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Hook G, Kindy M, Hook V. Cathepsin B Deficiency Improves Memory Deficits and Reduces Amyloid-β in hAβPP Mouse Models Representing the Major Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease Condition. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 93:33-46. [PMID: 36970896 PMCID: PMC10185432 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The lysosomal cysteine protease cathepsin B (CTSB) has been suggested as a biomarker for Alzheimer's disease (AD) because elevated serum CTSB in AD patients has been found to correlate with cognitive dysfunction. Furthermore, CTSB gene knockout (KO) in non-transgenic and transgenic AD animal models showed that elimination of CTSB improved memory deficits. However, conflicting CTSB KO results on amyloid-β (Aβ) pathology in transgenic AD models have been reported. The conflict is resolved here as likely being due to the different hAβPP transgenes used in the different AD mouse models. CTSB gene KO reduced wild-type (Wt) β-secretase activity, brain Aβ, pyroglutamate-Aβ, amyloid plaque, and memory deficits in models that used cDNA transgenes expressing hAβPP isoform 695. But in models that used mutated mini transgenes expressing hAβPP isoforms 751 and 770, CTSB KO had no effect on Wt β-secretase activity and slightly increased brain Aβ. All models expressed the AβPP transgenes in neurons. These conflicting results in Wt β-secretase activity models can be explained by hAβPP isoform specific cellular expression, proteolysis, and subcellular processing. CTSB KO had no effect on Swedish mutant (Swe) β-secretase activity in hAβPP695 and hAβPP751/770 models. Different proteolytic sensitivities for hAβPP with Wt versus Swe β-secretase site sequences may explain the different CTSB β-secretase effects in hAβPP695 models. But since the vast majority of sporadic AD patients have Wt β-secretase activity, the CTSB effects on Swe β-secretase activity are of little importance to the general AD population. As neurons naturally produce and process hAβPP isoform 695 and not the 751 and 770 isoforms, only the hAβPP695 Wt models mimic the natural neuronal hAβPP processing and Aβ production occurring in most AD patients. Significantly, these CTSB KO findings in the hAβPP695 Wt models demonstrate that CTSB participates in memory deficits and production of pyroglutamate-Aβ (pyroglu-Aβ), which provide rationale for future investigation of CTSB inhibitors in AD therapeutics development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Hook
- American Life Science Pharmaceuticals, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mark Kindy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
- James A Haley VAMC, Research Service, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Vivian Hook
- Department of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Hook G, Reinheckel T, Ni J, Wu Z, Kindy M, Peters C, Hook V. Cathepsin B Gene Knockout Improves Behavioral Deficits and Reduces Pathology in Models of Neurologic Disorders. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:600-629. [PMID: 35710131 PMCID: PMC9553114 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin B (CTSB) is a powerful lysosomal protease. This review evaluated CTSB gene knockout (KO) outcomes for amelioration of brain dysfunctions in neurologic diseases and aging animal models. Deletion of the CTSB gene resulted in significant improvements in behavioral deficits, neuropathology, and/or biomarkers in traumatic brain injury, ischemia, inflammatory pain, opiate tolerance, epilepsy, aging, transgenic Alzheimer's disease (AD), and periodontitis AD models as shown in 12 studies. One study found beneficial effects for double CTSB and cathepsin S KO mice in a multiple sclerosis model. Transgenic AD models using amyloid precursor protein (APP) mimicking common sporadic AD in three studies showed that CTSB KO improved memory, neuropathology, and biomarkers; two studies used APP representing rare familial AD and found no CTSB KO effect, and two studies used highly engineered APP constructs and reported slight increases in a biomarker. In clinical studies, all reports found that CTSB enzyme was upregulated in diverse neurologic disorders, including AD in which elevated CTSB was positively correlated with cognitive dysfunction. In a wide range of neurologic animal models, CTSB was also upregulated and not downregulated. Further, human genetic mutation data provided precedence for CTSB upregulation causing disease. Thus, the consilience of data is that CTSB gene KO results in improved brain dysfunction and reduced pathology through blockade of CTSB enzyme upregulation that causes human neurologic disease phenotypes. The overall findings provide strong support for CTSB as a rational drug target and for CTSB inhibitors as therapeutic candidates for a wide range of neurologic disorders. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This review provides a comprehensive compilation of the extensive data on the effects of deleting the cathepsin B (CTSB) gene in neurological and aging mouse models of brain disorders. Mice lacking the CTSB gene display improved neurobehavioral deficits, reduced neuropathology, and amelioration of neuronal cell death and inflammatory biomarkers. The significance of the compelling CTSB evidence is that the data consilience validates CTSB as a drug target for discovery of CTSB inhibitors as potential therapeutics for treating numerous neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Hook
- American Life Science Pharmaceuticals, La Jolla, California (G.H.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (T.R); Center for Biological Signaling Studies BIOSS, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China (J.N.); Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology, OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.W); Taneja College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida (M.K.); James A Haley VAMC, Research Service, Tampa, Florida (M.K.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (C.P.); Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, CA (V.H.); and Department of Neuroscience and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, CA (V.H.)
| | - Thomas Reinheckel
- American Life Science Pharmaceuticals, La Jolla, California (G.H.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (T.R); Center for Biological Signaling Studies BIOSS, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China (J.N.); Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology, OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.W); Taneja College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida (M.K.); James A Haley VAMC, Research Service, Tampa, Florida (M.K.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (C.P.); Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, CA (V.H.); and Department of Neuroscience and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, CA (V.H.)
| | - Junjun Ni
- American Life Science Pharmaceuticals, La Jolla, California (G.H.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (T.R); Center for Biological Signaling Studies BIOSS, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China (J.N.); Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology, OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.W); Taneja College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida (M.K.); James A Haley VAMC, Research Service, Tampa, Florida (M.K.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (C.P.); Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, CA (V.H.); and Department of Neuroscience and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, CA (V.H.)
| | - Zhou Wu
- American Life Science Pharmaceuticals, La Jolla, California (G.H.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (T.R); Center for Biological Signaling Studies BIOSS, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China (J.N.); Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology, OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.W); Taneja College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida (M.K.); James A Haley VAMC, Research Service, Tampa, Florida (M.K.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (C.P.); Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, CA (V.H.); and Department of Neuroscience and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, CA (V.H.)
| | - Mark Kindy
- American Life Science Pharmaceuticals, La Jolla, California (G.H.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (T.R); Center for Biological Signaling Studies BIOSS, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China (J.N.); Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology, OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.W); Taneja College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida (M.K.); James A Haley VAMC, Research Service, Tampa, Florida (M.K.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (C.P.); Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, CA (V.H.); and Department of Neuroscience and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, CA (V.H.)
| | - Christoph Peters
- American Life Science Pharmaceuticals, La Jolla, California (G.H.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (T.R); Center for Biological Signaling Studies BIOSS, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China (J.N.); Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology, OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.W); Taneja College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida (M.K.); James A Haley VAMC, Research Service, Tampa, Florida (M.K.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (C.P.); Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, CA (V.H.); and Department of Neuroscience and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, CA (V.H.)
| | - Vivian Hook
- American Life Science Pharmaceuticals, La Jolla, California (G.H.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (T.R); Center for Biological Signaling Studies BIOSS, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China (J.N.); Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology, OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.W); Taneja College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida (M.K.); James A Haley VAMC, Research Service, Tampa, Florida (M.K.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (C.P.); Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, CA (V.H.); and Department of Neuroscience and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, CA (V.H.)
