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Ilyas U, Tariq Z, Asim J, Arshad Z. Experiential avoidance, thought suppression, meta-cognition, and body-checking among women during pregnancy and postpartum: Buffering effect of self-compassion. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2024; 165:988-996. [PMID: 38314632 DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.15400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study attempted to explore the psychological experiences of experiential avoidance, thought suppression, meta-cognition, self-compassion and body-checking during two stages of maternity (pregnancy and postpartum) among women embracing maternity for the first time. METHODS The study used a cross sectional correlational design and enrolled 306 women participants who were in their third trimester of pregnancy or of postpartum (pregnant = 154 [50.3%]; postpartum = 152 [49.7%]) with ages ranging between 20 and 35 years (M = 26.62; SD = 2.19). The data was collected using the Brief Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire (BEAQ); Thought Control Questionnaire (TCQ); Metacognitions Questionnaire (MCQ); Self-Compassion Scale (SCS), and Body-checking Questionnaire (BCQ). Data was subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS version 21. RESULTS A significant positive association was observed between experiential avoidance, thought suppression, meta-cognition, and body-checking while self-compassion showed reverse association with these variables. The body-checking outcome was significantly negatively predicted by self-compassionate attitude and positively by thought suppression in both groups (i.e., pregnant and postpartum). The experiential avoidance positively predicted body-checking among women in post-partum group only. Moreover, a mediating association of experiential avoidance and a moderating effect of self-compassion (self-kindness and common humanity) and meta-cognition (positive beliefs about worry and need to control thought) were also observed to moderate between thought suppression and body-checking outcomes. CONCLUSION The study concluded that experiential avoidance and thought suppression contribute in developing body-checking behaviors among women who are pregnant or at postpartum stage of maternity. In addition, self-compassion and meta-cognition moderate this association with self-compassion playing potential buffer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzma Ilyas
- Psychology Department, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zarmin Tariq
- Knowledge and Research Support Service, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Javeria Asim
- Psychology Department, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zahra Arshad
- Psychology Department, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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Olabisi OI, Ogunmodede E, Ojo S, Ilori O, Esan DT. Body image perception and social support as predictors of psychological distress among third trimester pregnant women in Nigeria. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2024; 24:298. [PMID: 38649873 PMCID: PMC11034077 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-024-06463-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Body image perception and social support during pregnancy can impact the psychological distress levels experienced by pregnant women. As a result, the purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between various components of social support and body image perception on psychological distress levels among pregnant women in their third trimester in Nigeria. METHOD A cross-sectional study was conducted among 246 pregnant women who were in the third trimester and attending selected health care facilities in Ogbomoso, a semiurban city in Oyo State, Nigeria. Body image perception, social support, and psychological distress scales were used to collect the data. Data were analyzed and summarized using descriptive and inferential statistics (ANOVA and multiple regression), with significance set at p < 0.05. RESULTS Regression analysis showed that 44% of the variation in psychological distress among pregnant women was explained by the background variables, marital status, body image perception, appraisal support, tangible support, belonging support, interaction between body image perception and appraisal support, belong support and tangible support. CONCLUSION Intervention programs focusing on bolstering tangible support, belonging support and appraisal support are recommended at reducing the psychological distress due to body image perception among pregnant women at third trimester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwaseyi Isaiah Olabisi
- Department of Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing Science, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria.
