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Rizzo MG, De Plano LM, Palermo N, Franco D, Nicolò M, Sciuto EL, Calabrese G, Oddo S, Conoci S, Guglielmino SPP. A Novel Serum-Based Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease Using an Advanced Phage-Based Biochip. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2023:e2301650. [PMID: 37150869 PMCID: PMC10375152 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202301650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
55 million people worldwide suffer from Alzheimer's disease (AD). A definitive diagnosis of AD is made postmortem after a neuropathological examination of the brain. There is an urgent need for an innovative, noninvasive methodology that allows for an early and reliable diagnosis. Several engineered phages that recognized Aβ-autoantibodies present in the sera of AD patients are previously identified. Here, novel phages are tested for their ability to accurately discriminate AD sera using immunophage-polymerase chain reaction in a miniatured biochip. It is found that five of the six phages analyzed discriminate between healthy controls and AD patients. Further, by combining the response of two phages, non-AD and severe AD cases are identified with 100% accuracy and mild-to-moderate cases with 90% accuracy. While the number of cases used here are relatively small and can be confirmed in larger cohorts, this first-of-a-kind system represents an innovative methodology with the potential of having a major impact in the AD field: from a clinical perspective, it can aid physicians in making an accurate AD diagnosis; from a research perspective, it can be used as a surrogate for AD clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Giovanna Rizzo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, Messina, 98166, Italy
| | - Laura Maria De Plano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, Messina, 98166, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Palermo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, Messina, 98166, Italy
| | - Domenico Franco
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, Messina, 98166, Italy
| | - Marco Nicolò
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, Messina, 98166, Italy
| | - Emanuele Luigi Sciuto
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, Messina, 98166, Italy
| | - Giovanna Calabrese
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, Messina, 98166, Italy
| | - Salvatore Oddo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, Messina, 98166, Italy
| | - Sabrina Conoci
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, Messina, 98166, Italy
- Department of Chemistry G. Ciamician - Via F. Selmi 2, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy
- LAB Sense Beyond Nano - DSFTM CNR, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, Messina, 98166, Italy
- STMicroelectronics, Stradale Primosole 50, Catania, 95121, Italy
| | - Salvatore P P Guglielmino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, Messina, 98166, Italy
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Sajan MP, Leitges M, Park C, Diamond DM, Wu J, Hansen BC, Duncan MA, Apostolatos CA, Apostolatos AH, Kindy M, Farese RV. Control of β-Site Amyloid Precursor Protein-Cleaving Enzyme-1 Expression by Protein Kinase C-λ/ι and Nuclear Factor κ-B. Curr Alzheimer Res 2021; 18:941-955. [PMID: 34951366 DOI: 10.2174/1567205019666211222120448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Βackground: β-Amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme-1 (BACE1) initiates the production of Aβ-peptides that form Aβ-plaque in Alzheimer's disease. METHODS Reportedly, acute insulin treatment in normal mice, and hyperinsulinemia in high-fat-fed (HFF) obese/diabetic mice, increase BACE1 activity and levels of Aβ-peptides and phospho- -thr-231-tau in the brain; moreover, these effects are blocked by PKC-λ/ι inhibitors. However, as chemical inhibitors may affect unsuspected targets, we presently used knockout methodology to further examine PKC-λ/ι requirements. We found that total-body heterozygous PKC-λ knockout reduced acute stimulatory effects of insulin and chronic effects of hyperinsulinemia in HFF/obese/diabetic mice, on brain PKC-λ activity and production of Aβ1-40/42 and phospho-thr-231-tau. This protection in HFF mice may reflect that hepatic PKC-λ haploinsufficiency prevents the development of glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinemia. RESULTS On the other hand, heterozygous knockout of PKC-λ markedly reduced brain levels of BACE1 protein and mRNA, and this may reflect diminished activation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NFκB), which is activated by PKC-λ and increases BACE1 and proinflammatory cytokine transcription. Accordingly, whereas intravenous administration of aPKC inhibitor diminished aPKC activity and BACE1 levels by 50% in the brain and 90% in the liver, nasally-administered inhibitor reduced aPKC activity and BACE1 mRNA and protein levels by 50-70% in the brain while sparing the liver. Additionally, 24-hour insulin treatment in cultured human-derived neurons increased NFκB activity and BACE1 levels, and these effects were blocked by various PKC-λ/ι inhibitors. CONCLUSION PKC-λ/ι controls NFκB activity and BACE1 expression; PKC-λ/ι inhibitors may be used nasally to target brain PKC-λ/ι or systemically to block both liver and brain PKC-λ/ι, to regulate NFκB-dependent BACE1 and proinflammatory cytokine expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mini P Sajan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, FL. United States
| | - Michael Leitges
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine; Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John`s, Newfoundland, CanadaA1B 3V64Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, FL. United States
| | - Colin Park
- Departments of Psychology and Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, FL. United States
| | - David M Diamond
- Departments of Psychology and Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, FL. United States
| | - Jin Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tampa . United States
| | - Barbara C Hansen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, FL. United States
| | - Mildred A Duncan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, FL. United States
| | - Christopher A Apostolatos
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, FL. United States
| | - Andre H Apostolatos
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, FL. United States
| | - Mark Kindy
- Research Service, James A. Haley Veterans Medical Center, Tampa, Florida, FL. United States