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Sajan MP, Leitges M, Park C, Diamond DM, Wu J, Hansen BC, Duncan MA, Apostolatos CA, Apostolatos AH, Kindy M, Farese RV. Control of β-Site Amyloid Precursor Protein-Cleaving Enzyme-1 Expression by Protein Kinase C-λ/ι and Nuclear Factor κ-B. Curr Alzheimer Res 2021; 18:941-955. [PMID: 34951366 DOI: 10.2174/1567205019666211222120448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Βackground: β-Amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme-1 (BACE1) initiates the production of Aβ-peptides that form Aβ-plaque in Alzheimer's disease. METHODS Reportedly, acute insulin treatment in normal mice, and hyperinsulinemia in high-fat-fed (HFF) obese/diabetic mice, increase BACE1 activity and levels of Aβ-peptides and phospho- -thr-231-tau in the brain; moreover, these effects are blocked by PKC-λ/ι inhibitors. However, as chemical inhibitors may affect unsuspected targets, we presently used knockout methodology to further examine PKC-λ/ι requirements. We found that total-body heterozygous PKC-λ knockout reduced acute stimulatory effects of insulin and chronic effects of hyperinsulinemia in HFF/obese/diabetic mice, on brain PKC-λ activity and production of Aβ1-40/42 and phospho-thr-231-tau. This protection in HFF mice may reflect that hepatic PKC-λ haploinsufficiency prevents the development of glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinemia. RESULTS On the other hand, heterozygous knockout of PKC-λ markedly reduced brain levels of BACE1 protein and mRNA, and this may reflect diminished activation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NFκB), which is activated by PKC-λ and increases BACE1 and proinflammatory cytokine transcription. Accordingly, whereas intravenous administration of aPKC inhibitor diminished aPKC activity and BACE1 levels by 50% in the brain and 90% in the liver, nasally-administered inhibitor reduced aPKC activity and BACE1 mRNA and protein levels by 50-70% in the brain while sparing the liver. Additionally, 24-hour insulin treatment in cultured human-derived neurons increased NFκB activity and BACE1 levels, and these effects were blocked by various PKC-λ/ι inhibitors. CONCLUSION PKC-λ/ι controls NFκB activity and BACE1 expression; PKC-λ/ι inhibitors may be used nasally to target brain PKC-λ/ι or systemically to block both liver and brain PKC-λ/ι, to regulate NFκB-dependent BACE1 and proinflammatory cytokine expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mini P Sajan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, FL. United States
| | - Michael Leitges
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine; Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John`s, Newfoundland, CanadaA1B 3V64Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, FL. United States
| | - Colin Park
- Departments of Psychology and Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, FL. United States
| | - David M Diamond
- Departments of Psychology and Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, FL. United States
| | - Jin Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tampa . United States
| | - Barbara C Hansen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, FL. United States
| | - Mildred A Duncan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, FL. United States
| | - Christopher A Apostolatos
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, FL. United States
| | - Andre H Apostolatos
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, FL. United States
| | - Mark Kindy
- Research Service, James A. Haley Veterans Medical Center, Tampa, Florida, FL. United States
| | - Robert V Farese
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, FL. United States
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Ari C, Park C, Vallas J, Sanford R, Bharwani S, Cha B, Kindy M, D'Agostino D. Changes in Density and Localization of GLUT1 and MCT1 Transporters of Cancer Cells Induced by Ketones. FASEB J 2021. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2021.35.s1.03574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Csilla Ari
- PsychologyUniversity of South FloridaTampaFL
| | - Collin Park
- PsychologyUniversity of South FloridaTampaFL
| | - John Vallas
- PsychologyUniversity of South FloridaTampaFL
| | | | | | - Byeong Cha
- Pharmacology and PhysiologyUniversity of South FloridaTampaFL
| | - Mark Kindy
- Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of South FloridaTampaFL
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Ari C, Murdun C, Goldhagen C, Koutnik AP, Bharwani SR, Diamond DM, Kindy M, D’Agostino DP, Kovacs Z. Exogenous Ketone Supplements Improved Motor Performance in Preclinical Rodent Models. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082459. [PMID: 32824223 PMCID: PMC7468837 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutritional ketosis has been proven effective for neurometabolic conditions and disorders linked to metabolic dysregulation. While inducing nutritional ketosis, ketogenic diet (KD) can improve motor performance in the context of certain disease states, but it is unknown whether exogenous ketone supplements—alternatives to KDs—may have similar effects. Therefore, we investigated the effect of ketone supplements on motor performance, using accelerating rotarod test and on postexercise blood glucose and R-beta-hydroxybutyrate (R-βHB) levels in rodent models with and without pathology. The effect of KD, butanediol (BD), ketone-ester (KE), ketone-salt (KS), and their combination (KE + KS: KEKS) or mixtures with medium chain triglyceride (MCT) (KE + MCT: KEMCT; KS + MCT: KSMCT) was tested in Sprague-Dawley (SPD) and WAG/Rij (WR) rats and in GLUT-1 Deficiency Syndrome (G1D) mice. Motor performance was enhanced by KEMCT acutely, KE and KS subchronically in SPD rats, by KEKS and KEMCT groups in WR rats, and by KE chronically in G1D mice. We demonstrated that exogenous ketone supplementation improved motor performance to various degrees in rodent models, while effectively elevated R-βHB and in some cases offsets postexercise blood glucose elevations. Our results suggest that improvement of motor performance varies depending on the strain of rodents, specific ketone formulation, age, and exposure frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csilla Ari
- Department of Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Laboratory, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA; (S.R.B.); (D.M.D.)
- Ketone Technologies, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +1-813-240-9925
| | - Cem Murdun
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (C.M.); (C.G.); (A.P.K.)
| | - Craig Goldhagen
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (C.M.); (C.G.); (A.P.K.)
| | - Andrew P. Koutnik
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (C.M.); (C.G.); (A.P.K.)
- Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Ocala, FL 34471, USA
| | - Sahil R. Bharwani
- Department of Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Laboratory, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA; (S.R.B.); (D.M.D.)
| | - David M. Diamond
- Department of Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Laboratory, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA; (S.R.B.); (D.M.D.)
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (C.M.); (C.G.); (A.P.K.)
| | - Mark Kindy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
- James A. Haley VA Medical Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Dominic P. D’Agostino
- Ketone Technologies, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (C.M.); (C.G.); (A.P.K.)
- Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Ocala, FL 34471, USA
| | - Zsolt Kovacs
- Savaria Department of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Savaria University Centre, Károlyi Gáspár tér 4., 9700 Szombathely, Hungary;
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Mehta M, Allen-Gipson D, Mohapatra S, Kindy M, Limayem A. Study on the therapeutic index and synergistic effect of Chitosan-zinc oxide nanomicellar composites for drug-resistant bacterial biofilm inhibition. Int J Pharm 2019; 565:472-480. [PMID: 31071421 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The synergistic effectiveness of chitosan with zinc oxide nanomicelles (CZNPs) on broad spectrum of multidrug resistance (MDR) was previously evidenced in our labs, requiring elucidation of the therapeutic index (TI) for safe in vivo use. This in vitro assessment estimated the effective dose (ED50) of micellar CZNPs for eradication of the MDR Enterococcus faecium 1449 model and the corresponding cytotoxic dose (LD50) against rat small intestinal epithelial cells as functions of TI. In order to visually determine the mechanistic effects of micellar CZNPs on bacterial biofilm size reduction, LIVE/DEAD viability assay was used in conjunction with advanced fluorescence imaging and 3D confocal microscopy. Biofilm quantification was performed through the measure of the fluorescence intensity, using the Biotek Synergy Neo2 for calculating the ED50. To generate the LD50, the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) cytotoxicity assay was implemented. Quantification results revealed, at the same concentration (200 µg/mL), micellar CZNPs had average biofilm reduction of approximately 50.22% at 24 h (ED50 = 199.13 µg/mL, LD50 = 240.20 µg/mL, TI = 1.2062), compared to chitosan (15.66%) and ZnO (13.94%) alone. Conclusively, the ED50 of micellar CZNPs on MDR bacterial biofilms (199.13 µg/mL) as a function of TI reveals a promising nanotherapeutic agent in comparison to either Chitosan or ZnO alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mausam Mehta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, MDC 30, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Diane Allen-Gipson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, MDC 30, Tampa, FL, USA; College of Medicine Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, MDC 30, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Shyam Mohapatra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, MDC 30, Tampa, FL, USA; James A. Haley VA Medical Center, Tampa, FL, USA; Center for Research and Education in Nanobioengineering, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Mark Kindy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, MDC 30, Tampa, FL, USA; James A. Haley VA Medical Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Alya Limayem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, MDC 30, Tampa, FL, USA; Center for Research and Education in Nanobioengineering, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
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Ari C, D'Agostino DP, Diamond DM, Kindy M, Park C, Kovács Z. Elevated Plus Maze Test Combined with Video Tracking Software to Investigate the Anxiolytic Effect of Exogenous Ketogenic Supplements. J Vis Exp 2019. [PMID: 30663672 DOI: 10.3791/58396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The overall goal of this study is to describe the methodology of the elevated plus maze (EPM) test in combination with a video tracking software. The purpose of the method is to document the effect of various potential anxiolytic treatments on laboratory rodent models. The EPM test is based on the rodents' proclivity toward protected, enclosed dark spaces and unconditioned fear of open spaces and heights, and their innate intense motivation to explore novel environments. The EPM test is a widely used behavioral test for investigating the anxiolytic or anxiogenic responses of rodents given drugs that are known to affect behavior. Observation demonstrating a decreased proportion of time spent on closed arms, an increased proportion of time spent on open arms, a reduced number of entries to closed arms, and an elevated number of entries to open arms measured by the EPM test may reflect reduced anxiety levels. Using this method, the effect of exogenous ketone supplements on anxiety-related behavior is tested in Sprague Dawley (SPD) rats. Exogenous ketone supplements are chronically fed to the rats for 83 days or subchronically and acutely orally gavaged, daily for 7 days, before conducting the EPM test. Behavioral data collection is performed using the SMART video tracking system by a blinded observer at the end of the treatments. The main findings indicate that the EPM test is an effective method to detect the ketone supplement-induced anxiolytic effect and can be considered a sensitive measure to assess changes in anxiety behavior associated with drug- or metabolic-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csilla Ari
- Department of Psychology, Hyperbaric Neuroscience Research Laboratory, University of South Florida;
| | - Dominic P D'Agostino
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Metabolic Medicine Research Laboratory, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida; Institute for Human and Machine Cognition
| | - David M Diamond
- Department of Psychology, Hyperbaric Neuroscience Research Laboratory, University of South Florida; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Metabolic Medicine Research Laboratory, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida
| | - Mark Kindy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida; James A. Haley VA Medical Center; Shriners Hospital for Children
| | - Collin Park
- Department of Psychology, Hyperbaric Neuroscience Research Laboratory, University of South Florida
| | - Zsolt Kovács
- Savaria Department of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University
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Marebwa BK, Adams RJ, Magwood GS, Kindy M, Wilmskoetter J, Wolf M, Bonilha L. Fibroblast growth factor23 is associated with axonal integrity and neural network architecture in the human frontal lobes. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203460. [PMID: 30192823 PMCID: PMC6128563 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated levels of FGF23 in individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are associated with adverse health outcomes, such as increased mortality, large vessel disease, and reduced white matter volume, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events. Apart from the well-known link between cardiovascular (CV) risk factors, especially diabetes and hypertension, and cerebrovascular damage, elevated FGF23 is also postulated to be associated with cerebrovascular damage independently of CKD. Elevated FGF23 predisposes to vascular calcification and is associated with vascular stiffness and endothelial dysfunction in the general population with normal renal function. These factors may lead to microangiopathic changes in the brain, cumulative ischemia, and eventually to the loss of white matter fibers. The relationship between FGF23 and brain integrity in individuals without CKD has hitherto not been investigated. In this study, we aimed to determine the association between FGF23, and white matter integrity in a cohort of 50 participants with varying degrees of CV risk burden, using high resolution structural human brain connectomes constructed from MRI diffusion images. We observed that increased FGF23 was associated with axonal loss in the frontal lobe, leading to a fragmentation of white matter network organization. This study provides the first description of the relationship between elevated levels of FGF23, white matter integrity, and brain health. We suggest a synergistic interaction of CV risk factors and FGF23 as a potentially novel determinant of brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara K. Marebwa
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Adams
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America
| | - Gayenell S. Magwood
- Department of Nursing, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America
| | - Mark Kindy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States of America
| | - Janina Wilmskoetter
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America
| | - Myles Wolf
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Leonardo Bonilha
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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9
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Valko KL, Kindy M, Evans J, Ko D. In vitro biomimetic HPLC and in vivo characterisation of GM6, an endogenous regulator peptide drug candidate for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. ADMET DMPK 2018. [DOI: 10.5599/admet.547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an idiopathic, fatal neurodegenerative disease of the human motor system. Subunits of the 33-amino acid containing motorneurontrophic factor (MNTF) have been investigated and GM6 has been found as a potential peptide therapeutic for ALS. This linear peptide drug candidate has been characterized by HPLC based physicochemical and biomimetic measurements to estimate its in vivo distribution behavior and to estimate its cell penetration and brain to plasma concentration ratio. The free tissue concentration vs time profile has been estimated using the measured physicochemical and biomimetic properties of the intact GM6 molecules and its microsomal stability. The in vitro and in vivo measurements supported the estimated in vivo distribution behavior of GM6.
