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Zhou Y, Dong W, Wang L, Ren S, Wei W, Wu G. Cystatin C Attenuates Perihematomal Secondary Brain Injury by Inhibiting the Cathepsin B/NLRP3 Signaling Pathway in a Rat Model of Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04195-4. [PMID: 38676809 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04195-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Secondary brain injury (SBI) is a noticeable contributor to the high mortality and morbidity rates associated with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and effective treatment options remain limited. Cystatin C (CysC) emerges as a novel candidate for SBI intervention. The therapeutic effects and underlying mechanisms of CysC in mitigating SBI following ICH were explored in the current research. An in vivo ICH rat model was established by injecting autologous blood into the right caudate nucleus. Western blotting (WB) was utilized to assess the levels of CysC, cathepsin B (CTSB), and the NLRP3 inflammasome. Subsequently, the ICH rat model was treated with exogenous CysC supplementation or CysC knockdown plasmids. Various parameters, including Evans blue (EB) extravasation, brain water content, and neurological function in rats, were examined. RT-qPCR and WB were employed to determine the expression levels of CTSB and the NLRP3 inflammasome. The co-expression of CTSB, CysC, and NLRP3 inflammasome with GFAP, NeuN, and Iba1 was assessed through double-labeled immunofluorescence. The interaction between CysC and CTSB was investigated using double-labeled immunofluorescence and co-immunoprecipitation. The findings revealed an elevation of CysC expression level, particularly at 24 h after ICH. Exogenous CysC supplementation alleviated severe brain edema, neurological deficit scores, and EB extravasation induced by ICH. Conversely, CysC knockdown produced opposite effects. The expression levels of CTSB and the NLRP3 inflammasome were significantly risen following ICH, and exogenous CysC supplement attenuated their expression levels. Double-labeled immunofluorescence illustrated that CysC, CTSB, and the NLRP3 inflammasome were predominantly expressed in microglial cells, and the interaction between CysC and CTSB was evidenced. CysC exhibited potential in ameliorating SBI following ICH via effectively suppressing the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome mediated by CTSB specifically in microglial cells. These findings underscore the prospective therapeutic efficacy of CysC in the treatment of ICH-induced complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfang Zhou
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Wentao Dong
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Likun Wang
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Siying Ren
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Weiqing Wei
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Guofeng Wu
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China.
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Wang R, Chen H, He M, Xu J. Serum cystatin C is correlated with mortality of traumatic brain injury patients partially mediated by acute kidney injury. Acta Neurol Belg 2023; 123:2235-2241. [PMID: 37171701 PMCID: PMC10175904 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-023-02282-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evaluating risk of poor outcome for Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) in early stage is necessary to make treatment strategies and decide the need for intensive care. This study is designed to verify the prognostic value of serum cystatin C in TBI patients. METHODS 415 TBI patients admitted to West China hospital were included. Logistic regression was performed to explore risk factors of mortality and testify the correlation between cystatin C and mortality. Mediation analysis was conducted to test whether Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) and brain injury severity mediate the relationship between cystatin C level and mortality. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was used to evaluate the prognostic value of cystatin C and the constructed model incorporating cystatin C. RESULTS The mortality rate of 415 TBI patients was 48.9%. Non-survivors had lower GCS (5 vs 8, p < 0.001) and higher cystatin C (0.92 vs 0.71, p < 0.001) than survivors. After adjusting confounding effects, multivariate logistic regression indicated GCS (p < 0.001), glucose (p < 0.001), albumin (p = 0.009), cystatin C (p < 0.001) and subdural hematoma (p = 0.042) were independent risk factors of mortality. Mediation analysis showed both AKI and brain injury severity exerted mediating effects on relationship between cystatin C and mortality of included TBI patients. The AUC of combining GCS with cystatin C was 0.862, which was higher than that of GCS alone (Z = 1.7354, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Both AKI and brain injury severity are mediating variables influencing the relationship between cystatin C and mortality of TBI patients. Serum cystatin C is an effective prognostic marker for TBI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoran Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37, Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Hongxu Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37, Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Min He
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Jianguo Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37, Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China.