| | - Robert V Farese
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, FL. United States
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Yi C, Goh KY, Wong LW, Ramanujan A, Tanaka K, Sajikumar S, Ibáñez CF. Inactive variants of death receptor p75 NTR reduce Alzheimer's neuropathology by interfering with APP internalization. EMBO J 2020; 40:e104450. [PMID: 33258176 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020104450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A prevalent model of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis postulates the generation of neurotoxic fragments derived from the amyloid precursor protein (APP) after its internalization to endocytic compartments. The molecular pathways that regulate APP internalization and intracellular trafficking in neurons are incompletely understood. Here, we report that 5xFAD mice, an animal model of AD, expressing signaling-deficient variants of the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR ) show greater neuroprotection from AD neuropathology than animals lacking this receptor. p75NTR knock-in mice lacking the death domain or transmembrane Cys259 showed lower levels of Aβ species, amyloid plaque burden, gliosis, mitochondrial stress, and neurite dystrophy than global knock-outs. Strikingly, long-term synaptic plasticity and memory, which are completely disrupted in 5xFAD mice, were fully recovered in the knock-in mice. Mechanistically, we found that p75NTR interacts with APP at the plasma membrane and regulates its internalization and intracellular trafficking in hippocampal neurons. Inactive p75NTR variants internalized considerably slower than wild-type p75NTR and showed increased association with the recycling pathway, thereby reducing APP internalization and co-localization with BACE1, the critical protease for generation of neurotoxic APP fragments, favoring non-amyloidogenic APP cleavage. These results reveal a novel pathway that directly and specifically regulates APP internalization, amyloidogenic processing, and disease progression, and suggest that inhibitors targeting the p75NTR transmembrane domain may be an effective therapeutic strategy in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenju Yi
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore.,Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Ket Yin Goh
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore.,Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Lik-Wei Wong
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore.,Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Ajeena Ramanujan
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore.,Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Kazuhiro Tanaka
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore.,Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Sreedharan Sajikumar
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore.,Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Carlos F Ibáñez
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore.,Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study, Wallenberg Research Centre at Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Stoye NM, Dos Santos Guilherme M, Endres K. Alzheimer's disease in the gut-Major changes in the gut of 5xFAD model mice with ApoA1 as potential key player. FASEB J 2020; 34:11883-11899. [PMID: 32681583 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201903128rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) affects around 33 million people worldwide, which makes it the most prominent form of dementia. The main focus of AD research has been on the central nervous system (CNS) for long, but in recent years, the gut gained more attention. The intestinal tract is innervated by the enteric nervous system (ENS), built of numerous different types of neurons showing great similarity to neurons of the CNS. It already has been demonstrated that the amyloid precursor protein, which plays a major role in AD pathology, is also expressed in these cells. We analyzed gut tissue of AD model mice (5xFAD) and the respective wild-type littermates at different pathological stages: pre-pathological, early pathological and late pathological. Our results show significant difference in function of the intestine of 5xFAD mice as compared to wild-type mice. Using a pathway array detecting 84 AD-related gene products, we found ApoA1 expression significantly altered in colon tissue of 5xFAD mice. Furthermore, we unveil ApoA1's beneficial impact on cell viability and calcium homeostasis of cultured enteric neurons of 5xFAD animals. With this study, we demonstrate that the intestine is altered in AD-like pathology and that ApoA1 might be one key player within the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai M Stoye
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Malena Dos Santos Guilherme
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kristina Endres
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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Kovacs GG, Lee VM, Trojanowski JQ. Protein astrogliopathies in human neurodegenerative diseases and aging. Brain Pathol 2018; 27:675-690. [PMID: 28805003 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by progressive dysfunction and loss of neurons associated with depositions of pathologically altered proteins showing hierarchical involvement of brain regions. The role of astrocytes in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases is explored as contributors to neuronal degeneration or neuroprotection pathways, and also as potential mediators of the transcellular spreading of disease-associated proteins. Protein astrogliopathy (PAG), including deposition of amyloid-β, prion protein, tau, α-synuclein, and very rarely transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) is not unprecedented or unusual in neurodegenerative diseases. Morphological characterization of PAG is considered, however, only for the neuropathological diagnosis and classification of tauopathies. Astrocytic tau pathology is seen in primary frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) associated with tau pathologies (FTLD-Tau), and also in the form of aging-related tau astrogliopathy (ARTAG). Importantly, ARTAG shares common features with primary FTLD-Tau as well as with the astroglial tau pathologies that are thought to be hallmarks of a brain injury-related tauopathy known as chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). Supported by experimental observations, the morphological variability of PAG might reflect distinct pathogenic involvement of different astrocytic populations. PAG might indicate astrocytic contribution to spreading or clearance of disease-associated proteins, however, this might lead to astrocytic dysfunction and eventually contribute to the degeneration of neurons. Here, we review recent advances in understanding ARTAG and other related forms of PAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabor G Kovacs