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10
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Kindy M, Lupinacci P, Chau R, Shum T, Ko D. A Phase 2A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial of GM604 in patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS Protocol GALS-001) and a single compassionate patient treatment (Protocol GALS-C). F1000Res 2017; 6:230. [PMID: 30057745 PMCID: PMC6051227 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.10519.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that lacks effective treatment options. Genervon has discovered and developed GM604 (GM6) as a potential ALS therapy. GM6 has been modeled upon an insulin receptor tyrosine kinase binding motoneuronotrophic factor within the developing central nervous system. Methods This was a 2-center phase 2A, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial with 12 definite ALS patients diagnosed within 2 years of disease onset. Patients received 6 doses of GM604 or placebo, administered as slow IV bolus injections (3x/week, 2 consecutive weeks). Objectives were to assess the safety and efficacy of GM604 based on ALSFRS-R, FVC and selected biomarkers (TDP-43, Tau and SOD1, pNFH). This report also includes results of compassionate treatment protocol GALS-C for an advanced ALS patient. Results Definite ALS patients were randomized to one of two treatment groups (GM604, n = 8; placebo, n = 4). 2 of 8 GM604-treated patients exhibited mild rash, but otherwise adverse event frequency was similar in treated and placebo groups. GM604 slowed functional decline (ALSFRS-R) when compared to a historical control (P = 0.005). At one study site, a statistically significant difference between treatment and control groups was found when comparing changes in respiratory function (FVC) between baseline and week 12 (P = 0.027). GM604 decreased plasma levels of key ALS biomarkers relative to the placebo group (TDP-43, P = 0.008; Tau, P = 0.037; SOD1, P = 0.009). The advanced ALS patient in compassionate treatment demonstrated improved speech, oral fluid consumption, mouth suction with GM604 treatment and biomarker improvements. Conclusions We observed favorable shifts in ALS biomarkers and improved functional measures during the Phase 2A study as well as in an advanced ALS patient. Although a larger trial is needed to confirm these findings, the present data are encouraging and support GM604 as an ALS drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Kindy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Paul Lupinacci
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, USA
| | | | - Tony Shum
- Genervon Pharmaceuticals LLC, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Dorothy Ko
- Genervon Pharmaceuticals LLC, Pasadena, CA, USA
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11
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Gwak SJ, Macks C, Jeong DU, Kindy M, Lynn M, Webb K, Lee JS. RhoA knockdown by cationic amphiphilic copolymer/siRhoA polyplexes enhances axonal regeneration in rat spinal cord injury model. Biomaterials 2017; 121:155-166. [PMID: 28088077 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in permanent loss of motor and sensory function due to developmentally-related and injured-induced changes in the extrinsic microenvironment and intrinsic neuronal biochemistry that limit plasticity and axonal regeneration. Our long term goal is to develop cationic, amphiphilic copolymers (poly (lactide-co-glycolide)-g-polyethylenimine, PgP) for combinatorial delivery of therapeutic nucleic acids (TNAs) and drugs targeting these different barriers. In this study, we evaluated the ability of PgP to deliver siRNA targeting RhoA, a critical signaling pathway activated by multiple extracellular inhibitors of axonal regeneration. After generation of rat compression SCI model, PgP/siRhoA polyplexes were locally injected into the lesion site. Relative to untreated injury only, PgP/siRhoA polyplexes significantly reduced RhoA mRNA and protein expression for up to 4 weeks post-injury. Histological analysis at 4 weeks post-injury showed that RhoA knockdown was accompanied by reduced apoptosis, cavity size, and astrogliosis and increased axonal regeneration within the lesion site. These studies demonstrate that PgP is an efficient non-viral delivery carrier for therapeutic siRhoA to the injured spinal cord and may be a promising platform for the development of combinatorial TNA/drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Jung Gwak
- Drug Design, Development, and Delivery (4D) Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Christian Macks
- Drug Design, Development, and Delivery (4D) Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Da Un Jeong
- Drug Design, Development, and Delivery (4D) Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Mark Kindy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Michael Lynn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Greenville Health System, Greenville, SC 29615, USA
| | - Ken Webb
- Drug Design, Development, and Delivery (4D) Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Jeoung Soo Lee
- Drug Design, Development, and Delivery (4D) Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
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12
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Lou N, Lennard Richard ML, Yu J, Kindy M, Zhang XK. The Fli-1 transcription factor is a critical regulator for controlling the expression of chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 2 (CXCL2). Mol Immunol 2016; 81:59-66. [PMID: 27889620 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cells produce inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in response to innate immune signals and their expression is tightly regulated. Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 (CXCL2), also known as macrophage inflammatory protein 2-alpha (MIP2-alpha), is an inflammatory chemokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family. CXCL2 is chemotactic for neutrophils and elevated expression of CXCL2 is associated with many inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The Fli-1 gene belongs to the large Ets transcription factor family, whose members regulate a wide variety of cellular functions including the immune response. In this study, we demonstrate that endothelial cells transfected with Fli-1 specific siRNA produce significantly less CXCL2 compared to cells transfected with control siRNA after stimulation by the Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 ligands, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). The production of CXCL2 in endothelial cells stimulated with LPS stimulation is dose-dependent. We found that Fli-1 binds to the CXCL2 promoter as established by Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay. Transient transfection assays show that Fli-1 drives transcription from the CXCL2 promoter in a dose-dependent manner and Fli-1 regulates the expression of CXCL2 largely by directly binding to the promoter. Targeted knockdown and transient transfection experiments suggest that both Fli-1 and the p65 subunit of NF-κB affect the activation of CXCL2 in an additive manner. These results indicate that Fli-1 is a novel, critical transcription factor that regulates the expression of the inflammatory chemokine CXCL2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Lou
- Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shangdong, China; Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Mara L Lennard Richard
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Jin Yu
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Mark Kindy
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Xian K Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States.
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13
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Kuang SY, Yang X, Wang Z, Huang T, Kindy M, Xi T, Gao BZ. How Microelectrode Array-Based Chick Forebrain Neuron Biosensors Respond to Glutamate NMDA Receptor Antagonist AP5 and GABA A Receptor Antagonist Musimol. Sens Biosensing Res 2016; 10:9-14. [PMID: 27551670 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We have established a long-term, stable primary chick forebrain neuron (FBN) culture on a microelectrode array platform as a biosensor system for neurotoxicant screening and for neuroelectrophysiological studies for multiple purposes. This paper reports some of our results, which characterize the biosensor pharmacologically. Dose-response experiments were conducted using NMDA receptor antagonist AP5 and GABAA receptor agonist musimol (MUS). The chick FBN biosensor (C-FBN-biosensor) responds to the two agents in a pattern similar to that of rodent counterparts; the estimated EC50s (the effective concentration that causes 50% inhibition of the maximal effect) are 2.3 μM and 0.25 μM, respectively. Intercultural and intracultural reproducibility and long-term reusability of the C-FBN-biosensor are addressed and discussed. A phenomenon of sensitization of the biosensor that accompanies intracultural reproducibility in paired dose-response experiments for the same agent (AP5 or MUS) is reported. The potential application of the C-FBN-biosensor as an alternative to rodent biosensors in shared sensing domains (NMDA receptor and GABAA receptor) is suggested.