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Peng J, Gao C, Chen X, Wang T, Luo C, Zhang M, Chen X, Tao L. Ruxolitinib, a promising therapeutic candidate for traumatic brain injury through maintaining the homeostasis of cathepsin B. Exp Neurol 2023; 363:114347. [PMID: 36813222 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the main causes of death and disability in the world. Owing to the heterogeneity and complexity of TBI pathogenesis, there is still no specific drug. Our previous studies have proved the neuroprotective effect of Ruxolitinib (Ruxo) on TBI, but further are needed to explore the potent mechanisms and potential translational application. Compelling evidence indicates that Cathepsin B (CTSB) plays an important role in TBI. However, the relationships between Ruxo and CTSB upon TBI remain non-elucidated. In this study, we established a mouse model of moderate TBI to clarify it. The neurological deficit in the behavioral test was alleviated when Ruxo administrated at 6 h post-TBI. Additionally, Ruxo significantly reduced the lesion volume. As for the pathological process of acute phase, Ruxo remarkably reduced the expression of proteins associated with cell demise, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. Then the expression and location of CTSB were detected respectively. We found that the expression of CTSB exhibits a transient decrease and then persistent increase following TBI. The distribution of CTSB, mainly located at NeuN-positive neurons was unchanged. Importantly, the dysregulation of CTSB expression was reversed with the treatment of Ruxo. The timepoint was chosen when CTSB decreased, to further analyze its change in the extracted organelles; and Ruxo maintained the homeostasis of it in sub-cellular. In summary, our results demonstrate that Ruxo plays neuroprotection through maintaining the homeostasis of CTSB, and will be a promising therapeutic candidate for TBI in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhang Peng
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Science, Suzhou Medical School of Soochow University, 178 East Ganjiang Road, Suzhou 215213, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cheng Gao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Science, Suzhou Medical School of Soochow University, 178 East Ganjiang Road, Suzhou 215213, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xueshi Chen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Science, Suzhou Medical School of Soochow University, 178 East Ganjiang Road, Suzhou 215213, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Science, Suzhou Medical School of Soochow University, 178 East Ganjiang Road, Suzhou 215213, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chengliang Luo
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Science, Suzhou Medical School of Soochow University, 178 East Ganjiang Road, Suzhou 215213, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingyang Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Science, Suzhou Medical School of Soochow University, 178 East Ganjiang Road, Suzhou 215213, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiping Chen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Science, Suzhou Medical School of Soochow University, 178 East Ganjiang Road, Suzhou 215213, Jiangsu, China
| | - Luyang Tao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Science, Suzhou Medical School of Soochow University, 178 East Ganjiang Road, Suzhou 215213, Jiangsu, China.
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A Computational Model of Blood D-Dimer, Cystatin C, and CRP Levels Predicts the Risk of Intracranial Aneurysms and their Rupture. COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 2022:2216509. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/2216509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Objective. The aim of this study is to construct a computational model of blood D-dimer, cystatin C, and CRP levels and to predict the risk of intracranial aneurysms and their rupture. Methods. A total of 69 intracranial aneurysms patients were selected as the case group, including 28 cases in the ruptured group and 41 cases in the unruptured group. Another 64 non-intracranial aneurysm patients were selected as the control group. The detection results of serum D-dimer, cystatin C, and CRP were collected. The logistic regression computational model was used to analyze the occurrence and risk factors of intracranial aneurysms. The receiver operating curves (ROC) of serum D-dimer, cystatin C, and C reactive protein (CRP) levels for predicting intracranial aneurysms and their rupture were drawn, and the area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity were calculated. Results. The serum levels of D-dimer, cystatin C, and CRP in patients with intracranial aneurysms were significantly higher than those in the control group and the differences were statistically significant
. The serum levels of D-dimer, cystatin C, and CRP in patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms were higher than those in patients with unruptured intracranial aneurysms, and the differences were also statistically significant
. The combined detection of serum D-dimer, cystatin C, and CRP levels has a higher AUC (0.9014) for predicting intracranial aneurysms and higher AUC (0.9412) for predicting ruptured intracranial aneurysms than D-dimer (0.7118 and 0.8750, respectively), cystatin C (0.6489 and 0.6180, respectively), and CRP (0.7764 and 0.6551, respectively) independent detection; the combined detection had a sensitivity of 93.75% and 87.80 for predicting the occurrence and rupture of intracranial aneurysms, and the specificity was 68.12% and 92.86%, respectively. Conclusion. The combined detection of serum D-dimer, cystatin C, and CRP levels is a very valuable indicator for predicting the occurrence and rupture of intracranial aneurysms, and combined detection can provide scientific evidence-based guidance for clinical prediction of the occurrence and rupture of intracranial aneurysms.
