Peri-Implant Surgical Treatment Downregulates the Expression of sTREM-1 and MMP-8 in Patients with Peri-Implantitis: A Prospective Study

Effect of Abutment Material on aMMP-8 Levels in Peri-Implant Sulcular Fluid over 12 Months: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background/Objectives: The long-term success of dental implants can be influenced by the material properties of abutments and their interaction with peri-implant tissues. This study investigates the impact of three abutment materials-titanium (Ti), zirconium oxide (Zr), and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)-on the inflammatory response in peri-implant sulcular fluid (PISF), using active-matrix metalloproteinase-8 (aMMP-8) as a biomarker. Methods: In this prospective, randomized clinical trial, 30 patients were assigned to Ti, Zr, or PMMA abutment groups. PISF samples were collected at predefined intervals over 12 months and analyzed for aMMP-8 levels using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Clinical parameters (probing depth, bleeding on probing, and plaque index) and radiographic assessments of bone resorption were also evaluated. Results: Two weeks after implant uncovering, baseline aMMP-8 levels varied significantly among materials, with Zr demonstrating the highest levels. Over time (2, 3, 6 and 12 months after implant uncovering), aMMP-8 levels decreased across all groups, with no significant differences observed at 12 months. Radiographic assessments indicated no statistically significant differences in bone resorption, with clinical parameters remaining comparable across all groups. Conclusions: Initial inflammatory responses to abutment materials may vary; however, all tested materials-Ti, Zr, and PMMA-showed long-term biocompatibility and supported healthy peri-implant tissue integration. These findings indicate that selecting any of the tested abutment materials does not significantly affect long-term peri-implant health.

The Effect of Peri-Implant Therapy on the Expression of Th17-Related Cytokines in Patients with Peri-Implant Mucositis and Peri-Implantitis: A Prospective Longitudinal Study

Background/Objectives: Cytokines related to the Th17 response have been associated with peri-implant diseases; however, the effect of peri-implant therapy on their modulation remains underexplored. To evaluate the effect of peri-implant therapy on the expression of cytokines related to the Th17 response in the peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF) (GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 (p70), IL-17A, IL-21, IL-23, and TNF-α) of partially edentulous patients with peri-implant disease (PID). Methods: Thirty-seven systemically healthy individuals presenting with peri-implant mucositis (PIM) (n = 20) or peri-implantitis (PI) (n = 17) were treated and evaluated at baseline (T0) and three months after therapy (T1). Clinical parameters (probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), plaque index, and bleeding on probing index (BoP), were evaluated. The PIM group underwent non-surgical therapy, while the PI group received a surgical approach. PICF was collected with absorbent paper strips and analyzed with a multiplex assay. Results: Eighty-eight implants were treated in 37 patients (56 in the PIM group and 32 in the PI group). After therapy, significant reductions in PD, CAL, plaque index, and BoP were observed in the PIM group (p < 0.05). In the PI group, significant reductions in PD, CAL, and BoP were noted (p < 0.05). The PIM group showed a significant reduction of IL-17A and TNF-α after therapy, while the PI group showed a significant reduction of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The peri-implant therapy for patients with PID reduced the expression of cytokines related to the Th17 response in PICF.

Oral Fluid Biomarkers for Peri-Implantitis: A Scoping Review

Peri-implantitis, a prevalent complication in dental implant therapy, poses a significant threat to long-term implant success. The identification of reliable biomarkers for the early detection and monitoring of peri-implantitis is crucial for timely intervention and improved treatment outcomes. Salivary and peri-implant sulcular fluid (PISF) biomarkers have become promising diagnostic tools in the field of implant dentistry. This scoping review aims to explore current studies in the literature on salivary and PISF biomarkers for peri-implantitis. A systematic search was conducted on 2 databases (PubMed and Scopus) to identify relevant studies published up to January 2023. A total of 86 articles were included, which underwent data extraction and analysis. Several biomarkers have been investigated in salivary and PISF samples for association with peri-implantitis. Investigations included a wide range of biomarkers, including inflammatory markers, matrix metalloproteinases and bone loss markers. The findings suggested that certain salivary and PISF biomarkers demonstrated potential in distinguishing healthy peri-implant conditions from peri-implantitis. Elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and matrix metalloproteinases, have been consistently associated with peri-implantitis. Additionally, alterations in bone loss markers have shown potential as indicators of disease progression and treatment response. In conclusion, this scoping review provides an overview of current knowledge on salivary and PISF biomarkers for peri-implantitis. The identified biomarkers are promising as noninvasive diagnostic tools for early detection, monitoring, and personalised management of peri-implantitis. Future studies should focus on establishing standardised protocols and conducting well-designed clinical trials to validate the diagnostic accuracy and clinical relevance of these biomarkers.

Tannic acid and carboxymethyl chitosan-based multi-functional double-layered hydrogel with pH-stimulated response behavior for smart real-time infection monitoring and wound treatment

The dramatic increase of drug-resistant pathogenic bacteria has seriously effect on human health, appealing the needs of developing theranostic platforms with stimuli-responsive materials to realize the accurate bacterial diagnostics and therapeutics. Herein, a tannic acid and carboxymethyl chitosan-based multifunctional ZIF-90@i-PPOPs-phenol red double-layered hydrogel with stimuli-responsiveness and antibacterial activity was fabricated. The inner layer hydrogel (ZIF-90@i-PPOPs-based TFC hydrogels) was fabricated based on ZIF-90@i-PPOPs, integrate tannic acid and carboxymethyl chitosan linked by formylphenylboronic acid (FPBA), which exhibited outstanding injectable, biodegradability and antibacterial activity. The outer layer hydrogel (PR@PAM hydrogels) were constructed from polyacrylamide (PAM) and pH indicator phenol red, owning porous structure and excellent tissue adhesion. Due to the weakly acidic microenvironment within wound, the inner-layer hydrogel was stimulus-responsively decomposed, resulting in the accurate delivery of the positively charged ZIF-90@i-PPOPs to the lesion site to capture and kill bacteria by enhanced Zn2+ and ROS release. Meantime, the outer-layer hydrogel could real-timely monitor the pH changes to evaluate the wound recovery status. These double-layered hydrogels possessed precisely pH monitoring capacity, excellent antibacterial ability and negligible side effect to normal tissue in vivo, implying the high potential of the suggested hydrogels as theranostic platform for antibacterial treatment.