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14
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Huang T, Wang Z, Wei L, Kindy M, Zheng Y, Xi T, Gao BZ. Microelectrode Array-evaluation of Neurotoxic Effects of Magnesium as an Implantable Biomaterial. J Mater Sci Technol 2016; 32:89-96. [PMID: 27110081 PMCID: PMC4840281 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg)-based biomaterials have shown great potential in clinical applications. However, the cytotoxic effects of excessive Mg2+ and the corrosion products from Mg-based biomaterials, particularly their effects on neurons, have been little studied. Although viability tests are most commonly used, a functional evaluation is critically needed. Here, both methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays were used to test the effect of Mg2+ and Mg-extract solution on neuronal viability. Microelectrode arrays (MEAs), which provide long-term, real-time recording of extracellular electrophysiological signals of in vitro neuronal networks, were used to test for toxic effects. The minimum effective concentrations (ECmin) of Mg2+ from the MTT and LDH assays were 3 mmol/L and 100 mmol/L, respectively, while the ECmin obtained from the MEA assay was 0.1 mmol/L. MEA data revealed significant loss of neuronal network activity when the culture was exposed to 25% Mg-extract solution, a concentration that did not affect neuronal viability. For evaluating the biocompatibility of Mg-based biomaterials with neurons, MEA electrophysiological testing is a more precise method than basic cell-viability testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Huang
- Center for Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhonghai Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Lina Wei
- Center for Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mark Kindy
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
- Departments of Neurosciences and Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29466, USA
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29403, USA
| | - Yufeng Zheng
- Center for Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tingfei Xi
- Center for Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Human Tissue Regeneration and Repair, Shenzhen Institute, Peking University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Bruce Z. Gao
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
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15
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Neely BA, Soper JL, Gulland FMD, Bell PD, Kindy M, Arthur JM, Janech MG. Proteomic analysis of cerebrospinal fluid in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) with domoic acid toxicosis identifies proteins associated with neurodegeneration. Proteomics 2015; 15:4051-63. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A. Neely
- Department of Medicine; Division of Nephrology; Medical University of South Carolina; Charleston SC USA
| | | | | | - P. Darwin Bell
- Department of Medicine; Division of Nephrology; Medical University of South Carolina; Charleston SC USA
| | - Mark Kindy
- Marine Biomedicine and Environmental Sciences Center; Medical University of South Carolina; Charleston SC USA
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology; Medical University of South Carolina; Charleston SC USA
- Department of Veterans’ Affairs; Research Service; Charleston SC USA
| | - John M. Arthur
- Department of Internal Medicine; Division of Nephrology; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences; Little Rock AR USA
| | - Michael G. Janech
- Department of Medicine; Division of Nephrology; Medical University of South Carolina; Charleston SC USA
- Marine Biomedicine and Environmental Sciences Center; Medical University of South Carolina; Charleston SC USA
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16
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Hook G, Jacobsen JS, Grabstein K, Kindy M, Hook V. Cathepsin B is a New Drug Target for Traumatic Brain Injury Therapeutics: Evidence for E64d as a Promising Lead Drug Candidate. Front Neurol 2015; 6:178. [PMID: 26388830 PMCID: PMC4557097 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is currently no therapeutic drug treatment for traumatic brain injury (TBI) despite decades of experimental clinical trials. This may be because the mechanistic pathways for improving TBI outcomes have yet to be identified and exploited. As such, there remains a need to seek out new molecular targets and their drug candidates to find new treatments for TBI. This review presents supporting evidence for cathepsin B, a cysteine protease, as a potentially important drug target for TBI. Cathepsin B expression is greatly up-regulated in TBI animal models, as well as in trauma patients. Importantly, knockout of the cathepsin B gene in TBI mice results in substantial improvements of TBI-caused deficits in behavior, pathology, and biomarkers, as well as improvements in related injury models. During the process of TBI-induced injury, cathepsin B likely escapes the lysosome, its normal subcellular location, into the cytoplasm or extracellular matrix (ECM) where the unleashed proteolytic power causes destruction via necrotic, apoptotic, autophagic, and activated glia-induced cell death, together with ECM breakdown and inflammation. Significantly, chemical inhibitors of cathepsin B are effective for improving deficits in TBI and related injuries including ischemia, cerebral bleeding, cerebral aneurysm, edema, pain, infection, rheumatoid arthritis, epilepsy, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. The inhibitor E64d is unique among cathepsin B inhibitors in being the only compound to have demonstrated oral efficacy in a TBI model and prior safe use in man and as such it is an excellent tool compound for preclinical testing and clinical compound development. These data support the conclusion that drug development of cathepsin B inhibitors for TBI treatment should be accelerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Hook
- American Life Science Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , San Diego, CA , USA
| | | | - Kenneth Grabstein
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington , Seattle, WA , USA
| | - Mark Kindy
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, SC , USA ; Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center , Charleston, SC , USA
| | - Vivian Hook
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, CA , USA ; Department of Neurosciences, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, CA , USA
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17
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Davis ST, Freeman J, Kindy M, Kostura M. P2‐322: Rage deletion increases anti‐oxidant and anti‐inflammatory biochemical profiles in human app transgenic mice. Alzheimers Dement 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2015.06.864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Zhang X, Lou N, Lennard Richard M, Yu J, Kindy M. Identifying novel mechanisms regulating expression of inflammatory chemokine CXCL2 (CCR3P.206). The Journal of Immunology 2015. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.194.supp.49.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Mammalian cells produce inflammatory mediators in response to the innate immune signal and their expression is tightly regulated. Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 (CXCL2), also known as MIP2-alpha, belongs to the CXC chemokine family. CXCL2 is chemotactic for neutrophils. Elevated expression of CXCL2 is associated with many inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Recently we have found that the Fli-1 transcription factor is a novel regulator in modulating the expression of many inflammatory mediators. including MCP-1,CCL5) and IL-6. Since we found that lupus-prone mice with reduced expression of Fli-1 had significantly decreased neutrophil infiltration into the kidneys, we investigated if Fli-1 regulates the expression of CXCL2. We found that Fli-1 protein expression in endothelial cells transfected with Fli-1 specific siRNA was significantly decreased compared to the expression of Fli-1 in cells transfected with control siRNA after stimulation by Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 ligands, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha. The production of CXCL2 in endothelial cells with LPS stimulation is dose-dependent. We found that Fli-1 binds to the CXCL2 promoter by Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay. Transient transfection assays show that Fli-1 drives transcription from the CXCL2 promoter in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicate that Fli-1 is a novel, critical transcription factor in regulating the expression of the inflammatory chemokine CXCL2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Zhang
- 1Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Ning Lou
- 1Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | | | - Jin Yu
- 1Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Mark Kindy
- 1Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
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Hook G, Yu J, Toneff T, Kindy M, Hook V. Brain pyroglutamate amyloid-β is produced by cathepsin B and is reduced by the cysteine protease inhibitor E64d, representing a potential Alzheimer's disease therapeutic. J Alzheimers Dis 2015; 41:129-49. [PMID: 24595198 DOI: 10.3233/jad-131370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pyroglutamate amyloid-β peptides (pGlu-Aβ) are particularly pernicious forms of amyloid-β peptides (Aβ) present in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains. pGlu-Aβ peptides are N-terminally truncated forms of full-length Aβ peptides (flAβ(1-40/42)) in which the N-terminal glutamate is cyclized to pyroglutamate to generate pGlu-Aβ(3-40/42). β-secretase cleavage of amyloid-β precursor protein (AβPP) produces flAβ(1-40/42), but it is not yet known whether the β-secretase BACE1 or the alternative β-secretase cathepsin B (CatB) participate in the production of pGlu-Aβ. Therefore, this study examined the effects of gene knockout of these proteases on brain pGlu-Aβ levels in transgenic AβPPLon mice, which express AβPP isoform 695 and have the wild-type (wt) β-secretase activity found in most AD patients. Knockout or overexpression of the CatB gene reduced or increased, respectively, pGlu-Aβ(3-40/42), flAβ(1-40/42), and pGlu-Aβ plaque load, but knockout of the BACE1 gene had no effect on those parameters in the transgenic mice. Treatment of AβPPLon mice with E64d, a cysteine protease inhibitor of CatB, also reduced brain pGlu-Aβ(3-42), flAβ(1-40/42), and pGlu-Aβ plaque load. Treatment of neuronal-like chromaffin cells with CA074Me, an inhibitor of CatB, resulted in reduced levels of pGlu-Aβ(3-40) released from the activity-dependent, regulated secretory pathway. Moreover, CatB knockout and E64d treatment has been previously shown to improve memory deficits in the AβPPLon mice. These data illustrate the role of CatB in producing pGlu-Aβ and flAβ that participate as key factors in the development of AD. The advantages of CatB inhibitors, especially E64d and its derivatives, as alternatives to BACE1 inhibitors in treating AD patients are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Hook
- American Life Science Pharmaceuticals, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jin Yu
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Thomas Toneff
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Departments of Neurosciences and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mark Kindy
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Vivian Hook
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Departments of Neurosciences and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Kuang SY, Huang T, Wang Z, Lin Y, Kindy M, Xi T, Gao BZ. Establishment of a Long-Term Chick Forebrain Neuronal Culture on a Microelectrode Array Platform. RSC Adv 2015; 5:56244-56254. [PMID: 26989485 PMCID: PMC4792308 DOI: 10.1039/c5ra09663d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The biosensor system formed by culturing primary animal neurons on a microelectrode array (MEA) platform is drawing an increasing research interest for its power as a rapid, sensitive, functional neurotoxicity assessment, as well as for many other electrophysiological related research purposes. In this paper, we established a long-term chick forebrain neuron culture (C-FBN-C) on MEAs with a more than 5 month long lifespan and up to 5 month long stability in morphology and physiological function; characterized the C-FBN-C morphologically, functionally, and developmentally; partially compared its functional features with rodent counterpart; and discussed its pros and cons as a novel biosensor system in comparison to rodent counterpart and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). Our results show that C-FBN-C on MEA platform 1) can be used as a biosensor of its own type in a wide spectrum of basic biomedical research; 2) is of value in comparative physiology in cross-species studies; and 3) may have potential to be used as an alternative, cost-effective approach to rodent counterpart within shared common functional domains (such as specific types of ligand-gated ion channel receptors and subtypes expressed in the cortical tissues of both species) in large-scale environmental neurotoxicant screening that would otherwise require millions of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Y. Kuang
- William Beaumont School of Medicine, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 49309, USA
| | - Ting Huang
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Center for Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhonghai Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, 201-5 Rhodes Research Hall, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Yongliang Lin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Regenerative Implantable Medical Devices, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510530, China
| | - Mark Kindy
- Departments of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29466, USA
| | - Tingfei Xi
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Center for Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Bruce Z. Gao
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, 201-5 Rhodes Research Hall, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
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Alshareef M, Krishna V, Ferdous J, Alshareef A, Kindy M, Kolachalama VB, Shazly T. Effect of spinal cord compression on local vascular blood flow and perfusion capacity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108820. [PMID: 25268384 PMCID: PMC4182502 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) can induce prolonged spinal cord compression that may result in a reduction of local tissue perfusion, progressive ischemia, and potentially irreversible tissue necrosis. Due to the combination of risk factors and the varied presentation of symptoms, the appropriate method and time course for clinical intervention following SCI are not always evident. In this study, a three-dimensional finite element fluid-structure interaction model of the cervical spinal cord was developed to examine how traditionally sub-clinical compressive mechanical loads impact spinal arterial blood flow. The spinal cord and surrounding dura mater were modeled as linear elastic, isotropic, and incompressible solids, while blood was modeled as a single-phased, incompressible Newtonian fluid. Simulation results indicate that anterior, posterior, and anteroposterior compressions of the cervical spinal cord have significantly different ischemic potentials, with prediction that the posterior component of loading elevates patient risk due to the concomitant reduction of blood flow in the arterial branches. Conversely, anterior loading compromises flow through the anterior spinal artery but minimally impacts branch flow rates. The findings of this study provide novel insight into how sub-clinical spinal cord compression could give rise to certain disease states, and suggest a need to monitor spinal artery perfusion following even mild compressive loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alshareef
- College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America
| | - Vibhor Krishna
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America
| | - Jahid Ferdous
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States of America
| | - Ahmed Alshareef
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Mark Kindy
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States of America
| | | | - Tarek Shazly
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States of America
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
The translational potential of novel treatments should be investigated in severe spinal cord injury (SCI) contusion models. A detailed methodology is described to obtain a consistent model of severe SCI. Use of a stereotactic frame and computer controlled impactor allows for creation of reproducible injury. Hypothermia and urinary tract infection pose significant challenges in the post-operative period. Careful monitoring of animals with daily weight recording and bladder expression allows for early detection of post-operative complications. The functional results of this contusion model are equivalent to transection models. The contusion model can be utilized to evaluate the efficacy of both neuroprotective and neuroregenerative approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibhor Krishna
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, USA.