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Hook G, Reinheckel T, Ni J, Wu Z, Kindy M, Peters C, Hook V. Cathepsin B Gene Knockout Improves Behavioral Deficits and Reduces Pathology in Models of Neurologic Disorders. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:600-629. [PMID: 35710131 PMCID: PMC9553114 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin B (CTSB) is a powerful lysosomal protease. This review evaluated CTSB gene knockout (KO) outcomes for amelioration of brain dysfunctions in neurologic diseases and aging animal models. Deletion of the CTSB gene resulted in significant improvements in behavioral deficits, neuropathology, and/or biomarkers in traumatic brain injury, ischemia, inflammatory pain, opiate tolerance, epilepsy, aging, transgenic Alzheimer's disease (AD), and periodontitis AD models as shown in 12 studies. One study found beneficial effects for double CTSB and cathepsin S KO mice in a multiple sclerosis model. Transgenic AD models using amyloid precursor protein (APP) mimicking common sporadic AD in three studies showed that CTSB KO improved memory, neuropathology, and biomarkers; two studies used APP representing rare familial AD and found no CTSB KO effect, and two studies used highly engineered APP constructs and reported slight increases in a biomarker. In clinical studies, all reports found that CTSB enzyme was upregulated in diverse neurologic disorders, including AD in which elevated CTSB was positively correlated with cognitive dysfunction. In a wide range of neurologic animal models, CTSB was also upregulated and not downregulated. Further, human genetic mutation data provided precedence for CTSB upregulation causing disease. Thus, the consilience of data is that CTSB gene KO results in improved brain dysfunction and reduced pathology through blockade of CTSB enzyme upregulation that causes human neurologic disease phenotypes. The overall findings provide strong support for CTSB as a rational drug target and for CTSB inhibitors as therapeutic candidates for a wide range of neurologic disorders. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This review provides a comprehensive compilation of the extensive data on the effects of deleting the cathepsin B (CTSB) gene in neurological and aging mouse models of brain disorders. Mice lacking the CTSB gene display improved neurobehavioral deficits, reduced neuropathology, and amelioration of neuronal cell death and inflammatory biomarkers. The significance of the compelling CTSB evidence is that the data consilience validates CTSB as a drug target for discovery of CTSB inhibitors as potential therapeutics for treating numerous neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Hook
- American Life Science Pharmaceuticals, La Jolla, California (G.H.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (T.R); Center for Biological Signaling Studies BIOSS, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China (J.N.); Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology, OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.W); Taneja College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida (M.K.); James A Haley VAMC, Research Service, Tampa, Florida (M.K.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (C.P.); Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, CA (V.H.); and Department of Neuroscience and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, CA (V.H.)
| | - Thomas Reinheckel
- American Life Science Pharmaceuticals, La Jolla, California (G.H.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (T.R); Center for Biological Signaling Studies BIOSS, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China (J.N.); Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology, OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.W); Taneja College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida (M.K.); James A Haley VAMC, Research Service, Tampa, Florida (M.K.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (C.P.); Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, CA (V.H.); and Department of Neuroscience and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, CA (V.H.)
| | - Junjun Ni
- American Life Science Pharmaceuticals, La Jolla, California (G.H.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (T.R); Center for Biological Signaling Studies BIOSS, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China (J.N.); Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology, OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.W); Taneja College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida (M.K.); James A Haley VAMC, Research Service, Tampa, Florida (M.K.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (C.P.); Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, CA (V.H.); and Department of Neuroscience and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, CA (V.H.)
| | - Zhou Wu
- American Life Science Pharmaceuticals, La Jolla, California (G.H.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (T.R); Center for Biological Signaling Studies BIOSS, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China (J.N.); Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology, OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.W); Taneja College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida (M.K.); James A Haley VAMC, Research Service, Tampa, Florida (M.K.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (C.P.); Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, CA (V.H.); and Department of Neuroscience and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, CA (V.H.)
