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Hwang BH, Jeon IC. Comparison of abductor hallucis muscle activity in subjects with mild hallux valgus during three different foot exercises. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 2024; 37:47-54. [PMID: 37599517 DOI: 10.3233/bmr-220252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Normal alignment of the foot is important because the feet support the body's weight. The intrinsic muscles of the foot mainly maintain the alignment and movement of the foot, whereas the abductor hallucis (AbdH) aligns the first metatarsophalangeal joint and maintains the medial longitudinal arch. OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to investigate the muscle activity of the AbdH and hallux valgus (HV) angle during three different foot exercises. METHODS Participants included 15 subjects aged 20-24 years with mild HV. All subjects performed three different foot exercises in random order: short foot exercise (SF), toe spread out exercise (TSO), and TSO with a pressure bio-feedback unit (TSOP). The muscle activity of the AbdH and the HV angle were measured during each foot exercise using surface electromyography and X-ray and then compared using one-way repeated-measures analysis of variance, followed by Bonferroni adjustment. RESULTS AbdH muscle activity differed significantly among SF, TSO, and TSOP. AbdH muscle activity was greater in TSOP (89.60%) than in SF (19.99%) and TSO (60.96%) (p= 0.006). The HV angle was significantly smaller in TSOP (15.72∘) than in SF (18.85∘) and TSO (16.81∘) (p= 0.001). CONCLUSIONS TSOP can be recommended as an effective AbdH strengthening exercise in subjects with mild HV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong-Hun Hwang
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Hoseo University, Asan, Korea
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Life and Health Sciences, Hoseo University, Asan, Korea
| | - In-Cheol Jeon
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Life and Health Sciences, Hoseo University, Asan, Korea
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Willemse L, Wouters EJM, Pister MF, Vanwanseele B. Plantar intrinsic foot muscle activation during functional exercises compared to isolated foot exercises in younger adults. Physiother Theory Pract 2023:1-13. [PMID: 37126537 DOI: 10.1080/09593985.2023.2204947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Training the plantar intrinsic foot muscles (PIFMs) has the potential to benefit patients with lower extremity musculoskeletal conditions as well as the aged population. Isolated foot exercises, often standard in clinical practice, are difficult to perform, whereas functional exercises are much easier to accomplish. However, it is unclear whether functional exercises are comparable to isolated foot exercises in activating the PIFMs. OBJECTIVE This study aims to compare the activation of PIFMs between functional exercises versus isolated foot exercises. METHODS Using surface electromyography (EMG), muscle activation of three PIFMs was measured in four functional exercises (i.e. normal/unstable toe stance, toe walking, and hopping) versus a muscle-specific isolated foot exercise in 29 younger adults, resulting in 12 comparisons. RESULTS Functional exercises showed larger mean EMG amplitudes than the isolated foot exercises in 25% of the 12 comparisons, while there was no difference in the remaining 75%. CONCLUSION Functional exercises provoked comparable or even more activation of the PIFMs than isolated foot exercises. Given that functional exercises are easier to perform, this finding indicates the need to further investigate the effectiveness of functional exercises in physical therapy to improve muscle function and functional task performance in populations that suffer from PIFM weakness or dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Willemse
- Department of Health Innovations and Technology, Fontys University of Applied Sciences, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Tranzo, School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Eveline J M Wouters
- Department of Health Innovations and Technology, Fontys University of Applied Sciences, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Tranzo, School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn F Pister
- Department of Health Innovations and Technology, Fontys University of Applied Sciences, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Rehabilitation, Physiotherapy Science and Sport, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Center for Physical Therapy Research and Innovation in Primary Care, Julius Health Care Centers, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Benedicte Vanwanseele
- Department of Health Innovations and Technology, Fontys University of Applied Sciences, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Combined Use of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation and Short Foot Exercise Improves Navicular Height, Muscle Size, Function Mobility, and Risk of Falls in Healthy Older Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19127196. [PMID: 35742445 PMCID: PMC9223504 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Electrical stimulation is an established method that is used to improve muscle strength. The present study compared changes in the navicular drop test (NDT), muscle size, the five times sit to stand (5TSTS) test, the timed up and go (TUG) test, and the risk of falls in response to transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) plus short foot exercise (SFE) and SFE alone in 68 healthy elderly participants aged 65−75 years. Participants were randomly assigned to two groups: TENS plus SFE and SFE alone (with sham TENS). Measurements of NDT, muscle size, 5TSTS, TUG, and risk of falls were made before and after 4 weeks of training. The NDT was significantly improved by a median of 0.31 mm in the TENS plus SFE group and 0.64 mm in the SFE alone group (p < 0.001). Similarly, there was a significant improvement in Falls Efficacy Scale International (FES-I), 5TSTS, and TUG for both groups (p < 0.001). The abductor hallucis muscle size increased by 0.23 cm2 in the TENS plus SFE group and 0.26 cm2 in the SFE alone group (p < 0.001). There were no significant differences between the two groups for any variables (p > 0.05) except TUG, which showed a greater improvement in the TENS plus SFE group (p = 0.008). Our findings demonstrated that TENS plus SFE and SFE alone improved intrinsic foot muscle size. However, TENS plus SFE tended to improve NDT more than SFE alone, particularly in cases of severe muscle weakness. Thus, the combined use of TENS plus SFE could be recommended for muscle strengthening and balance programs for fall prevention in older adults.