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Hook G, Yu J, Sipes N, Pierschbacher M, Hook V, Kindy M. O4–10–04: E64d treatment improves outcomes in animal models of traumatic brain injury, ischemia and Alzheimer's disease through inhibiting cathepsin B. Alzheimers Dement 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2013.04.392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Greg Hook
- ALSP La Jolla California United States
| | - Jin Yu
- Medical University of South Carolina Charleston South Carolina United States
| | | | | | - Vivian Hook
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla California United States
| | - Mark Kindy
- Medical University of South Carolina Charleston South Carolina United States
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Krishna V, Konakondla S, Nicholas J, Varma A, Kindy M, Wen X. Biomaterial-based interventions for neuronal regeneration and functional recovery in rodent model of spinal cord injury: a systematic review. J Spinal Cord Med 2013; 36:174-90. [PMID: 23809587 PMCID: PMC3654443 DOI: 10.1179/2045772313y.0000000095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT There is considerable interest in translating laboratory advances in neuronal regeneration following spinal cord injury (SCI). A multimodality approach has been advocated for successful functional neuronal regeneration. With this goal in mind several biomaterials have been employed as neuronal bridges either to support cellular transplants, to release neurotrophic factors, or to do both. A systematic review of this literature is lacking. Such a review may provide insight to strategies with a high potential for further investigation and potential clinical application. OBJECTIVE To systematically review the design strategies and outcomes after biomaterial-based multimodal interventions for neuronal regeneration in rodent SCI model. To analyse functional outcomes after implantation of biomaterial-based multimodal interventions and to identify predictors of functional outcomes. METHODS A broad PubMed, CINHAL, and a manual search of relevant literature databases yielded data from 24 publications; 14 of these articles included functional outcome information. Studies reporting behavioral data in rat model of SCI and employing biodegradable polymer-based multimodal intervention were included. For behavioral recovery, studies using severe injury models (transection or severe clip compression (>16.9 g) or contusion (50 g/cm)) were categorized separately from those investigating partial injury models (hemisection or moderate-to-severe clip compression or contusion). RESULTS The cumulative mean improvements in Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan scores after biomaterial-based interventions are 5.93 (95% CI = 2.41 - 9.45) and 4.44 (95% CI = 2.65 - 6.24) for transection and hemisection models, respectively. Factors associated with improved outcomes include the type of polymer used and a follow-up period greater than 6 weeks. CONCLUSION The functional improvement after implantation of biopolymer-based multimodal implants is modest. The relationship with neuronal regeneration and functional outcome, the effects of inflammation at the site of injury, the prolonged survival of supporting cells, the differentiation of stem cells, the effective delivery of neurotrophic factors, and longer follow-up periods are all topics for future elucidation. Future investigations should strive to further define specific factors associated with improved functional outcomes in clinically relevant models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibhor Krishna
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | | | - Joyce Nicholas
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Abhay Varma
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Mark Kindy
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Xuejun Wen
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; and Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, SC, USA
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25
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Hook G, Yu J, Zhu H, El‐Amouri S, Hook V, Kindy M. P2‐359: Cathepsin B gene deletion or inhibition improves memory deficits in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease expressing APP with the wild‐type beta‐secretase site. Alzheimers Dement 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2012.05.1069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Greg Hook
- American Life Science PharmaceuticalsSan DiegoCaliforniaUnited States
| | - Jin Yu
- Medical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUnited States
| | - Hong Zhu
- Medical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUnited States
| | - Salim El‐Amouri
- Medical University South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUnited States
| | - Vivian Hook
- University of CaliforniaSan Diego, La JollaCaliforniaUnited States
| | - Mark Kindy
- MUSCCharlestonSouth CarolinaUnited States
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26
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Dasgupta S, Molano I, Bandyopadhyay M, Kindy M. Lipoteichoic acid induces B cell activation in female MRL/lpr (fas) mice: implications for lupus cerebritis (159.6). The Journal of Immunology 2012. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.188.supp.159.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Activation of B cells, production of autoantibodies and formation of immune complex with complements are hallmark immune aberrations in lupus. The female MRL/MpJ (Faslpr/ Faslpr) mice develop spontaneous lupus-like symptoms and distinct brain specific neuronal dysfunction. These mice are recognized to study mechanism of immune responses in lupus and cerebritis. We found, elevated mRNA expression of TLR2, IL6 and IL17F in spleen tissues from 22 weeks old MRL mice with progression of disease. The flow cytometry analysis demonstrated an expansion of activated CD19+CD86+ B cells in LTA injected MRL/lpr mice. The expanded B cell pool was found less IgM+B220+ cells in 22 weeks old MRL/lpr-LTA mice than the age matched untreated mice. The IgM-IgG+B220+ cells were found higher in LTA treated mice. The LTA injection also induced an expansion of CD21+CD23+ B cells in 22 weeks old MRL/lpr mice. Studies are underway to determine mechanism of TLR2 and IL17F mediated signals on auto reactive B cell activation and switch in balance from tolerance to antigen specific effector immune responses during onset of lupus as well as in distinct brain specific cerebritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhajit Dasgupta
- 1Department of Neurosciences and Neuroscience Research, Med. University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Ivan Molano
- 3Department of Medicine, Div Rheumatology/ Immunology, Med. University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | | | - Mark Kindy
- 1Department of Neurosciences and Neuroscience Research, Med. University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
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Hook V, Yu J, Zhu H, El-Amour S, Hook G, Kindy M. Deletion of the Cathepsin B gene improves memory deficits in a Alzheimer's disease mouse model expressing APP containing the wild‐type β‐secretase site sequence. FASEB J 2012. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.26.1_supplement.956.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Hook
- Skaggs School of PharmacyUniv. of Calif.San Diego, La JollaCA
| | - Jin Yu
- NeurosciencesMedical Univ. of South CarolinaCharlestonSC
| | - Hong Zhu
- NeurosciencesMedical Univ. of South CarolinaCharlestonSC
| | | | - Gregory Hook
- American Life Sciences PharmaceuticalsSan DiegoCA
| | - Mark Kindy
- NeurosciencesMedical Univ. of South CarolinaCharlestonSC
- Applied NeurotechnologyCharlestonSC
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28
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Krishna V, Lazaridis C, Ellegala D, Glazier S, Kindy M, Spampinato M, Chalela JA. Spinal cord infarction associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2012; 114:1030-2. [PMID: 22386902 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2012.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 01/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vibhor Krishna
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29407, United States.
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29
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Hook G, Hook V, Kindy M. The cysteine protease inhibitor, E64d, reduces brain amyloid-β and improves memory deficits in Alzheimer's disease animal models by inhibiting cathepsin B, but not BACE1, β-secretase activity. J Alzheimers Dis 2012; 26:387-408. [PMID: 21613740 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2011-110101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The cysteine protease cathepsin B is a potential drug target for reducing brain amyloid-β (Aβ) and improving memory in Alzheimer's disease (AD), as reduction of cathepsin B in transgenic mice expressing human wild-type amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) results in significantly decreased brain Aβ. Cathepsin B cleaves the wild-type β-secretase site sequence in AβPP to produce Aβ, and cathepsin B inhibitors administered to animal models expressing AβPP containing the wild-type β-secretase site sequence reduce brain Aβ in a manner consistent with β-secretase inhibition. But such inhibitors could act either by direct inhibition of cathepsin B β-secretase activity or by off-target inhibition of the other β-secretase, the aspartyl protease BACE1. To evaluate that issue, we orally administered a cysteine protease inhibitor, E64d, to normal guinea pigs or transgenic mice expressing human AβPP, both of which express the human wild-type β-secretase site sequence. In guinea pigs, oral E64d administration caused a dose-dependent reduction of up to 92% in brain, CSF, and plasma of Aβ40 and Aβ42, a reduction of up to 50% in the C-terminal β-secretase fragment (CTFβ), and a 91% reduction in brain cathepsin B activity, but increased brain BACE1 activity by 20%. In transgenic AD mice, oral E64d administration improved memory deficits and reduced brain Aβ40 and Aβ42, amyloid plaque, brain CTFβ, and brain cathepsin B activity, but increased brain BACE1 activity. We conclude that E64d likely reduces brain Aβ by inhibiting cathepsin B and not BACE1 β-secretase activity and that E64d therefore may have potential for treating AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Hook
- American Life Science Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA 92109, USA.