| | - Mark Kindy
- American Life Science Pharmaceuticals, La Jolla, California (G.H.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (T.R); Center for Biological Signaling Studies BIOSS, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China (J.N.); Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology, OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.W); Taneja College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida (M.K.); James A Haley VAMC, Research Service, Tampa, Florida (M.K.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (C.P.); Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, CA (V.H.); and Department of Neuroscience and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, CA (V.H.)
| | - Christoph Peters
- American Life Science Pharmaceuticals, La Jolla, California (G.H.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (T.R); Center for Biological Signaling Studies BIOSS, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China (J.N.); Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology, OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.W); Taneja College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida (M.K.); James A Haley VAMC, Research Service, Tampa, Florida (M.K.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (C.P.); Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, CA (V.H.); and Department of Neuroscience and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, CA (V.H.)
| | - Vivian Hook
- American Life Science Pharmaceuticals, La Jolla, California (G.H.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (T.R); Center for Biological Signaling Studies BIOSS, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China (J.N.); Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology, OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.W); Taneja College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida (M.K.); James A Haley VAMC, Research Service, Tampa, Florida (M.K.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (C.P.); Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, CA (V.H.); and Department of Neuroscience and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, CA (V.H.)
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Su X, Gao Y, Xu W, Li J, Chen K, Gao Y, Guo J, Zhao L, Wang H, Qian X, Lin J, Han J, Liu L. Association Cystatin C and Risk of Stroke in Elderly Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Prospective Cohort Study. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:762552. [PMID: 34975375 PMCID: PMC8715090 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.762552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Few prospective cohort studies have assessed the relationship between Cystatin C (Cys-C) and risk of stroke in elderly patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The study sought to examine the association between baseline serum Cys-C and long-term risk of stroke among elderly OSA patients. Methods: A total of 932 patients with OSA, no history of stroke, ≥60 years of age, and complete serum Cys-C records were included in this study. All patients had completed polysomnography (PSG). OSA was defined as an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) of ≥5 events per hour. Participants were categorized into four groups according to baseline serum Cys-C concentration, split into quartiles. Multivariate Cox regression were used to evaluate the association between Cys-C and the incidence of new-onset stroke. Results: Stroke occurred in 61 patients during the median 42-month follow-up period. The cumulative incidence rate of stroke was 6.5%, which included 54 patients with ischemic stroke and 7 patients with hemorrhagic stroke. The cumulative incidence of stroke was higher among patients with baseline serum Cys-C concentration of ≥1.15 mg/L when compared with other groups (PLog–rank < 0.001). After adjusting for potential confounding factors in the Cox regression model, patients with a serum Cys-C concentration of ≥1.15 mg/L had a 2.16-fold higher risk of developing stroke compared with patients with serum Cys-C ≤ 0.81 mg/L (HR, 2.16, 95%CI, 1.09–6.60; P = 0.017). Additionally, there was a higher risk in those of age ≥70 years (HR, 3.23, 95%CI, 1.05–9.24; P = 0.010). The receiver-operating characteristic curves showed that the capability of Cys-C to identify elderly patients with OSA who had a long-time risk of stroke was moderate (AUC = 0.731, 95% CI: 0.683–0.779, P = 0.001). Conclusion: Increased Cys-C concentration was identified as a risk factor in the incidence of stroke in elderly patients with OSA, independent of gender, BMI, hypertension and other risk factors. Additionally, it conferred a higher risk in patients of age ≥70 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Su
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine of the Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Medical College, Yan'an University, Yan'an, China
| | - Yinghui Gao
- PKU-UPenn Sleep Center, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Weihao Xu
- Cardiology Department of the Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - JianHua Li
- Cardiology Department of the Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Kaibing Chen
- Sleep Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Department of General Practice, 960th Hospital of PLA, Jinan, China
| | - JingJing Guo
- Sleep Medicine Center, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - LiBo Zhao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine of the Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | - Xiaoshun Qian
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine of the Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Junling Lin
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiming Han
- Medical College, Yan'an University, Yan'an, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine of the Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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7