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Ichikawa S, Kumai T, Okunuki T, Maemichi T, Matsumoto M, Yabiku H, Liu Z, Yamaguchi R, Iwayama A, Ayukawa G, Akiyama Y, Mitsui H, Niki H. Comparison of foot posture and foot muscle morphology between lifesaver athletes and healthy adults. Res Sports Med 2021:1-11. [PMID: 34802357 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2021.2002330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the foot muscle morphology and foot posture between healthy adults and lifesavers in sandy beach sports. The participants included 15 lifesaver athletes and 15 healthy adults. Using a non-contact three-dimensional foot measurement device, the foot length, width, and arch height of the right foot were measured while standing and sitting without back support, and the transverse arch length ratio and arch height index were subsequently calculated. Muscle cross-sectional area was measured using an ultrasound imaging device. Muscle cross-sectional areas, arch height, foot width, arch height index, and transverse arch length ratio were larger in the lifesaver than in the healthy adult group. Lifesavers had higher arches and more developed intrinsic and extrinsic muscles than healthy adults. Performing physical activity while barefoot on sandy beaches may effectively develop the foot intrinsic and extrinsic muscles and raise the arch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Ichikawa
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Kumai
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Takumi Okunuki
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | | | - Masatomo Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan.,Department of Rehabilitation, Kuwana City Medicine Center, Mie, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yabiku
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Zijian Liu
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Ryusei Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Arina Iwayama
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Goro Ayukawa
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Yui Akiyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mitsui
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Hisateru Niki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
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The Effects of Electrical Stimulation Program on Navicular Height, Balance, and Fear of Falling in Community-Dwelling Elderly. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18179351. [PMID: 34501940 PMCID: PMC8430807 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intrinsic foot muscle weakness is a crucial cause of balance deficit in the elderly, which leads to a limited range of motion from the fear of falling and subsequently decreases the quality of life. Muscle strengthening via transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TENS) is an effective intervention; however, its effects on elderly people have rarely been reported. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of TENS on navicular height, balance, and fear of falling. METHOD In this study, forty-eight participants aged 65-75 years were included and were randomly divided into two groups: the TENS and control groups. Before and after 4 weeks of training, navicular height, balance, and fear of falling were measured. RESULT After 4 weeks of training, navicular height significantly increased in both groups (p < 0.05); however, the increase was higher in the TENS group (p = 0.035). The TENS group had a better improvement in balance in all four directions-front, back, left, and right (p < 0.05). However, postural balance improvements in the control group were observed in three directions only-front, back, and left (p < 0.05)-without any significant difference between the two groups. Furthermore, the TENS group decreased the scale of fear of falling after 4 weeks of training (p = 0.039). CONCLUSION In summary, the results of this study can be used as part of the muscle strengthening via ES for decreasing the risk of falls or fear of falling in the elderly.
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Park DJ, Lee KS, Park SY. Effects of Two Foot-Ankle Interventions on Foot Structure, Function, and Balance Ability in Obese People with Pes Planus. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:667. [PMID: 34205155 PMCID: PMC8229031 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9060667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Obese people are prone to foot deformities such as flat feet. Foot management programs are important to prevent them. This study investigated the effects of two foot-ankle interventions on balance ability, foot arch, ankle strength, plantar fascia thickness, and foot functions in obese people with pes planus for four weeks. The experiment was designed as a randomized controlled trial. Twenty-four participants who met the inclusion criteria were selected, and they were randomly assigned to either a short foot group (SFG) or proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation group (PNFG) according to foot-ankle intervention. Two interventions were commenced three times a week for 20 min over four weeks. The tests were conducted at two intervals: pre-intervention and at four weeks. The tests were conducted in the following order: the patient-specific functional scale test (PSFS), an ultrasound of the plantar fascia, the navicular drop test, balance test, and the four-way ankle strength test. Two groups showed significant differences in balance ability, foot arch, ankle strength, plantar fascia thickness, and foot functions between pre-test and post-test (p < 0.05). PNFG had significantly higher dorsiflexor and invertor strength than SFG (p < 0.05). SF and PNF interventions were effective to improve balance ability, foot arch, ankle strength, plantar fascia thickness, and foot functions in obese people with pes planus. Additionally, PNF intervention is more beneficial in increasing the dorsiflexor and invertor strength compared to SF intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du-Jin Park
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Pusan, Busan 46252, Korea;
| | - Kyung-Sun Lee
- Department of Industrial Health, College of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Pusan, Busan 46252, Korea;
| | - Se-Yeon Park
- Department of Physical Therapy, Uiduk University, Gyeongju 38004, Korea
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