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30
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Hook V, Funkelstein L, Wegrzyn J, Bark S, Kindy M, Hook G. Cysteine Cathepsins in the secretory vesicle produce active peptides: Cathepsin L generates peptide neurotransmitters and cathepsin B produces beta-amyloid of Alzheimer's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta 2011; 1824:89-104. [PMID: 21925292 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Recent new findings indicate significant biological roles of cysteine cathepsin proteases in secretory vesicles for production of biologically active peptides. Notably, cathepsin L in secretory vesicles functions as a key protease for proteolytic processing of proneuropeptides (and prohormones) into active neuropeptides that are released to mediate cell-cell communication in the nervous system for neurotransmission. Moreover, cathepsin B in secretory vesicles has been recently identified as a β-secretase for production of neurotoxic β- amyloid (Aβ) peptides that accumulate in Alzheimer's disease (AD), participating as a notable factor in the severe memory loss in AD. These secretory vesicle functions of cathepsins L and B for production of biologically active peptides contrast with the well-known role of cathepsin proteases in lysosomes for the degradation of proteins to result in their inactivation. The unique secretory vesicle proteome indicates proteins of distinct functional categories that provide the intravesicular environment for support of cysteine cathepsin functions. Features of the secretory vesicle protein systems insure optimized intravesicular conditions that support the proteolytic activity of cathepsins. These new findings of recently discovered biological roles of cathepsins L and B indicate their significance in human health and disease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Proteolysis 50 years after the discovery of lysosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Hook
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dept. of Neurosciences, Univ. of Calif., San Diego, USA.
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31
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Pirlo RK, Sweeney AJ, Ringeisen BR, Kindy M, Gao BZ. Biochip∕laser cell deposition system to assess polarized axonal growth from single neurons and neuron∕glia pairs in microchannels with novel asymmetrical geometries. Biomicrofluidics 2011; 5:13408. [PMID: 21522498 PMCID: PMC3082345 DOI: 10.1063/1.3552998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Axon path-finding plays an important role in normal and pathogenic brain development as well as in neurological regenerative medicine. In both scenarios, axonal growth is influenced by the microenvironment including the soluble molecules and contact-mediated signaling from guiding cells and cellular matrix. Microfluidic devices are a powerful tool for creating a microenvironment at the single cell level. In this paper, an asymmetrical-channel-based biochip, which can be later incorporated into microfluidic devices for neuronal network study, was developed to investigate geometric as well as supporting cell control of polarized axonal growth in forming a defined neuronal circuitry. A laser cell deposition system was used to place single cells, including neuron-glia pairs, into specific microwells of the device, enabling axonal growth without the influence of cytophilic∕phobic surface patterns. Phase microscopy showed that a novel "snag" channel structure influenced axonal growth in the intended direction 4:1 over the opposite direction. In heterotypic experiments, glial cell influence over the axonal growth path was observed with time-lapse microscopy. Thus, it is shown that single cell and heterotypic neuronal path-finding models can be developed in laser patterned biochips.
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Hook V, Hook G, Kindy M. Pharmacogenetic features of cathepsin B inhibitors that improve memory deficit and reduce beta-amyloid related to Alzheimer's disease. Biol Chem 2010; 391:861-72. [PMID: 20536395 PMCID: PMC4309269 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2010.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Beta-amyloid (Abeta) in the brain is a major factor involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD) that results in severe memory deficit. Our recent studies demonstrate pharmacogenetic differences in the effects of inhibitors of cathepsin B to improve memory and reduce Abeta in different mouse models of AD. The inhibitors improve memory and reduce brain Abeta in mice expressing the wild-type (WT) beta-secretase site of human APP, expressed in most AD patients. However, these inhibitors have no effect in mice expressing the rare Swedish (Swe) mutant amyloid precursor protein (APP). Knockout of the cathepsin B decreased brain Abeta in mice expressing WT APP, validating cathepsin B as the target. The specificity of cathepsin B to cleave the WT beta-secretase site, but not the Swe mutant site, of APP for Abeta production explains the distinct inhibitor responses in the different AD mouse models. In contrast to cathepsin B, the BACE1 beta-secretase prefers to cleave the Swe mutant site. Discussion of BACE1 data in the field indicate that they do not preclude cathepsin B as also being a beta-secretase. Cathepsin B and BACE1 could participate jointly as beta-secretases. Significantly, the majority of AD patients express WT APP and, therefore, inhibitors of cathepsin B represent candidate drugs for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Hook
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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33
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Hook VYH, Kindy M, Reinheckel T, Peters C, Hook G. Genetic cathepsin B deficiency reduces beta-amyloid in transgenic mice expressing human wild-type amyloid precursor protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 386:284-8. [PMID: 19501042 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.05.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Neurotoxic beta-amyloid (Abeta) peptides participate in Alzheimer's disease (AD); therefore, reduction of Abeta generated from APP may provide a therapeutic approach for AD. Gene knockout studies in transgenic mice producing human Abeta may identify targets for reducing Abeta. This study shows that knockout of the cathepsin B gene in mice expressing human wild-type APP (hAPPwt) results in substantial decreases in brain Abeta40 and Abeta42 by 67% and decreases in levels of the C-terminal beta-secretase fragment (CTFbeta) derived from APP. In contrast, knockout of cathepsin B in mice expressing hAPP with the rare Swedish (Swe) and Indiana (Ind) mutations had no effect on Abeta. The difference in reduction of Abeta in hAPPwt mice, but not in hAPPSwe/Ind mice, shows that the transgenic model can affect cathepsin B gene knockout results. Since most AD patients express hAPPwt, these data validate cathepsin B as a target for development of inhibitors to lower Abeta in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Y H Hook
- Depts of Neurosciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0744, USA.
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34
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Hook G, Kindy M, Hook V. P2‐300: Inhibitors of cathepsin B for Alzheimer's disease therapeutics. Alzheimers Dement 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2008.05.1376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vivian Hook
- University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoCAUSA
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35
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Hook VYH, Kindy M, Hook G. Inhibitors of cathepsin B improve memory and reduce beta-amyloid in transgenic Alzheimer disease mice expressing the wild-type, but not the Swedish mutant, beta-secretase site of the amyloid precursor protein. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:7745-53. [PMID: 18184658 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m708362200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Elucidation of Abeta-lowering agents that inhibit processing of the wild-type (WT) beta-secretase amyloid precursor protein (APP) site, present in most Alzheimer disease (AD) patients, is a logical approach for improving memory deficit in AD. The cysteine protease inhibitors CA074Me and E64d were selected by inhibition of beta-secretase activity in regulated secretory vesicles that produce beta-amyloid (Abeta). The regulated secretory vesicle activity, represented by cathepsin B, selectively cleaves the WT beta-secretase site but not the rare Swedish mutant beta-secretase site. In vivo treatment of London APP mice, expressing the WT beta-secretase site, with these inhibitors resulted in substantial improvement in memory deficit assessed by the Morris water maze test. After inhibitor treatment, the improved memory function was accompanied by reduced amyloid plaque load, decreased Abeta40 and Abeta42, and reduced C-terminal beta-secretase fragment derived from APP by beta-secretase. However, the inhibitors had no effects on any of these parameters in mice expressing the Swedish mutant beta-secretase site of APP. The notable efficacy of these inhibitors to improve memory and reduce Abeta in an AD animal model expressing the WT beta-secretase APP site present in the majority of AD patients provides support for CA074Me and E64d inhibitors as potential AD therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Y H Hook
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
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36
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Hook G, Hook VYH, Kindy M. Cysteine protease inhibitors reduce brain beta-amyloid and beta-secretase activity in vivo and are potential Alzheimer's disease therapeutics. Biol Chem 2007; 388:979-83. [PMID: 17696783 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2007.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Beta-secretase inhibitors that lower brain beta-amyloid peptides (Abeta) are likely to be effective for treating Alzheimer's disease (AD). Irreversible epoxysuccinyl cysteine protease inhibitors are known to reduce brain Abeta and beta-secretase activity in the guinea pig model of human Abeta production. In this study, acetyl-L-leucyl-L-valyl-L-lysinal (Ac-LVK-CHO) is also shown to significantly reduce brain Abeta and beta-secretase activity and brain Abeta in the same model. Ac-LVK-CHO is structurally distinct from the epoxysuccinyl inhibitors and is a reversible cysteine protease inhibitor. The results suggest that cysteine protease inhibitors generally, and reversible cysteine protease inhibitors specifically, have potential for development as AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Hook
- American Life Science Pharmaceuticals Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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37
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Abstract
Abnormal accumulation of neurotoxic beta-amyloid peptides (Abeta) in brain represents a key factor in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Identification of small molecules that effectively reduce brain levels of Abeta is important for development of Abeta-lowering agents for AD. In this study, we demonstrate that in vivo Abeta levels in brain are significantly reduced by the cysteine protease inhibitor E64d and the related CA074Me inhibitor, which inhibits cathepsin B. Direct infusion of these inhibitors into brains of guinea pigs resulted in reduced levels of Abeta by 50-70% after 30 days of treatment. Substantial decreases in Abeta also occurred after only 7 days of inhibitor infusion, with a reduction in both Abeta40 and Abeta42 peptide forms. A prominent decrease in Abeta peptides was observed in brain synaptosomal nerve terminal preparations after CA074Me treatment. Analyses of APP-derived proteolytic fragments showed that CA074Me reduced brain levels of the CTFbeta fragment, and increased amounts of the sAPPalpha fragment. These results suggest that CA074Me inhibits Abeta production by modulating APP processing. Animals appeared healthy after treatment with these inhibitors. These results, showing highly effective in vivo decreases in brain Abeta levels by these cysteine protease inhibitors, indicate the feasibility of using related compounds for lowering Abeta in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Hook
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California/San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0744, USA.