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Martinez-Tapia RJ, Estrada-Rojo F, Lopez-Aceves TG, Rodríguez-Mata V, Perez-Torres A, Barajas-Martinez A, Garcia-Velasco S, Ugalde-Muñiz P, Navarro L. Diurnal Variation Induces Neurobehavioral and Neuropathological Differences in a Rat Model of Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:564992. [PMID: 33132827 PMCID: PMC7550533 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.564992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) induces two types of brain damage: primary and secondary. Damage initiates a series of pathophysiological processes, such as metabolic crisis, excitotoxicity with oxidative stress-induced damage, and neuroinflammation. The long-term perpetuation of these processes has deleterious consequences for neuronal function. However, it remains to be elucidated further whether physiological variation in the brain microenvironment, depending on diurnal variations, influences the damage, and consequently, exerts a neuroprotective effect. Here, we established an experimental rat model of TBI and evaluated the effects of TBI induced at two different time points of the light–dark cycle. Behavioral responses were assessed using a 21-point neurobehavioral scale and the cylinder test. Morphological damage was assessed in different regions of the central nervous system. We found that rats that experienced a TBI during the dark hours had better behavioral performance than those injured during the light hours. Differences in behavioral performance correlated with less morphological damage in the perilesional zone. Moreover, certain brain areas (CA1 and dentate gyrus subregions of the hippocampus) were less prone to damage in rats that experienced a TBI during the dark hours. Our results suggest that diurnal variation is a crucial determinant of TBI outcome, and the hour of the day at which an injury occurs should be considered for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisco Estrada-Rojo
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Teresita Guadalupe Lopez-Aceves
- Programa Regional de Posgrado en Biotecnologia, Facultad de Ciencias Quimico Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico
| | - Veronica Rodríguez-Mata
- Departamento de Biologia Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Armando Perez-Torres
- Departamento de Biologia Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Antonio Barajas-Martinez
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Stephany Garcia-Velasco
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Perla Ugalde-Muñiz
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luz Navarro
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
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Hook V, Yoon M, Mosier C, Ito G, Podvin S, Head BP, Rissman R, O'Donoghue AJ, Hook G. Cathepsin B in neurodegeneration of Alzheimer's disease, traumatic brain injury, and related brain disorders. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1868:140428. [PMID: 32305689 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Investigations of Alzheimer's disease (AD), traumatic brain injury (TBI), and related brain disorders have provided extensive evidence for involvement of cathepsin B, a lysosomal cysteine protease, in mediating the behavioral deficits and neuropathology of these neurodegenerative diseases. This review integrates findings of cathepsin B regulation in clinical biomarker studies, animal model genetic and inhibitor evaluations, structural studies, and lysosomal cell biological mechanisms in AD, TBI, and related brain disorders. The results together indicate the role of cathepsin B in the behavioral deficits and neuropathology of these disorders. Lysosomal leakage occurs in AD and TBI, and related neurodegeneration, which leads to the hypothesis that cathepsin B is redistributed from the lysosome to the cytosol where it initiates cell death and inflammation processes associated with neurodegeneration. These results together implicate cathepsin B as a major contributor to these neuropathological changes and behavioral deficits. These findings support the investigation of cathepsin B as a potential drug target for therapeutic discovery and treatment of AD, TBI, and TBI-related brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Hook
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America; Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America.
| | - Michael Yoon
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Charles Mosier
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Gen Ito
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Sonia Podvin
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Brian P Head
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, United States of America; Department of Anesthesia, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Robert Rissman
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America; VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Anthony J O'Donoghue
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Gregory Hook
- American Life Sciences Pharmaceuticals, Inc., La Jolla, CA, United States of America
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9