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Virginia M Lee
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Institute on Aging and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine of the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Institute on Aging and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine of the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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Abstract
Aggregation of the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide is strongly correlated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent research has improved our understanding of the kinetics of amyloid fibril assembly and revealed new details regarding different stages in plaque formation. Presently, interest is turning toward studying this process in a holistic context, focusing on cellular components which interact with the Aβ peptide at various junctures during aggregation, from monomer to cross-β amyloid fibrils. However, even in isolation, a multitude of factors including protein purity, pH, salt content, and agitation affect Aβ fibril formation and deposition, often producing complicated and conflicting results. The failure of numerous inhibitors in clinical trials for AD suggests that a detailed examination of the complex interactions that occur during plaque formation, including binding of carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and metal ions, is important for understanding the diversity of manifestations of the disease. Unraveling how a variety of key macromolecular modulators interact with the Aβ peptide and change its aggregation properties may provide opportunities for developing therapies. Since no protein acts in isolation, the interplay of these diverse molecules may differentiate disease onset, progression, and severity, and thus are worth careful consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Stewart
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Sheena E Radford
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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Kirouac L, Rajic AJ, Cribbs DH, Padmanabhan J. Activation of Ras-ERK Signaling and GSK-3 by Amyloid Precursor Protein and Amyloid Beta Facilitates Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's Disease. eNeuro 2017; 4:ENEURO. [PMID: 28374012 DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0149-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that amyloid β (Aβ) generated from amyloid precursor protein (APP) oligomerizes and fibrillizes to form neuritic plaques in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), yet little is known about the contribution of APP to intracellular signaling events preceding AD pathogenesis. The data presented here demonstrate that APP expression and neuronal exposure to oligomeric Aβ42 enhance Ras/ERK signaling cascade and glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) activation. We find that RNA interference (RNAi)-directed knockdown of APP in B103 rat neuroblastoma cells expressing APP inhibits Ras-ERK signaling and GSK-3 activation, indicating that APP acts upstream of these signal transduction events. Both ERK and GSK-3 are known to induce hyperphosphorylation of tau and APP at Thr668, and our findings suggest that aberrant signaling by APP facilitates these events. Supporting this notion, analysis of human AD brain samples showed increased expression of Ras, activation of GSK-3, and phosphorylation of APP and tau, which correlated with Aβ levels in the AD brains. Furthermore, treatment of primary rat neurons with Aβ recapitulated these events and showed enhanced Ras-ERK signaling, GSK-3 activation, upregulation of cyclin D1, and phosphorylation of APP and tau. The finding that Aβ induces Thr668 phosphorylation on APP, which enhances APP proteolysis and Aβ generation, denotes a vicious feedforward mechanism by which APP and Aβ promote tau hyperphosphorylation and neurodegeneration in AD. Based on these results, we hypothesize that aberrant proliferative signaling by APP plays a fundamental role in AD neurodegeneration and that inhibition of this would impede cell cycle deregulation and neurodegeneration observed in AD.
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Chaput D, Kirouac L, Stevens SM, Padmanabhan J. Potential role of PCTAIRE-2, PCTAIRE-3 and P-Histone H4 in amyloid precursor protein-dependent Alzheimer pathology. Oncotarget 2017; 7:8481-97. [PMID: 26885753 PMCID: PMC4890981 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) is regulated in a mitosis-specific manner and plays a role in proliferative signaling in cells. Though APP-derived Aβ generation has a well-established role in neurodegeneration, the mechanistic role of APP in this process is not fully understood. Here, we performed an unbiased, comprehensive analysis of the phosphoproteome signature in APP-null neuroblastoma cells (B103) compared to those expressing APP-695 isoform (B103-695) to determine if APP expression affects protein phosphorylation. Stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) followed by mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomic analysis with PolyMAC identified a total of 2,478 phosphopeptides in the B103 and B103-695 cell culture model system. We observed that phosphorylation of PCTAIRE-2 (CDK17), PCTAIRE-3 (CDK18), and Histone H4 are significantly elevated in B103-695 cells; western blot analysis confirmed overexpression of PCTAIREs and increased phosphorylation of Histone H4. More importantly, analysis of primary neurons treated with Aβ, as well as brain samples from MCI (mild cognitive impaired) and AD patients recapitulated these results, showing increased levels of PCTAIREs and P-Histone H4. These novel findings identify a hitherto uncharacterized mechanism by which APP and/or Aβ may promote AD neurodegeneration, and raises the possibility that their inhibition may protect against pathology development in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale Chaput
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Lisa Kirouac
- Department of Molecular Medicine, USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Stanley M Stevens
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jaya Padmanabhan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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