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Morningstar MW, DuRussel B. Differences in Pubertal Curve Progression among Females with Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Using Pregnenolone Therapy: A Retrospective Case-Controlled Series. J Clin Med 2024; 13:788. [PMID: 38337480 PMCID: PMC10856785 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13030788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Differences in hormone metabolism have been observed in children with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. These differences have been offered as underlying reasons for rapid curve progression during puberty. This study retrospectively compared two groups of females with a history of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. They were seen for initial presentation prior to menarche, or within 2 months after menarche, and they were followed up 1 year after first menarche. Methods: All patients in both groups underwent baseline salivary hormone testing to identify any hormone imbalances. The control group was composed of females with curves between 10 and 25 degrees and maintained an observation-only management strategy. The treatment group showed baseline curve measurements ranging from 10 to 23 degrees, and additionally took pregnenolone daily for 12 months. Results: At one-year follow-up, the treatment group showed curve measurements ranging from 13 to 24 degrees, while the control group ranged from 16 to 29 degrees (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The study showed that adolescent females taking pregnenolone daily for low progesterone had reduced scoliosis curve progression over 1 year compared to controls.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brooke DuRussel
- Lyman Briggs College and the Department of Natural Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
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2
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The role of pineal gland volume in the development of scoliosis. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2023; 32:181-189. [PMID: 36374335 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-022-07452-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is believed to be caused by genetic, neurological, osseous growth anomalies, histological variables including muscle fiber percentage and core structure changes, metabolic and hormonal dysfunction, vestibular dysfunction, and platelet microarchitecture. The objective of this study was to contribute to the determination of the cause of AIS by analyzing the changes in pineal gland volume in AIS cases. METHODS Study (AIS) and control group were each comprised of 26 patients who met the inclusion requirements. Scoliosis radiograph and MRI of the pineal glands were used for radiological examinations. The distribution of age, gender, Risser grading for skeletal radiological development, and sexual maturation according to Tanner categorization were uniform and statistically insignificant between groups. RESULTS When the pineal gland volumes of the cases were evaluated according to age, the AIS group was found to have significantly reduced pineal gland volumes in all age groups. The pineal gland volume was found to be 38.1% lower in the AIS group compared to the control group (p˂0.001). In the AIS group, patients aged 13 years had the lowest pineal gland volume (77.2 ± 13.86 mm3), while patients aged 15 years had the highest volume (97.9 ± 16.47 mm3). CONCLUSION Changes in pineal gland volume support the role of the pineal gland in the etiopathogenesis of AIS.
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Current models to understand the onset and progression of scoliotic deformities in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a systematic review. Spine Deform 2022; 11:545-558. [PMID: 36454530 DOI: 10.1007/s43390-022-00618-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To create an updated and comprehensive overview of the modeling studies that have been done to understand the mechanics underlying deformities of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), to predict the risk of curve progression and thereby substantiate etiopathogenetic theories. METHODS In this systematic review, an online search in Scopus and PubMed together with an analysis in secondary references was done, which yielded 86 studies. The modeling types were extracted and the studies were categorized accordingly. RESULTS Animal modeling, together with machine learning modeling, forms the category of black box models. This category is perceived as the most clinically relevant. While animal models provide a tangible idea of the biomechanical effects in scoliotic deformities, machine learning modeling was found to be the best curve-progression predictor. The second category, that of artificial models, has, just as animal modeling, a tangible model as a result, but focusses more on the biomechanical process of the scoliotic deformity. The third category is formed by computational models, which are very popular in etiopathogenetic parameter-based studies. They are also the best in calculating stresses and strains on vertebrae, intervertebral discs, and other surrounding tissues. CONCLUSION This study presents a comprehensive overview of the current modeling techniques to understand the mechanics of the scoliotic deformities, predict the risk of curve progression in AIS and thereby substantiate etiopathogenetic theories. Although AIS remains to be seen as a complex and multifactorial problem, the progression of its deformity can be predicted with good accuracy. Modeling of AIS develops rapidly and may lead to the identification of risk factors and mitigation strategies in the near future. The overview presented provides a basis to follow this development.