| | - Eunice Ogunmodede
- Department of Maternal and Child Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing Science, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria
| | - Simeon Ojo
- Department of Medico-Surgical Nursing, Faculty of Nursing Science, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria
| | - Oluwafemi Ilori
- Department of Medico-Surgical Nursing, Faculty of Nursing Science, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria
| | - Deborah T Esan
- Department of Community Health/Public Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing Science, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria
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Banafshe E, Javadifar N, Abbaspoor Z, Karandish M, Ghanbari S. Factors Influencing Weight Management in Pregnant Women with Overweight or Obesity: A Meta-Synthesis of Qualitative Studies. J Acad Nutr Diet 2024:S2212-2672(24)00191-6. [PMID: 38648889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2024.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overweight and obesity have multiple negative consequences for the health of both the mother and the child. Interventions to prevent excessive weight gain during pregnancy have had varying success, and the proportion of pregnant women who exceed national guidelines for weight gain continues to increase. OBJECTIVE To investigate the influence of factors on weight management among pregnant women with overweight or obesity. METHODS This meta-synthesis of qualitative studies involved searching databases PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, Scopus, and Web of Science. The databases were searched on October 4, 2022, and the search was updated on April 21, 2023. The screening of titles, abstracts, and full texts was conducted utilizing Covidence software. The quality assessment of the articles was performed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme checklist. The Enhancing Transparency in Reporting the Synthesis of Qualitative Research statement was used to enhance transparency in reporting. A meta-aggregation approach was used to guide the data extraction and synthesis. RESULTS A total of 46 studies with appropriate Critical Appraisal Skills Programme scores were included for qualitative synthesis. Findings were extracted and integrated into 4 themes: psychological factors (personally driven negative emotions and society-driven negative emotions), social factors (societal attitudes and beliefs and social support resources), factors related to education and counseling (information provision and communication), and factors associated with effective care (provided care components and the method of providing effective care). CONCLUSIONS To improve weight management during pregnancy, health care providers should provide tailored and individualized recommendations that take into consideration the factors influencing these women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Banafshe
- Midwifery Department, Nursing & Midwifery School, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Nahid Javadifar
- Health Promotion Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Zahra Abbaspoor
- Department of Midwifery, Reproductive Health Promotion Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Majid Karandish
- Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Saeed Ghanbari
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Hasanzadeh R, Jafarabadi MA, Rezaie R, Mirghafourvand M. Psychometric Evaluation of the Prenatal Attitudes Toward Motherhood and Pregnancy Scale in an Iranian Population. J Nurs Meas 2023; 31:626-632. [PMID: 37348892 DOI: 10.1891/jnm-2021-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Background and Purpose: Mothers' attitudes toward motherhood and pregnancy are crucial to their ability to adjust themselves to motherhood. Attitudes toward motherhood and pregnancy questionnaire (PRE-MAMA) have been used in a few Iranian studies, and its validity and reliability have not been assessed yet. This study, hence, aimed to provide the psychometric properties of the PRE-MAMA in Iran. Methods: In this research, 110 pregnant women were selected through random sampling in 2020. The face, content, and construct validity of the PRE-MAMA were examined through exploratory and confirmatory analyses. The test-retest reliability and internal consistency were also employed to assess the reliability of the questionnaire. Results: The content validity index and content validity ratio of the PRE-MAMA were 0.98 and 0.97, respectively. The results of the scale-based exploratory factor analysis confirmed the two-factor structure of the questionnaire. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.63, and the intraclass correlation coefficient (95% Confidence Interval [CI]) was equal to 0.97 (.93-.99). Conclusion: The Iranian version of PRE-MAMA is a valid and reliable tool for assessing Iranian mothers' attitudes toward motherhood and pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robab Hasanzadeh
- Department of Midwifery, Bonab Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bonab, Iran
| | - Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi
- Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
- Center for the Development of Interdisciplinary Research in Islamic Sciences and Health Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ronia Rezaie
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mojgan Mirghafourvand
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Crossland AE, Munns L, Kirk E, Preston CEJ. Comparing body image dissatisfaction between pregnant women and non-pregnant women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2023; 23:709. [PMID: 37794358 PMCID: PMC10548696 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-023-05930-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Body image dissatisfaction refers to negative thoughts and feelings individuals have towards their own body appearance and this is thought to be affected by the physiological changes that occur during pregnancy. There are two main conflicting theories as to the effect pregnancy has on body image dissatisfaction: 1) Pregnancy related changes are in direct conflict with social ideas of female beauty (e.g. weight gain) and so increase body image dissatisfaction; 2) Due to changes in expectations of bodily appearance during pregnancy, women are liberated from social ideals at this time and thus body image dissatisfaction would decrease. This study aimed to assess these theories by synthesising the current literature. Six databases were searched, and 2,017 study abstracts were screened based on strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. Following screening and quality assessment by two blind reviewers, 17 studies (comprising 17 effect sizes) were subject to full review and meta-analysis following PRISMA guidelines. These studies included cross-sectional, longitudinal and retrospective designs. Results varied with some studies showing women to feel more positive about their body during pregnancy, others showing a more negative body experience and yet others showing no statistical difference. Overall the analysis showed no statistical difference in body image dissatisfaction between pregnant women and non-pregnant women (p = 0.39). Any changes that do occur are heterogeneous and likely to be largely dependent on the individual experience as well as moderator variables and other factors such as differences in methodology of research studies. Studies in this field of research would benefit from more explicit and complete reporting of data and key variables, in order to allow early intervention for women who display body image dissatisfaction in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lydia Munns
- Department of Psychology, University of York, Heslington, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Elizabeth Kirk
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, CB1 1PT, UK