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Zhang J, Ding R, Xian Q, Wang Z, Liu Z, Yang J, Chen J. Serum cystatin C is increased in acute spinal cord injury: a multicentre retrospective study. Spinal Cord 2019; 58:341-347. [PMID: 31586154 PMCID: PMC7062626 DOI: 10.1038/s41393-019-0360-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Study design A multicentre retrospective study. Objective A multicentre retrospective study was performed to observe the changes in serum cystatin C (CysC) levels in patients with acute spinal cord injury (SCI). Setting Four hospitals in China. Methods Over a 5-year study period, the CysC, creatinine (Cr), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels of people who had incurred SCI in the preceding 7 days were collected and compared with those of people with limb fracture (LF) who were matched for injury time and gender. People with SCI also were grouped by injury duration, ASIA Impairment Scale (AIS) grade and the presence or absence of steroid therapy and compared each day. Results Three hundred and twenty-three samples from people with SCI were retrospectively collected; their mean serum CysC levels were significantly higher than those of people with LF (p < 0.001); No significant difference was observed in Cr or BUN levels between the two groups (p > 0.14). CysC levels increased on the second day, peaked on day 3, and returned to normal on day 5. The more severely injured individuals had higher CysC levels. Steroid therapy or not had no influence for CysC levels. Conclusion CysC levels are increased in patients with acute SCI, possibly as a direct result of injury. Serum CysC is a potential biomarker of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- JinYuan Zhang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - RuoTing Ding
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - QingZhang Xian
- Department of Orthopedics, Panyu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - ZhiKun Wang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Dongguan Third People's Hospital, Dongguan, China
| | - ZhongYuan Liu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - JinCheng Yang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, China
| | - JianTing Chen
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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10
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Kaur G, Gauthier SA, Perez-Gonzalez R, Pawlik M, Singh AB, Cosby B, Mohan PS, Smiley JF, Levy E. Cystatin C prevents neuronal loss and behavioral deficits via the endosomal pathway in a mouse model of down syndrome. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 120:165-173. [PMID: 30176349 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystatin C (CysC) plays diverse protective roles under conditions of neuronal challenge. We investigated whether CysC protects from trisomy-induced pathologies in a mouse model of Down syndrome (DS), the most common cause of developmental cognitive and behavioral impairments in humans. We have previously shown that the segmental trisomy mouse model, Ts[Rb(12.1716)]2Cje (Ts2) has DS-like neuronal and behavioral deficiencies. The current study reveals that transgene-mediated low levels of human CysC overexpression has a preventive effect on numerous neuropathologies in the brains of Ts2 mice, including reducing early and late endosome enlargement in cortical neurons and decreasing loss of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCNs). Consistent with these cellular benefits, behavioral dysfunctions were also prevented, including deficits in nesting behavior and spatial memory. We determined that the CysC-induced neuroprotective mechanism involves activation of the phosphotidylinositol kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway. Activating this pathway leads to enhanced clearance of accumulated endosomal substrates, protecting cells from DS-mediated dysfunctions in the endosomal system and, for BFCNs, from neurodegeneration. Our findings suggest that modulation of the PI3/AKT pathway offers novel therapeutic interventions for patients with DS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Monika Pawlik
- Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA 10962
| | | | | | | | - John F Smiley
- Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA 10962; Department of Psychiatry, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA 10016
| | - Efrat Levy
- Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA 10962; Department of Psychiatry, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA 10016; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA 10016; Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA 10016.
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11
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Estrada-Rojo F, Morales-Gomez J, Coballase-Urrutia E, Martinez-Vargas M, Navarro L. Diurnal variation of NMDA receptor expression in the rat cerebral cortex is associated with traumatic brain injury damage. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:150. [PMID: 29467028 PMCID: PMC5822486 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3258-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Data from our laboratory suggest that recovery from a traumatic brain injury depends on the time of day at which it occurred. In this study, we examined whether traumatic brain injury -induced damage is related to circadian variation in N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor expression in rat cortex. RESULTS We confirmed that traumatic brain injury recovery depended on the time of day at which the damage occurred. We also found that motor cortex N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit NR1 expression exhibited diurnal variation in both control and traumatic brain injury-subjected rats. However, this rhythm is more pronounced in traumatic brain injury-subjected rats, with minimum expression in those injured during nighttime hours. These findings suggest that traumatic brain injury occurrence times should be considered in future clinical studies and when designing neuroprotective strategies for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Estrada-Rojo
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico.,Programa de Posgrado en Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Julio Morales-Gomez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Marina Martinez-Vargas
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luz Navarro
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico.