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Xie H, Li M, Kang Y, Zhang J, Zhao C. Zebrafish: an important model for understanding scoliosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:506. [PMID: 36059018 PMCID: PMC9441191 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04534-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Scoliosis is a common spinal deformity that considerably affects the physical and psychological health of patients. Studies have shown that genetic factors play an important role in scoliosis. However, its etiopathogenesis remain unclear, partially because of the genetic heterogeneity of scoliosis and the lack of appropriate model systems. Recently, the development of efficient gene editing methods and high-throughput sequencing technology has made it possible to explore the underlying pathological mechanisms of scoliosis. Owing to their susceptibility for developing scoliosis and high genetic homology with human, zebrafish are increasingly being used as a model for scoliosis in developmental biology, genetics, and clinical medicine. Here, we summarize the recent advances in scoliosis research on zebrafish and discuss the prospects of using zebrafish as a scoliosis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Xie
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University and Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Disease of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China.,Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266003, China.,Sars-Fang Centre, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Mingzhu Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University and Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Disease of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China
| | - Yunsi Kang
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266003, China.,Sars-Fang Centre, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University and Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Disease of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China. .,The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, 524023, China.
| | - Chengtian Zhao
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China. .,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266003, China. .,Sars-Fang Centre, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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5
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Terhune EA, Monley AM, Cuevas MT, Wethey CI, Gray RS, Hadley-Miller N. Genetic animal modeling for idiopathic scoliosis research: history and considerations. Spine Deform 2022; 10:1003-1016. [PMID: 35430722 DOI: 10.1007/s43390-022-00488-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Idiopathic scoliosis (IS) is defined as a structural lateral spinal curvature ≥ 10° in otherwise healthy children and is the most common pediatric spinal deformity. IS is known to have a strong genetic component; however, the underlying etiology is still largely unknown. Animal models have been used historically to both understand and develop treatments for human disease, including within the context of IS. This intended audience for this review is clinicians in the fields of musculoskeletal surgery and research. METHODS In this review article, we synthesize current literature of genetic animal models of IS and introduce considerations for researchers. RESULTS Due to complex genetic and unique biomechanical factors (i.e., bipedalism) hypothesized to contribute to IS in humans, scoliosis is a difficult condition to replicate in model organisms. CONCLUSION We advocate careful selection of animal models based on the scientific question and introduce gaps and limitations in the current literature. We advocate future research efforts to include animal models with multiple characterized genetic or environmental perturbations to reflect current understanding of the human condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Terhune
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Ave., P18-3105, MS 8343, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Anna M Monley
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Ave., P18-3105, MS 8343, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.,Musculoskeletal Research Center, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Melissa T Cuevas
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Ave., P18-3105, MS 8343, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Cambria I Wethey
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Ave., P18-3105, MS 8343, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Ryan S Gray
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Nancy Hadley-Miller
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Ave., P18-3105, MS 8343, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA. .,Musculoskeletal Research Center, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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Li J, Yang Z, Yu M. Association study of single nucleotide polymorphism in tryptophan hydroxylase 1 gene with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e23733. [PMID: 33545939 PMCID: PMC7837909 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000023733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is a common spinal deformity among children and adolescents worldwide with its etiology uncertain. Over a decade, a single nucleotide polymorphism rs10488682 in tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1) gene has been investigated in several association