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Tarchi L, Merola GP, Selvi G, Caprara E, Pecoraro V, Cassioli E, Rossi E, Petraglia F, Ricca V, Castellini G. Pregorexia: a systematic review and meta-analysis on the constructs of body image dissatisfaction and eating disturbances by gestational age in the peripartum. Eat Weight Disord 2023; 28:64. [PMID: 37526698 PMCID: PMC10393903 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-023-01595-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Pregorexia is a phenomenon posited to occur in the peripartum, characterized by an attempt to counter pregnancy's physiological changes in body shape through reduced calorie intake or increased physical activity. METHODS In this pre-registered systematic review and meta-analysis, body image dissatisfaction and eating psychopathology in the peripartum according to gestational age were formally assessed. PubMed was searched up to May 2023. Selection criteria were represented by studies on body image concerns or eating psychopathology in the peripartum (up to 1 year after delivery). The population needed to include women from the general population or among patients with a history of (or current) eating disorder. For the meta-analysis, 17 studies were included: 10 for body image dissatisfaction (2625 individuals overall), 7 for eating behaviors (2551 individuals overall). The interplay between body image and the following themes was examined in depth: the adoption of breastfeeding, peripartum depression, sociocultural influences on body image, sexual disturbances, experiencing or reporting an altered food intake. RESULTS Progressive dissatisfaction with body image during pregnancy by gestational age was observed, stably elevated for at least 12 months postpartum. Eating psychopathology was observed as elevated only at 12 months in the postpartum, but not during pregnancy. DISCUSSION The current work offers normative values of body image satisfaction and eating psychopathology in the peripartum by gestational age. The relevance of current results was discussed, in order to inform both current clinical practice and future public policies. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level I-Evidence obtained from: systematic reviews and meta-analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livio Tarchi
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, AOU Careggi, Viale Della Maternità, Padiglione 8B, 50121, Florence, FI, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pierpaolo Merola
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, AOU Careggi, Viale Della Maternità, Padiglione 8B, 50121, Florence, FI, Italy
| | - Giulia Selvi
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, AOU Careggi, Viale Della Maternità, Padiglione 8B, 50121, Florence, FI, Italy
| | - Eleonora Caprara
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, AOU Careggi, Viale Della Maternità, Padiglione 8B, 50121, Florence, FI, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Pecoraro
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, AOU Careggi, Viale Della Maternità, Padiglione 8B, 50121, Florence, FI, Italy
| | - Emanuele Cassioli
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, AOU Careggi, Viale Della Maternità, Padiglione 8B, 50121, Florence, FI, Italy
| | - Eleonora Rossi
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, AOU Careggi, Viale Della Maternità, Padiglione 8B, 50121, Florence, FI, Italy
| | - Felice Petraglia
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Valdo Ricca
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, AOU Careggi, Viale Della Maternità, Padiglione 8B, 50121, Florence, FI, Italy
| | - Giovanni Castellini
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, AOU Careggi, Viale Della Maternità, Padiglione 8B, 50121, Florence, FI, Italy.
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Sohrabi Z, Kazemi A, Farajzadegan Z, Janighorban M. Body perception in pregnant women: a qualitative study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2023; 23:165. [PMID: 36906547 PMCID: PMC10007813 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-023-05467-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dramatic body changes in pregnancy cause severe concerns among pregnant women about their appearance. Therefore, this study aimed to explore body perception in pregnant women. MATERIALS AND METHODS The qualitative study, using the conventional content analysis approach, was conducted on Iranian pregnant women who were in their second or third trimester of pregnancy. Participants were selected through purposeful sampling method. In-depth and semi-structured interviews were held with 18 pregnant women aged 22 to 36 years, using open-ended questions. Sampling was performed until data saturation was reached. RESULTS Three main categories were extracted from 18 interviews: (1) "symbols," with two subcategories, including 'motherhood' and 'vulnerability,' (2) "feelings toward body changes," with five subcategories, including 'negative feelings toward skin changes,' 'feeling unfit,' 'attention-drawing body shape,' 'the ridiculous body shape' and 'obesity,' and (3) "attraction and beauty," with two subcategories, including 'sexual attraction' and 'facial beauty.' CONCLUSION The results showed that pregnant women's body perception could be described as maternal feelings and feminine attitudes toward changes during pregnancy compared to mental ideals of facial and body beauty. It is recommended that Iranian women's body perception during pregnancy be evaluated using this study results and that counseling interventions be implemented for women with negative body perceptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Sohrabi
- Reproductive Health Department, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ashraf Kazemi
- Reproductive Health Department, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. .,Reproductive Health Department, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Hezarjerib Av., Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Ziba Farajzadegan
- Community and Preventive Medicine Department, Medicine Faculty, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mojgan Janighorban
- Reproductive Health Department, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Bueno-Sánchez L, Alhambra-Borrás T, Gallego-Valadés A, Garcés-Ferrer J. Quality of Life and Conformity to Gender Norms in Women Receiving Assisted Reproductive Technologies as a Potential Indicator of Mental Health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10031. [PMID: 36011666 PMCID: PMC9408235 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191610031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of depression, stress, or anxiety in people receiving assisted reproductive technologies (ART) has been demonstrated. However, knowledge about the influence of gender norms on quality of life (QofL) during infertility treatment is limited. The main objective of this study was to confirm that patients undergoing ART present a vulnerable mental state, which may be an indicator of risk. For this purpose, a quasi-experimental cross-sectional study was carried out in the Assisted Reproduction Unit of the Hospital Politécnico Universitario de la Fe (Spain) in which a total of 438 women participated: 256 in pre-treatment and 182 in treatment. Two questionnaires were administered, FertiQol and CFNI-23, assessing self-perceived QofL and conformity to gender norms, respectively. The results showed significant differences between the pre-treatment and treatment groups on the FertiQol and its subscales. Significant associations were also found between the CFNI-23 factors and the FertiQol subscales. The results suggest that gender norms and ART interfere with women's mental health and QofL and should be considered as possible risk indicators by professionals preventively before the prenatal or perinatal stages. Future research should design prospective studies aimed at estimating the impact of clinical and sociodemographic variables on women and other groups receiving ART.