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38
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Ertekin-Taner N, Ronald J, Feuk L, Prince J, Tucker M, Younkin L, Hella M, Jain S, Hackett A, Scanlin L, Kelly J, Kihiko-Ehman M, Neltner M, Hersh L, Kindy M, Markesbery W, Hutton M, de Andrade M, Petersen RC, Graff-Radford N, Estus S, Brookes AJ, Younkin SG. Elevated amyloid β protein (Aβ42) and late onset Alzheimer's disease are associated with single nucleotide polymorphisms in the urokinase-type plasminogen activator gene. Hum Mol Genet 2004; 14:447-60. [PMID: 15615772 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddi041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma amyloid beta protein (Abeta42) levels and late onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) have been linked to the same region on chromosome 10q. The PLAU gene within this region encodes urokinase-type plasminogen activator, which converts plasminogen to plasmin. Abeta aggregates induce PLAU expression thereby increasing plasmin, which degrades both aggregated and non-aggregated forms of Abeta. We evaluated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in PLAU for association with Abeta42 and LOAD. PLAU SNP compound genotypes composed of haplotype pairs showed significant association with AD in three independent case-control series. PLAU SNP haplotypes associated significantly with plasma Abeta42 in 10 extended LOAD families. One of the SNPs analyzed was a missense C/T polymorphism in exon 6 of PLAU (PLAU_1=rs2227564), which causes a proline to leucine change (P141L). We analyzed PLAU_1 for association with AD in six case-control series and 24 extended LOAD families. The CT and TT PLAU_1 genotypes showed association (P=0.05) with an overall estimated odds ratio of 1.2 (1.0-1.5). The CT and TT genotypes of PLAU_1 were also associated with significant age-dependent elevation of plasma Abeta42 in 24 extended LOAD families (P=0.0006). In knockout mice lacking the PLAU gene, plasma--but not brain--Abeta42 as well as Abeta40 was significantly elevated, also in an age-dependent manner. The PLAU_1 associations were independent of the associations we found among plasma Abeta42, LOAD and variants in the IDE or VR22 region. These results provide strong evidence that PLAU or a nearby gene is involved in the development of LOAD. PLAU_1 is a plausible pathogenic mutation that could act by increasing Abeta42, but additional biological experiments are required to show this definitively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilüfer Ertekin-Taner
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
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39
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Arancio O, Zhang HP, Chen X, Lin C, Trinchese F, Puzzo D, Liu S, Hegde A, Yan SF, Stern A, Luddy JS, Lue LF, Walker DG, Roher A, Buttini M, Mucke L, Li W, Schmidt AM, Kindy M, Hyslop PA, Stern DM, Du Yan SS. RAGE potentiates Abeta-induced perturbation of neuronal function in transgenic mice. EMBO J 2004; 23:4096-105. [PMID: 15457210 PMCID: PMC524347 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2004] [Accepted: 08/25/2004] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor for Advanced Glycation Endproducts (RAGE), a multiligand receptor in the immunoglobulin superfamily, functions as a signal-transducing cell surface acceptor for amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta). In view of increased neuronal expression of RAGE in Alzheimer's disease, a murine model was developed to assess the impact of RAGE in an Abeta-rich environment, employing transgenics (Tgs) with targeted neuronal overexpression of RAGE and mutant amyloid precursor protein (APP). Double Tgs (mutant APP (mAPP)/RAGE) displayed early abnormalities in spatial learning/memory, accompanied by altered activation of markers of synaptic plasticity and exaggerated neuropathologic findings, before such changes were found in mAPP mice. In contrast, Tg mice bearing a dominant-negative RAGE construct targeted to neurons crossed with mAPP animals displayed preservation of spatial learning/memory and diminished neuropathologic changes. These data indicate that RAGE is a cofactor for Abeta-induced neuronal perturbation in a model of Alzheimer's-type pathology, and suggest its potential as a therapeutic target to ameliorate cellular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ottavio Arancio
- Department of Psychiatry, Physiology and Neuroscience, Dementia Research Center, Nathan Kline Institute, New York University School of Medicine, NY, USA
| | - Hui Ping Zhang
- Departments of Pathology and Surgery, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, NY, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Neurology, New York University, NY, USA
| | - Chang Lin
- Departments of Pathology and Surgery, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, NY, USA
| | - Fabrizio Trinchese
- Department of Psychiatry, Physiology and Neuroscience, Dementia Research Center, Nathan Kline Institute, New York University School of Medicine, NY, USA
| | - Daniela Puzzo
- Department of Psychiatry, Physiology and Neuroscience, Dementia Research Center, Nathan Kline Institute, New York University School of Medicine, NY, USA
| | - Shumin Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Physiology and Neuroscience, Dementia Research Center, Nathan Kline Institute, New York University School of Medicine, NY, USA
| | - Ashok Hegde
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Shi Fang Yan
- Departments of Pathology and Surgery, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, NY, USA
| | - Alan Stern
- Departments of Pathology and Surgery, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, NY, USA
| | - John S Luddy
- Departments of Pathology and Surgery, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, NY, USA
| | - Lih-Fen Lue
- Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, USA
| | | | - Alex Roher
- Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, USA
| | - Manuel Buttini
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease and Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lennart Mucke
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease and Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Weiying Li
- Department of Neurosciences, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ann Marie Schmidt
- Departments of Pathology and Surgery, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, NY, USA
| | - Mark Kindy
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Neuroscience Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Paul A Hyslop
- Department of Neurosciences, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - David M Stern
- School of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Shirley Shi Du Yan
- Departments of Pathology and Surgery, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, NY, USA
- Departments of Pathology and Surgery, Taub Institute for Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians & Surgeons of Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA. Tel.: +1 212 305 3958; Fax: +1 12 305 5337; E-mail:
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40
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Marr RA, Guan H, Rockenstein E, Kindy M, Gage FH, Verma I, Masliah E, Hersh LB. Neprilysin regulates amyloid Beta peptide levels. J Mol Neurosci 2004; 22:5-11. [PMID: 14742905 DOI: 10.1385/jmn:22:1-2:5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2003] [Accepted: 08/18/2003] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
That neprilysin (NEP) is a major Abeta peptide-degrading enzyme in vivo is shown by higher Abeta peptide levels in the brain of an NEP knockout mouse. In addition, we show that infusion of an NEPinhibitor, but not inhibitors of other peptidases, into the brains of an APP transgenic mouse elevates Abeta levels. We have investigated the use of NEP as a potential therapeutic agent to prevent the accumulation of Abeta peptides in the brain. Lentivirus expressing NEP was initially used to demonstrate the ability of the enzyme to reduce Abeta levels in a model CHO cell line and to make primary hippocampal neurons resistant to Abeta-mediated neurotoxicity. Injection of NEPexpressing lentivirus, but not inactive NEP-expressing lentivirus, GFP-expressing lentivirus, or vehicle, into the hippocampus of 12-20-mo-old hAPP transgenic mice led to an approx 50% reduction in the number of amyloid plaques. These studies provide the impetus for further investigating of the use of NEP in a gene transfer therapy paradigm to prevent the accumulation of Abeta and prevent or delay the onset of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Marr
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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41
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Deane R, Du Yan S, Submamaryan RK, LaRue B, Jovanovic S, Hogg E, Welch D, Manness L, Lin C, Yu J, Zhu H, Ghiso J, Frangione B, Stern A, Schmidt AM, Armstrong DL, Arnold B, Liliensiek B, Nawroth P, Hofman F, Kindy M, Stern D, Zlokovic B. RAGE mediates amyloid-beta peptide transport across the blood-brain barrier and accumulation in brain. Nat Med 2003; 9:907-13. [PMID: 12808450 DOI: 10.1038/nm890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1050] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2003] [Accepted: 05/28/2003] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta) interacts with the vasculature to influence Abeta levels in the brain and cerebral blood flow, providing a means of amplifying the Abeta-induced cellular stress underlying neuronal dysfunction and dementia. Systemic Abeta infusion and studies in genetically manipulated mice show that Abeta interaction with receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE)-bearing cells in the vessel wall results in transport of Abeta across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and expression of proinflammatory cytokines and endothelin-1 (ET-1), the latter mediating Abeta-induced vasoconstriction. Inhibition of RAGE-ligand interaction suppresses accumulation of Abeta in brain parenchyma in a mouse transgenic model. These findings suggest that vascular RAGE is a target for inhibiting pathogenic consequences of Abeta-vascular interactions, including development of cerebral amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashid Deane
- Frank P. Smith Laboratories for Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery and Division of Neurovascular Biology, Center for Aging and Developmental Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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42
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Affiliation(s)
- G William Rebeck
- Alzheimer Research Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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43
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Wyss-Coray T, McConlogue L, Kindy M, Schmidt AM, Du Yan S, Stern DM. Key signaling pathways regulate the biological activities and accumulation of amyloid-beta. Neurobiol Aging 2001; 22:967-73. [PMID: 11755005 DOI: 10.1016/s0197-4580(01)00305-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Wyss-Coray
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease and Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94141, USA.