studies. We perform this study to summarize the current evidence of TPH1 rs10488682 polymorphisms and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). METHODS Six databases were systematically searched: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Chinese Biomedical Literature, and Wanfang database. Eligible case-control studies related to TPH1 and AIS were selected. Reference lists of them were reviewed for more available studies. Two authors independently screened and evaluated the literature and extracted data. The odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were derived in association tests. Subgroup analysis was conducted by ethnicity. Sensitivity analysis was performed to examine the stability of the overall results. RESULTS A total of 1006 cases and 1557 controls in 3 independent studies were included for meta-analysis. Statistical significance was discovered in heterozygote model (AT vs AA: OR = 1.741, 95%Cl = 1.100-2.753, P = .018 < .05, I2 = 0%), recessive model (AA vs AT + TT: OR = 0.640, 95%Cl = 0.414-0.990, P = .045 < .05, I2 = 0%) and over-dominant model (AT vs AA + TT: OR = 1.366, 95%Cl = 1.115-1.673, P = .003 < .05, I2 = 84.7%) in overall populations. Similar associations were also found in the Caucasian population. No significant associations were found in other genotypic comparisons and allelic comparisons. CONCLUSIONS Statistically significant correlations were discovered between the TPH1 rs10488682 polymorphisms and AIS. Heterozygous AT genotype seems to be risky with an over-dominant effect. Ethnicity appears to modify the disease association. REGISTRATION Not applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Li
- Orthopedic Department, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Road
| | - Zexi Yang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Miao Yu
- Orthopedic Department, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Road
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Zheng Y, Jiang H, Wang HQ, Guo HX, Han DX, Huang YJ, Gao Y, Yuan B, Zhang JB. Identifying daily changes in circRNAs and circRNA-associated-ceRNA networks in the rat pineal gland. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:1225-1239. [PMID: 33526984 PMCID: PMC7847611 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.51743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a new class of covalently closed circular RNA molecules that are involved in many biological processes. However, information about circRNAs in the pineal gland, particularly that of rats, is limited. To establish resources for the study of the rat pineal gland, we performed transcriptome analysis of the pineal glands during the day and night. In this study, 1413 circRNAs and 1989 miRNAs were identified in the pineal gland of rats during the night and day using the Illumina platform. Forty differentially expressed circRNAs and 93 differentially expressed miRNAs were obtained, among which 20 circRNAs and 37 miRNAs were significantly upregulated during the day and 20 circRNAs and 56 miRNAs were significantly upregulated during the night. As circRNAs have been reported to work as miRNA sponges, we predicted 15940 interactions among 40 circRNAs, 93 miRNAs and 400 mRNAs with differential diurnal expression using miRanda and TargetScan to build a ceRNA regulatory network in the rat pineal gland. The diurnal expression profile of circRNAs in the rat pineal gland may provide additional information about the role of circRNAs in regulating changes in melatonin circadian rhythms. The analyzed data reported in this study will be an important resource for future studies to elucidate the altered physiology of circRNAs in diurnal rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Animals, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Hao Jiang
- Department of Laboratory Animals, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Hao-Qi Wang
- Department of Laboratory Animals, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Xiang Guo
- Department of Laboratory Animals, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Dong-Xu Han
- Department of Laboratory Animals, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Jie Huang
- Department of Laboratory Animals, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Yan Gao
- Department of Laboratory Animals, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Bao Yuan
- Department of Laboratory Animals, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Bao Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Animals, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, Jilin, P.R. China
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Abstract
Etiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), a complicated three-dimensional spinal deformity with early-onset, receives continuous attention but remains unclear. To gain an insight into AIS pathogenesis, this review searched PubMed database up to June 2019, using key words or medical subject headings terms including "adolescent idiopathic scoliosis," "scoliosis," "pathogenesis," "etiology," "genetics," "mesenchymal stem cells," and their combinations, summarized existing literatures and categorized the theories or hypothesis into nine aspects. These aspects include bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell studies, genetic studies, tissue analysis, spine biomechanics measurements, neurologic analysis, hormone studies, biochemical analysis, environmental factor analysis, and lifestyle explorations. These categories could be a guidance for further etiology or treatment researches to gain inspiration.