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12
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Verdugo-Diaz L, Estrada-Rojo F, Garcia-Espinoza A, Hernandez-Lopez E, Hernandez-Chavez A, Guzman-Uribe C, Martinez-Vargas M, Perez-Arredondo A, Calvario T, Elias-Viñas D, Navarro L. Effect of Intermediate-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Recovery following Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:4540291. [PMID: 29318150 PMCID: PMC5727566 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4540291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) represents a significant public health concern and has been associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Although several research groups have proposed the use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to enhance neuroprotection and recovery in patients with TBI, few studies have obtained sufficient evidence regarding its effects in this population. Therefore, we aimed to analyze the effect of intermediate-frequency rTMS (2 Hz) on behavioral and histological recovery following TBI in rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into six groups: three groups without TBI (no manipulation, movement restriction plus sham rTMS, and movement restriction plus rTMS) and three groups subjected to TBI (TBI only, TBI plus movement restriction and sham rTMS, and TBI plus movement restriction and rTMS). The movement restriction groups were included so that rTMS could be applied without anesthesia. Our results indicate that the restriction of movement and sham rTMS per se promotes recovery, as measured using a neurobehavioral scale, although rTMS was associated with faster and superior recovery. We also observed that TBI caused alterations in the CA1 and CA3 subregions of the hippocampus, which are partly restored by movement restriction and rTMS. Our findings indicated that movement restriction prevents damage caused by TBI and that intermediate-frequency rTMS promotes behavioral and histologic recovery after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Verdugo-Diaz
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Apartado Postal 70-250, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Francisco Estrada-Rojo
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Apartado Postal 70-250, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Aron Garcia-Espinoza
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Apartado Postal 70-250, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Hernandez-Lopez
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Apartado Postal 70-250, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Hernandez-Chavez
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Apartado Postal 70-250, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Carlos Guzman-Uribe
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Apartado Postal 70-250, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Marina Martinez-Vargas
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Apartado Postal 70-250, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Adan Perez-Arredondo
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Apartado Postal 70-250, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Tomas Calvario
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Bioelectronics Section, CINVESTAV, IPN, Av. Politecnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, 07360 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - David Elias-Viñas
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Bioelectronics Section, CINVESTAV, IPN, Av. Politecnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, 07360 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Luz Navarro
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Apartado Postal 70-250, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
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13
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Abou-El-Hassan H, Sukhon F, Assaf EJ, Bahmad H, Abou-Abbass H, Jourdi H, Kobeissy FH. Degradomics in Neurotrauma: Profiling Traumatic Brain Injury. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1598:65-99. [PMID: 28508358 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6952-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Degradomics has recently emerged as a subdiscipline in the omics era with a focus on characterizing signature breakdown products implicated in various disease processes. Driven by promising experimental findings in cancer, neuroscience, and metabolomic disorders, degradomics has significantly promoted the notion of disease-specific "degradome." A degradome arises from the activation of several proteases that target specific substrates and generate signature protein fragments. Several proteases such as calpains, caspases, cathepsins, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are involved in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases that disturb the physiologic balance between protein synthesis and protein degradation. While regulated proteolytic activities are needed for development, growth, and regeneration, uncontrolled proteolysis initiated under pathological conditions ultimately culminates into apoptotic and necrotic processes. In this chapter, we aim to review the protease-substrate repertoires in neural injury concentrating on traumatic brain injury. A striking diversity of protease substrates, essential for neuronal and brain structural and functional integrity, namely, encryptic biomarker neoproteins, have been characterized in brain injury. These include cytoskeletal proteins, transcription factors, cell cycle regulatory proteins, synaptic proteins, and cell junction proteins. As these substrates are subject to proteolytic fragmentation, they are ceaselessly exposed to activated proteases. Characterization of these molecules allows for a surge of "possible" therapeutic approaches of intervention at various levels of the proteolytic cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Abou-El-Hassan
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Fares Sukhon
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Edwyn Jeremy Assaf
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hisham Bahmad
- Faculty of Medical, Neuroscience Research Center, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hussein Abou-Abbass
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Neuroscience Research Center, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hussam Jourdi
- Faculty of Science¸ Department of Biology, University of Balamand, Souk-el-Gharb Campus, Aley, Lebanon
| | - Firas H Kobeissy
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Neuroproteomics and Biomarkers Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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14