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44
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Ely S, Bonatesta R, Ancsin JB, Kindy M, Kisilevsky R. The in-vitro influence of serum amyloid A isoforms on enzymes that regulate the balance between esterified and un-esterified cholesterol. Amyloid 2001; 8:169-81. [PMID: 11676294 DOI: 10.3109/13506120109007360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular balance between un-esterified and esterified cholesterol is regulated by two enzyme activities, cholesterol ester hydrolases, which drive the balance in favor of un-esterified cholesterol, and acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyl transferase (ACAT) which acts in the opposite direction. During acute inflammation apo-serum amyloid A (apoSAA) isoforms 1.1 and 2.1 become major constituents of high density lipoprotein and this complex is internalized by macrophages. Mixtures of the two isoforms have been shown to enhance cholesterol esterase activity. Using a purified form of the pancreatic enzyme we have explored the mechanism by which apoSAA may accomplish this stimulation. The pancreatic esterase cleaves cholesteryl-oleate with a Km of 0.255 mM, releasing both cholesterol and oleate. Cholesterol exhibits a product inhibition which is relieved by isoform 2.1 but not 1.1 nor apolipoprotein A-I. The NH2-terminal 16 residues of isoform 2.1 had no effect on the esterase, but the 80 residue peptide constituting its COOH-terminus possessed the stimulatory property. Purified isoforms 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, apolipoprotein A-I, the NH2-terminal 16 residues and COOH-terminal 80 residues of isoform 2.1 were also examined for their effects on macrophage ACAT activity. Isoforms 2.1 and 2.2 produced dose dependent inhibitions of up to 50%, (p<0.001). Isoform 1.1, and apoA-I had no effect on ACAT activity. The NH2-terminal 16 residue peptide of isoform 2.1 reduced the ACAT activity in a dose dependent manner by 74% (p<0.001), whereas the COOH-terminal 80 residues, in contrast to its enhancing effect on the esterase, had no inhibitory effect on ACAT. Such complementary but opposite effects of isoform 2.1 on ACAT and the esterase are consistent with a role for this protein in shifting the balance between unesterified (transportable) and esterified (storage) forms of cholesterol in favor of the latter. They suggest that apoSAA2.1 may mediate cholesterol mobilization at sites of tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ely
- Department of Pathology, Queen's University, Kingston General Hospital, Ontario, Canada
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45
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Lauderback CM, Hackett JM, Keller JN, Varadarajan S, Szweda L, Kindy M, Markesbery WR, Butterfield DA. Vulnerability of synaptosomes from apoE knock-out mice to structural and oxidative modifications induced by A beta(1-40): implications for Alzheimer's disease. Biochemistry 2001; 40:2548-54. [PMID: 11327877 DOI: 10.1021/bi002312k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (apoE) plays an important role in the response to central nervous system injury. The e4 allele of apoE and amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta) are associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and may be central to the pathogenesis of this disorder. Recent studies demonstrate evidence for neurodegeneration and increased lipid peroxidation in transgenic mice lacking apoE (KO). In the current study, synaptosomes were prepared from apoE KO mice to determine the role of apoE in synaptic membrane structure and to determine susceptibility to oxidative damage by Abeta(1-40). ApoE KO mice exhibited structural modifications to lipid and protein components of synaptosomal membranes as determined by electron paramagnetic resonance in conjunction with lipid- and protein- specific spin labels. Incubation with 5 microM Abeta(1-40) resulted in more severe oxidative modifications to proteins and lipids in apoE KO synaptosomes as measured by protein carbonyls, an index of protein oxidation, and TBARs and protein-bound 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), markers of lipid oxidation. Together, these data support a role for apoE in the modulation of oxidative injury and in the maintenance of synaptic integrity and are discussed with reference to alterations in AD brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Lauderback
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
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46
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Yan SD, Zhu H, Zhu A, Golabek A, Du H, Roher A, Yu J, Soto C, Schmidt AM, Stern D, Kindy M. Receptor-dependent cell stress and amyloid accumulation in systemic amyloidosis. Nat Med 2000; 6:643-51. [PMID: 10835680 DOI: 10.1038/76216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of fibrils composed of amyloid A in tissues resulting in displacement of normal structures and cellular dysfunction is the characteristic feature of systemic amyloidoses. Here we show that RAGE, a multiligand immunoglobulin superfamily cell surface molecule, is a receptor for the amyloidogenic form of serum amyloid A. Interactions between RAGE and amyloid A induced cellular perturbation. In a mouse model, amyloid A accumulation, evidence of cell stress and expression of RAGE were closely linked. Antagonizing RAGE suppressed cell stress and amyloid deposition in mouse spleens. These data indicate that RAGE is a potential target for inhibiting accumulation of amyloid A and for limiting cellular dysfunction induced by amyloid A.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Yan
- Departments of Pathology, Physiology, and Surgery, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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47
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Banka CL, Yuan T, de Beer MC, Kindy M, Curtiss LK, de Beer FC. Serum amyloid A (SAA): influence on HDL-mediated cellular cholesterol efflux. J Lipid Res 1995; 36:1058-65. [PMID: 7658153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Normal high density lipoprotein (N-HDL) is remodeled during acute phase (AP) reactions by the association of serum amyloid A (SAA) and the depletion of apolipoprotein (apo) A-I. To determine the impact of this remodeling on HDL function, the capacities of N-HDL and AP-HDL to associate with and promote cholesterol efflux from human monocytic THP-1 cells were compared. THP-1 cells preferentially bound AP-HDL compared with N-HDL. Examination of the AP-HDL particles bound to THP-1 cells revealed a disproportionate association of an apoSAA-enriched, apoA-I-depleted subpopulation compared with the composition of the starting material. However, N-HDL and AP-HDL promoted cholesterol efflux from THP-1 cells equally efficiently and in a dose-dependent manner. When N-HDL was experimentally remodeled with apoSAA to achieve an apoprotein composition similar to that of the preferentially bound particles, cellular cholesterol efflux was reduced by 30%. The remodelling of HDL with apoSAA during the acute phase reaction alters cholesterol efflux only when apoSAA constitutes more than 50% of the HDL protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Banka
- Department of Immunology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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48
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Banka CL, Yuan T, de Beer MC, Kindy M, Curtiss LK, de Beer FC. Serum amyloid A (SAA): influence on HDL-mediated cellular cholesterol efflux. J Lipid Res 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)39863-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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49
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Garner LK, Mendelson B, Albers KM, Kindy M, Overbeck TL, Davis BM. Ontogeny and effect of activity on proenkephalin mRNA expression during development of the chick spinal cord. J Comp Neurol 1994; 347:36-46. [PMID: 7798381 DOI: 10.1002/cne.903470104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown in the adult nervous system that mRNA expression can be regulated by neuronal activity. To examine the effect of activity during embryogenesis, the ontogeny of proenkephalin mRNA expression and expression following activity blockade was investigated during development of chick spinal cord. A cDNA fragment (ca. 0.5 kb) coding for chick proenkephalin was cloned and sequenced. With this cDNA, a cRNA probe was made to examine proenkephalin mRNA expression in the spinal cord during embryogenesis. Proenkephalin mRNA was expressed in spinal cord in clusters of cells located in the developing dorsal horn and intermediate lamina at the earliest stages examined (stage 22; E4). Proenkephalin-positive cells in the intermediate lamina were located immediately adjacent to the ventricular zone. At stage 28 (E6) an additional cluster of proenkephalin mRNA-positive cells was seen at the lateral border of the developing intermediate lamina. At stage 33 (E7.5-5-8) the pattern of hybridization positive cells was similar to earlier stages, but individual cells could be identified. At stage 39 (E13) densely labeled cells were seen throughout the dorsal horn and intermediate laminae including the column of Terni. To determine whether neural activity affects proenkephalin mRNA expression, d-tubocurarine (an inhibitor of neural activity) was injected into developing embryos. Following administration of d-tubocurarine a dramatic decrease was seen in proenkephalin mRNA hybridization in the dorsal horn and intermediate lamina of the spinal cord. This study demonstrates in vivo that changes in the level of neural activity can alter gene expression during embryogenesis and suggests that activity is required for expression of nervous system-specific genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Garner
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40536
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50
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Liao F, Lusis AJ, Berliner JA, Fogelman AM, Kindy M, de Beer MC, de Beer FC. Serum amyloid A protein family. Differential induction by oxidized lipids in mouse strains. Arterioscler Thromb 1994; 14:1475-9. [PMID: 8068610 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.14.9.1475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
During inflammation, serum amyloid A (SAA) protein increases up to 1000-fold and can become a major component of high-density lipoprotein (HDL). We have identified a new apolipoprotein molecule (SAA5) as a distinct member of the SAA family. It differs from the inflammatory isotypes (SAA1, SAA2, and SAA3) not only in structure but in the fact that it is constitutive on normal HDL where it accounts for more than 90% of total SAA. Whereas all members of the SAA family, including SAA5, responded to endotoxin administration, SAA5 contrasted with other SAAs in its resistance to induction either by a high-fat, high-cholesterol atherogenic diet or the injection of mildly oxidized LDL (MM-LDL). These data provide further evidence that the induction of inflammatory molecules by oxidized lipids is selective. In atherosclerosis-susceptible C57BL/6 mice and atherosclerosis-resistant C3H/HeJ mice, the inflammatory SAA isotypes (SAA1, SAA2, and SAA3) responded in a strain-specific manner to oxidized lipids either generated with feeding of the atherogenic diet or introduced by MM-LDL injection. We hypothesize that the constitutive SAA5 molecules on normal HDL may contribute to its normal physiological role and that the dramatic induction of the inflammatory SAA subfamily equips the particle for an altered yet related functional role appropriate to the inflammatory state.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Liao
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) School of Medicine
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