure sensors. Thirty-one swimmers (16 girls and 15 boys) were randomly assigned to perform two in-water tests. Swimmers completed two maximum bouts of 25 m front crawl with a differential pressure system and a 30 s maximum bout with an attached load cell (tethered-swimming). The peak force (FPEAK, in N) of dominant and non-dominant upper limbs was retrieved for further analysis. Comparison between methods revealed significant differences in all force variables (p ≤ 0.05) and the biases (mean differences) were large in girls (FPEAK dominant, 45.89 N; FPEAK non-dominant, 43.79 N) and boys (FPEAK dominant, 67.26 N; FPEAK non-dominant, 61.78 N). Despite that, simple linear regression models between the two methods showed significant relationships with a moderate effect in all variables for girls, whereas in boys a high and moderate effect was verified for FPEAK of dominant and non-dominant limbs (respectively). It seems that using pressure sensors and tethered swimming leads to different FPEAK values in young competitive, where correction factors are needed to compare data between both methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catarina C Santos
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Mário J Costa
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Forte
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal; Department of Sport Sciences, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro, Penafiel, Portugal; Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Daniel A Marinho
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Marinho DA, Willemsen D, Barbosa TM, Silva AJ, Vilas-Boas JP, Neiva HP, Forte P. Numerical simulations of a swimmer's head and cap wearing different types of goggles. Sports Biomech 2021:1-13. [PMID: 34080520 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.1923793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of swimming goggles on swimming hydrodynamics by numerical simulations. An elite swimmer volunteered for this research. The swimmer's head was scanned both without goggles, and while wearing 3 different types of goggles (Nikko, Ankor and Swedish). Numerical simulations were conducted at 2 m/s with the Fluent code. The condition without goggles showed the highest viscous drag (1.65 N), followed by the Ankor (1.64 N), Swedish (1.63 N) and Nikko (1.62 N) goggles, respectively. The highest pressure drag was found in the situation without goggles (11.34 N), followed by the Ankor (10.87 N), Nikko (10.78 N) and Swedish (10.20 N) goggles. The condition without goggles presented the highest total drag (12.99 N), followed by the Ankor (12.52 N), Nikko (12.40 N) and Swedish (11.83 N) goggles. Thus, Swedish goggles yields the best hydrodynamics, followed by the Nikko and Ankor goggles and lastly without goggles. Thus, goggles minimise the swimmer's drag comparing to not wearing any. The design of the goggles may impose varying drag forces and therefore it is advised to use goggles at least in competition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Marinho
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Science, Health and Human Development, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Dennis Willemsen
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Tiago M Barbosa
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Science, Health and Human Development, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - António José Silva
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Science, Health and Human Development, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - J Paulo Vilas-Boas
- University of Porto, Faculty of Sport (FADEUP-CIFI2D), Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Henrique P Neiva
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Science, Health and Human Development, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Pedro Forte
- Research Center in Sports Science, Health and Human Development, Covilhã, Portugal
- Department of Sports Sciences, Douro Higher Institute of Educational Sciences, Penafiel, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Forte P, Morais JE, Barbosa TM, Marinho DA. Assessment of Able-Bodied and Amputee Cyclists' Aerodynamics by Computational Fluid Dynamics. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:644566. [PMID: 33777915 PMCID: PMC7991374 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.644566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the aerodynamics of able-bodied and amputee cyclists by computational fluid dynamics. The cyclists' geometry was obtained by a 3D scanner. Three CAD models were created as able-bodied, transtibial (Tt), and transradial (Tr) amputees. Numerical simulations were conducted up to 13 m/s with increments of 1 m/s to assess drag force. The drag ranged between 0.36 and 39.25 N for the able-bodied model, 0.36-43.78 for the Tr model and 0.37-41.39 N for the Tt model. The pressure drag ranged between 0.20 and 22.94 N for the normal model, 0.21-28.61 for the Tr model and 0.23-28.02 N for the Tt model. The viscous drag ranged between 0.16 and 15.31 N for the normal model, 0.15-15.17 for the Tr model and 0.14-13.38 N for the Tt model. The rolling resistance (RR) was higher on the able-bodied (2.23 N), followed by the Tr (2.20 N) and Tt (2.17 N) models. As a conclusion, the able-bodied cyclist showed less drag, followed by the Tt and Tr models, respectively. The RR presented higher values in the able-bodied, followed by the Tr and Tt models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Forte
- Department of Sports, Douro Higher Institute of Educational Sciences, Penafiel, Portugal.,Department of Sports Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.,Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Jorge E Morais
- Department of Sports Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.,Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Tiago M Barbosa
- Department of Sports Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.,Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Daniel A Marinho
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development, Covilhã, Portugal.,Department of Sports Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Multi- and Single-Joint Resistance Exercises Promote Similar Plantar Flexor Activation in Resistance Trained Men. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17249487. [PMID: 33352879 PMCID: PMC7765981 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17249487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to compare soleus, lateral, and medial gastrocnemius muscles activation during leg press and calf raise exercises in trained men. The study involved 22 trained men (27.1 ± 3.6 years, 82.7 ± 6.6 kg, 177.5 ± 5.2 cm, 3.6 ± 1.4 experience years) who performed one set of each exercise using a 10-repetition maximum (10RM) load in a counterbalanced randomized order and separated by 10 min of rest. The electromyographic signal was measured for the three major plantar flexors: soleus, medial, and lateral gastrocnemius. A comparison between exercises showed that the mean adjusted by peak values during the leg press were 49.20% for the gastrocnemius lateralis, 51.31% for the gastrocnemius medialis, and 50.76% for the soleus. Values for calf raise were 50.70%, 52.19%, and 51.34% for the lateral, medial gastrocnemius, and soleus, respectively. There were no significant differences between exercises for any muscle (lateral gastrocnemius (p = 0.230), medial gastrocnemius (p = 0.668), and soleus (p = 0.535)). The present findings suggest that both leg press and calf raises can be used with the purpose to recruit triceps surae muscles. This bring the suggestion that one can chose between exercises based on personal preferences and practical aspects, without any negative impact on muscle activation.
