Comparative study using different infrared zones of the solventless activation of organic reactions

Communication of the Cell Periphery with the Golgi Apparatus: A Hypothesis

The Golgi apparatus plays a central role in the numerous traffic tasks in cells. Whereas the well-investigated chemical signaling is sufficient to explain the information processes in the secretory output of cells, it is insufficient to do that for the substitution of structural elements in the three-dimensional space of the cell. Here we review recent work (Jaross, Front Biosci 23:940-946, 2018) suggesting that molecular vibration patterns of those macromolecules which have to be exchanged are recognized by molecules in the Golgi via resonance of the electromagnetic fingerprints. That results in the activation of specific molecules and induction of the whole substitution process. For bridging intracellular distances, the IR radiation must be coherent. It is discussed that coherence is achieved by chemical reaction during the changing process of the molecule along with the quasicrystalline structure of the neighboring water molecules. Several aspects of the relevance of that signaling to the direct interactions of molecules during various intracellular processes are discussed.

Infrared Irradiation: Toward Green Chemistry, a Review

This review provides a comprehensive overview of where infrared irradiation has been employed, mainly as regards activating green mode for natural products extractions, as well as to favor a reaction, highlighting its actual importance. It is also underlined that infrared irradiation heating has been around for a long time; however, only in the last eighteen years have many of its advantages been applied to satisfy a wide range of chemical processes, natural products extractions, and for the promotion of many kinds of reactions. In addition, it is brought to light that near infrared irradiation is more efficient than middle and far infrared irradiations, being easily controllable and with the quality of a fast responding heat source. Thus, the main objective of this review is to offer infrared irradiation as an alternative clean energy source to activate reactions, in addition to favor the selective extraction of natural products, all of which is within the Green Chemistry protocol. Some recent results from our laboratory are also included.

Synthesis of cycloveratrylene macrocycles and benzyl oligomers catalysed by bentonite under microwave/infrared and solvent-free conditions

Tonsil Actisil FF, which is a commercial bentonitic clay, promotes the formation of cycloveratrylene macrocycles and benzyl oligomers from the corresponding benzyl alcohols in good yields under microwave heating and infrared irradiation in the absence of solvent in both cases. The catalytic reaction is sensitive to the type of substituent on the aromatic ring. Thus, when benzyl alcohol was substituted with a methylenedioxy, two methoxy or three methoxy groups, a cyclooligomerisation process was induced. Unsubstituted, methyl and methoxy benzyl alcohols yielded linear oligomers. In addition, computational chemistry calculations were performed to establish a validated mechanistic pathway to explain the growth of the obtained linear oligomers.

Thioglycerol matrix interactions in the positive ion fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry of several Hantzsch and Biginelli ester derivatives of boronic acids

RATIONALE

Fast atom bombardment (FAB) ionization is a valuable tool for analyzing non-volatile or thermally labile compounds when harder ionization methods (EI or CI) have been unsuccessful. Unexpected interactions between matrix and analyte may, however, occur in FAB ionization leading to the formation of artifacts whose structures have to be determined.

METHODS

We used esters synthesized by our research group following green chemistry protocols. Artifacts relating to the target molecules were produced in the solvent cage using positive ion FAB using thioglycerol as the matrix and analyzed by accurate mass measurement.

RESULTS

Through interactions between thioglycerol and the boron atom, various adducts associated with boron-containing Hantzsch and Biginelli ester derivatives appeared in the FAB mass spectra. These interactions must arise in a solvent cage involving a Lewis acid-base bond. Accurate mass determinations of these adducts confirmed the presence of the target molecules.

CONCLUSIONS

Interactions between the thioglycerol matrix and the eleven boron-containing Hantzsch and Biginelli ester derivatives in addition to the three reagents were seen in their FAB(+) spectra. These interactions, together with their accurate mass determinations, allowed us to determine the structures of the new molecules.