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Prevalence and correlates of depression among pregnant adolescents in primary maternal care in Nigeria. Arch Womens Ment Health 2022; 25:441-450. [PMID: 35089429 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-021-01198-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
To examine the prevalence as well as the clinical and psychosocial factors associated with depression and depression severity in pregnant adolescents. Participants were consecutively registered pregnant adolescents presenting to 30 selected primary maternal and child healthcare centers in Ibadan, Nigeria, who were screened for enrolment into an intervention trial for perinatal depression (depression defined as a score of ≥ 12 on the Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale [EPDS] and met the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for depression). Of the 1359 pregnant adolescents screened, 246 (18.1%) had depression. Mean age was 18.4 (sd 1.00), 58.9% were either married or cohabiting, 91.4% were primipara, and the mean gestational age was 23.8 weeks (sd 5.4 weeks). Food insecurity (going to bed hungry at least once in the previous week because there was no food to eat) was reported by 13.3%. In bivariate analysis, younger age, not living with a partner, unemployment, and food insecurity were associated with depression. In bivariate analysis, younger age, not living with a partner, unemployment and food insecurity were associated with depression, while younger age, being single and food insecurity were independently associated with being depressed in multivariate analysis. Severity of depression was related to age, higher anxiety and disability scores, lower quality of life scores across all domains and poorer attitudes towards pregnancy. Depression was associated with indices of higher social disadvantage among adolescents. Delaying childbearing and measures aimed at alleviating poverty may be important in preventing depression in this vulnerable group.
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Meireles JFF, Neves CM, Amaral ACS, Morgado FFDR, Ferreira MEC. Body Appreciation, Depressive Symptoms, and Self-Esteem in Pregnant and Postpartum Brazilian Women. Front Glob Womens Health 2022; 3:834040. [PMID: 35368995 PMCID: PMC8970598 DOI: 10.3389/fgwh.2022.834040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During pregnancy and the postpartum period, women experience tremendous biopsychosocial changes in a short period of time. Poor body appreciation, depressive symptoms, and low self-esteem during the perinatal period may cause negative consequences for both the mother and the infant's physiological and psychological health. The aim of this study was to analyze the differences in body appreciation, depressive symptoms, and self-esteem between the three gestational trimesters and the postpartum period. Methods Participants (N = 1,423 pregnant and postpartum Brazilian women), aged between 18 and 42 years old (M = 29.22; SD = ±5.72), answered questionnaires on body appreciation, depressive symptoms, and self-esteem. BMI was self-reported. Descriptive and nonparametric covariance analysis were performed, comparing women who were in the first, second, and third trimesters and the postpartum period. Results Body appreciation was significantly higher among women in the third trimester compared to those in the first and second trimester. However, it was lower for women in all three gestational trimesters than for those in the postpartum. There was no difference in self-esteem during pregnancy, but it was significantly lower in the postpartum group. Similarly, depressive symptoms did not vary through pregnant groups but it was significantly higher in the postpartum group. Conclusions The results showed that the postpartum period can be a difficult experience for women. They presented poor body appreciation and lower self-esteem and higher depressive symptoms compared to the pregnancy period. Therefore, it is necessary for public health policies to support women in this period, preserving their mental health and making this experience more positive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Fernandes Filgueiras Meireles
- Laboratory of Body Studies, Physical Education and Sports Faculty, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Juliana Fernandes Filgueiras Meireles
| | - Clara Mockdece Neves
- Laboratory of Body Studies, Physical Education and Sports Faculty, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | | | - Fabiane Frota da Rocha Morgado
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Institute of Education, Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Elisa Caputo Ferreira
- Laboratory of Body Studies, Physical Education and Sports Faculty, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
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