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9
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Low Body Mass Index for Early Screening of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Comparison Based on Standardized Body Mass Index Classifications. Asian Nurs Res (Korean Soc Nurs Sci) 2020; 14:24-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anr.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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10
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Li Z, Li X, Shen J, Zhang L, Chan MTV, Wu WKK. Emerging roles of non-coding RNAs in scoliosis. Cell Prolif 2019; 53:e12736. [PMID: 31828859 PMCID: PMC7046479 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Scoliosis, a complex three‐dimensional deformity of the spine with the Cobb angle (a measure of the spinal lateral curvature) >10 degree, encompasses a spectrum of pathologies, including congenital, idiopathic, syndromic and neuromuscular aetiologies. The pathogenesis is multifactorial involving both environmental and genetic factors but the exact cellular and molecular mechanisms of disease development remain largely unknown. Emerging evidence showed that non‐coding RNAs (ncRNAs), namely microRNAs, long ncRNAs and circular RNAs, are deregulated in many orthopaedic diseases, including scoliosis. Importantly, these deregulated ncRNAs functionally participate in the initiation and progression of scoliosis. Here, we review recent progress in ncRNA research on scoliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xingye Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Fourth Clinical College of Peking University, Jishuitan Orthopaedic College of Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianxiong Shen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Matthew T V Chan
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - William K K Wu
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Centre for Gut Microbiota Research, Institute of Digestive Diseases and LKS Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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11
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Zhu Q, Chen J, Chen C, Wang H, Yang S. Association between calcium-phosphorus balance and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: A meta-analysis. ACTA ORTHOPAEDICA ET TRAUMATOLOGICA TURCICA 2019; 53:468-473. [PMID: 31628002 PMCID: PMC6938986 DOI: 10.1016/j.aott.2019.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN A systematic review and meta-analysis. OBJECTIVE The objective of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the association between calcium-phosphorus balance and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). METHODS Databases, including PubMed, OVID database, Web of Science, CBM database and CNKI database were searched for the relevant case control studies and cross-sectional studies. Two authors selected studies and extracted data independently. Data analysis was performed by Review Manager Software 5.0. Subgroup analysis was performed on the serum level of vitamin D according to gender and menstruation. RESULTS Five studies were included, with a total of 646 cases of AIS and 791 controls. AIS group had a lower serum level of vitamin D compared to control group [MD = -6.74, 95% CI (-9.47, -4.00)]. Gender and menstruation condition were thought to have no effect on the primary outcome of vitamin D level by subgroup analysis [MD = -5.97, 95% CI (7.61, -4.34)]. The AIS group had a lower calcium level [SMD= -0.77, 95% CI (-1.51, -0.02)] and calcitonin level compared to control group. There was no statistical difference in phosphorus level [SMD=0.5, 95% CI (-0.46, 0.57)] and parathyroid hormone level [SMD = -0.11, 95% CI (-0.54, -0.31)]. Meanwhile, the observational indexes, including serum levels of calcium, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone and calcitonin were within normal limits. CONCLUSION Vitamin D deficiency may be involved in the pathogenesis of AIS by influencing the regulation of calcium-phosphors metabolism on human bone. Therefore, we suggest to screen vitamin D level in AIS patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III, Therapeutic Study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingling Zhu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Healthcare, Quanzhou Women's and Children's Hospital, Quanzhou, China; Department of Child and Adolescent Healthcare, MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Junwei Chen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Healthcare, Quanzhou Women's and Children's Hospital, Quanzhou, China
| | - Changxian Chen
- Spinal Surgery Department, Quanzhou Orthopedic-Traumatological Hospital, Quanzhou, China
| | - Hanlong Wang
- Spinal Surgery Department, Quanzhou Orthopedic-Traumatological Hospital, Quanzhou, China
| | - Shengping Yang
- Spinal Surgery Department, Quanzhou Orthopedic-Traumatological Hospital, Quanzhou, China.