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Gómez-Sintes R, Ledesma MD, Boya P. Lysosomal cell death mechanisms in aging. Ageing Res Rev 2016; 32:150-168. [PMID: 26947122 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomes are degradative organelles essential for cell homeostasis that regulate a variety of processes, from calcium signaling and nutrient responses to autophagic degradation of intracellular components. Lysosomal cell death is mediated by the lethal effects of cathepsins, which are released into the cytoplasm following lysosomal damage. This process of lysosomal membrane permeabilization and cathepsin release is observed in several physiopathological conditions and plays a role in tissue remodeling, the immune response to intracellular pathogens and neurodegenerative diseases. Many evidences indicate that aging strongly influences lysosomal activity by altering the physical and chemical properties of these organelles, rendering them more sensitive to stress. In this review we focus on how aging alters lysosomal function and increases cell sensitivity to lysosomal membrane permeabilization and lysosomal cell death, both in physiological conditions and age-related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Gómez-Sintes
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas, CIB-CSIC, C/Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Dolores Ledesma
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Centro Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, C/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Boya
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas, CIB-CSIC, C/Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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15
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Wang XF, Liu DX, Liang Y, Xing LL, Zhao WH, Qin XX, Shang DS, Li B, Fang WG, Cao L, Zhao WD, Chen YH. Cystatin C Shifts APP Processing from Amyloid-β Production towards Non-Amyloidgenic Pathway in Brain Endothelial Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161093. [PMID: 27532339 PMCID: PMC4988779 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ), the major component of neuritic plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD), is derived from sequential proteolytic cleavage of amyloid protein precursor (APP) by secretases. In this study, we found that cystatin C (CysC), a natural cysteine protease inhibitor, is able to reduce Aβ40 secretion in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC). The CysC-induced Aβ40 reduction was caused by degradation of β-secretase BACE1 through the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway. In contrast, we found that CysC promoted secretion of soluble APPα indicating the activated non-amyloidogenic processing of APP in HBMEC. Further results revealed that α-secretase ADAM10, which was transcriptionally upregulated in response to CysC, was required for the CysC-induced sAPPα secretion. Knockdown of SIRT1 abolished CysC-triggered ADAM10 upregulation and sAPPα production. Taken together, our results demonstrated that exogenously applied CysC can direct amyloidogenic APP processing to non-amyloidgenic pathway in brain endothelial cells, mediated by proteasomal degradation of BACE1 and SIRT1-mediated ADAM10 upregulation. Our study unveils previously unrecognized protective role of CysC in APP processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia-Fei Wang
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New District, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Dong-Xin Liu
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New District, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yue Liang
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New District, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Li-Li Xing
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New District, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Wen-Hui Zhao
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New District, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Xiao-Xue Qin
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New District, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - De-Shu Shang
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New District, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New District, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Wen-Gang Fang
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New District, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Liu Cao
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New District, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Wei-Dong Zhao
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New District, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yu-Hua Chen
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New District, Shenyang 110122, China
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16
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Hook G, Jacobsen JS, Grabstein K, Kindy M, Hook V. Cathepsin B is a New Drug Target for Traumatic Brain Injury Therapeutics: Evidence for E64d as a Promising Lead Drug Candidate. Front Neurol 2015; 6:178. [PMID: 26388830 PMCID: PMC4557097 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is currently no therapeutic drug treatment for traumatic brain injury (TBI) despite decades of experimental clinical trials. This may be because the mechanistic pathways for improving TBI outcomes have yet to be identified and exploited. As such, there remains a need to seek out new molecular targets and their drug candidates to find new treatments for TBI. This review presents supporting evidence for cathepsin B, a cysteine protease, as a potentially important drug target for TBI. Cathepsin B expression is greatly up-regulated in TBI animal models, as well as in trauma patients. Importantly, knockout of the cathepsin B gene in TBI mice results in substantial improvements of TBI-caused deficits in behavior, pathology, and biomarkers, as well as improvements in related injury models. During the process of TBI-induced injury, cathepsin B likely escapes the lysosome, its normal subcellular location, into the cytoplasm or extracellular matrix (ECM) where the unleashed proteolytic power causes destruction via necrotic, apoptotic, autophagic, and activated glia-induced cell death, together with ECM breakdown and inflammation. Significantly, chemical inhibitors of cathepsin B are effective for improving deficits in TBI and related injuries including ischemia, cerebral bleeding, cerebral aneurysm, edema, pain, infection, rheumatoid arthritis, epilepsy, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. The inhibitor E64d is unique among cathepsin B inhibitors in being the only compound to have demonstrated oral efficacy in a TBI model and prior safe use in man and as such it is an excellent tool compound for preclinical testing and clinical compound development. These data support the conclusion that drug development of cathepsin B inhibitors for TBI treatment should be accelerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Hook
- American Life Science Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , San Diego, CA , USA
| | | | - Kenneth Grabstein
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington , Seattle, WA , USA
| | - Mark Kindy
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, SC , USA ; Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center , Charleston, SC , USA
| | - Vivian Hook
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, CA , USA ; Department of Neurosciences, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, CA , USA
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