Collapse
|
5
|
Forte P, Morais JE, P. Neiva H, Barbosa TM, Marinho DA. The Drag Crisis Phenomenon on an Elite Road Cyclist-A Preliminary Numerical Simulations Analysis in the Aero Position at Different Speeds. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17145003. [PMID: 32664605 PMCID: PMC7399909 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17145003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The drag crisis phenomenon is the drop of drag coefficient (Cd) with increasing Reynolds number (Re) or speed. The aim of this study was to assess the hypothetical drag crisis phenomenon in a sports setting, assessing it in a bicycle–cyclist system. A male elite-level cyclist was recruited for this research and his competition bicycle, helmet, suit, and shoes were used. A three-dimensional (3D) geometry was obtained with a 3D scan with the subject in a static aero position. A domain with 7 m of length, 2.5 m of width and 2.5 m of height was created around the cyclist. The domain was meshed with 42 million elements. Numerical simulations by computer fluid dynamics (CFD) fluent numerical code were conducted at speeds between 1 m/s and 22 m/s, with increments of 1 m/s. The drag coefficient ranged between 0.60 and 0.95 across different speeds and Re. The highest value was observed at 2 m/s (Cd = 0.95) and Re of 3.21 × 105, whereas the lower Cd was noted at 9 m/s (Cd = 0.60) and 9.63 × 105. A drag crisis was noted between 3 m/s and 9 m/s. Pressure Cd ranged from 0.35 to 0.52 and the lowest value was observed at 3 m/s and the highest at 2 m/s. The viscous drag coefficient ranged between 0.15 and 0.43 and presented a trend decreasing from 4 m/s to 22 m/s. Coaches, cyclists, researchers, and support staff must consider that Cd varies with speed and Re, and the bicycle–cyclist dimensions, shape, or form may affect drag and performance estimations. As a conclusion, this preliminary work noted a drag crisis between 3 m/s and 9 m/s in a cyclist in the aero position.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Forte
- Department of Sports, Douro Higher Institute of Educational Sciences, 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal;
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal;
- Research Center in Sports, Health and Human Development, CIDESD, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; (H.P.N.); (D.A.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-255-318-550
| | - Jorge E. Morais
- Department of Sports, Douro Higher Institute of Educational Sciences, 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal;
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal;
- Research Center in Sports, Health and Human Development, CIDESD, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; (H.P.N.); (D.A.M.)
| | - Henrique P. Neiva
- Research Center in Sports, Health and Human Development, CIDESD, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; (H.P.N.); (D.A.M.)
- Department of Sports Science, Beira Interior University (UBI), 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Tiago M. Barbosa
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal;
- Research Center in Sports, Health and Human Development, CIDESD, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; (H.P.N.); (D.A.M.)
| | - Daniel A. Marinho
- Research Center in Sports, Health and Human Development, CIDESD, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; (H.P.N.); (D.A.M.)
- Department of Sports Science, Beira Interior University (UBI), 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Forte P, Marinho DA, Silveira R, Barbosa TM, Morais JE. The Aerodynamics and Energy Cost Assessment of an Able-Bodied Cyclist and Amputated Models by Computer Fluid Dynamics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 56:medicina56050241. [PMID: 32443646 PMCID: PMC7279250 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56050241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess and compare the drag and energy cost of three cyclists assessed by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and analytical procedures. Materials and methods: A transradial (Tr) and transtibial (Tt) were compared to a full-body cyclist at different speeds. An elite male cyclist with 65 kg of mass and 1.72 m of height volunteered for this research with his competition cloths, helmet and bicycle with 5 kg of mass. A 3D model of the bicycle and cyclist in the upright position was obtained for numerical simulations. Upon that, two more models were created, simulating elbow and knee-disarticulated athletes. Numerical simulations by computational fluid dynamics and analytical procedures were computed to assess drag and energy cost, respectively. Results: One-Way ANOVA presented no significant differences between cyclists for drag (F = 0.041; p = 0.960; η2 = 0.002) and energy cost (F = 0.42; p = 0.908; η2 = 0.002). Linear regression presented a very high adjustment for absolute drag values between able-bodied and Tr (R2 = 1.000; Ra2 = 1.000; SEE = 0.200) and Tt (R2 = 1.00; Ra2 = 1.000; SEE = 0.160). The linear regression for energy cost presented a very high adjustment for absolute values between able-bodied and Tr (R2 = 1.000; Ra2 = 1.000; SEE = 0.570) and Tt (R2 = 1.00; Ra2 = 1.00; SEE = 0.778). Conclusions: This study suggests that drag and energy cost was lower in the able-bodied, followed by the Tr and Tt cyclists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Forte
- Department of Sports, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro, 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal; (R.S.); (J.E.M.)
- Departamento de Desporto e Educação Física, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal;
- Research Center for Sports Health and Human Development, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Daniel A. Marinho
- Research Center for Sports Health and Human Development, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal;
| | - Ricardo Silveira
- Department of Sports, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro, 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal; (R.S.); (J.E.M.)
- Research Center for Sports Health and Human Development, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Tiago M. Barbosa
- Departamento de Desporto e Educação Física, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal;
- Research Center for Sports Health and Human Development, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Jorge E. Morais
- Department of Sports, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro, 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal; (R.S.); (J.E.M.)
- Departamento de Desporto e Educação Física, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal;
- Research Center for Sports Health and Human Development, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|