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12
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Oliver DMA, Reddy PH. Small molecules as therapeutic drugs for Alzheimer's disease. Mol Cell Neurosci 2019; 96:47-62. [PMID: 30877034 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a central protagonist of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Mitochondrial dysfunction stems from various factors including mitochondrial DNA damage and oxidative stress from reactive oxygen species, membrane and ionic gradient destabilization, and interaction with toxic proteins such as amyloid beta (Aβ). Therapeutic drugs such as cholinesterase and glutamate inhibitors have proven to improve synaptic neurotransmitters, but do not address mitochondrial dysfunction. Researchers have demonstrated that oxidative damage may be reduced by increasing endogenous antioxidants, and/or increasing exogenous antioxidants such as vitamin C & E, beta-carotene and glutathione. Nonetheless, as AD pathology intensifies, endogenous antioxidants are overwhelmed, and exogenous antioxidants are unable to reach neuronal mitochondria as they are blocked by the blood brain barrier. Current therapeutic methods however include novel usage of lipophilic phosphonium cation bound to antioxidants, to effect neuronal mitochondria targeted activity. Mitochondria targeted MitoQ, MitoVitE, MitoTempo, MitoPBN and MCAT concentrate within mitochondria where they scavenge free-radicals, and augment mitochondrial dysfunction. Additional molecules include Szeto-Schiller (SS) peptides which target stability of the inner mitochondrial membrane, and DDQ molecule capable of improving bioenergetics and reduce mitochondrial fragmentation. This article discusses advantages and disadvantages of small molecules, their ability to mitigate Aβ induced damage, and ability to ameliorate synaptic dysfunction and cognitive loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darryll M A Oliver
- Internal Medicine Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430, United State
| | - P Hemachandra Reddy
- Internal Medicine Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430, United State; Garrison Institute on Aging, South West Campus, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 6630 S. Quaker Suite E, Lubbock, TX 79413, United States; Cell Biology & Biochemistry Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430, United States; Pharmacology & Neuroscience Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430, United States; Neurology Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430, United States; Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430, United States; Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430, United States.
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13
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Li T, Jiang S, Lu C, Yang W, Yang Z, Hu W, Xin Z, Yang Y. Melatonin: Another avenue for treating osteoporosis? J Pineal Res 2019; 66:e12548. [PMID: 30597617 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin is a signal molecule that modulates the biological circadian rhythms of vertebrates. Melatonin deficiency is thought to be associated with several disorders, including insomnia, cancer, and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Accumulating evidence has also indicated that melatonin may be involved in the homeostasis of bone metabolism. Age-related reductions in melatonin are considered to be critical factors in bone loss and osteoporosis with aging. Thus, serum melatonin levels might serve as a biomarker for the early detection and prevention of osteoporosis. Compared to conventional antiosteoporosis medicines, which primarily inhibit bone loss, melatonin both suppresses bone loss and promotes new bone formation. Mechanistically, by activating melatonin receptor 2 (MT2), melatonin upregulates the gene expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), BMP6, osteocalcin, and osteoprotegerin to promote osteogenesis while inhibiting the receptor activator of NF-kB ligand (RANKL) pathway to suppress osteolysis. In view of the distinct actions of melatonin on bone metabolism, we hypothesize that melatonin may be a novel remedy for the prevention and clinical treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
- School of Basic Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- Department of Aerospace Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chenxi Lu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenwen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhi Yang
- School of Basic Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Hu
- School of Basic Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhenlong Xin
- Graduate School, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
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14
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Kikanloo SR, Tarpada SP, Cho W. Etiology of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Literature Review. Asian Spine J 2019; 13:519-526. [PMID: 30744305 PMCID: PMC6547389 DOI: 10.31616/asj.2018.0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the peripubertal development of spinal curvature of a minimum of 10°. AIS is thought to be attributable to genetic factors, nutrition, early exposure to toxins, and hormonal dysregulation. Recent literature suggests these factors may compound to determine both disease onset and severity. Currently, treatment is limited to observation, bracing, and surgical intervention. Intervention is presently determined by severity and risk of curve progression. As they emerge, new therapies may target specific etiologies of AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Rashidi Kikanloo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Sandip Parshottam Tarpada
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Woojin Cho
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
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15
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Chen B, Tan Q, Chen H, Luo F, Xu M, Zhao J, Liu P, Sun X, Su N, Zhang D, Fan W, Liu M, Huang H, Wang Z, Huang J, Zhang R, Li C, Li F, Ni Z, Du X, Jin M, Yang J, Xie Y, Chen L. Imbalanced development of anterior and posterior thorax is a causative factor triggering scoliosis. J Orthop Translat 2019; 17:103-111. [PMID: 31194037 PMCID: PMC6551366 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Scoliosis is a common disease characterized by spinal curvature with variable severities. There is no generally accepted theory about the physical origin of the spinal deformation of scoliosis. The aim of this study was to explore a new hypothesis suggesting that the curvatures in scoliosis may be associated with the imbalance growth between thoracic vertebral column and sternum. Methods We undertook a comparative computed tomography (CT) based morphology study of thoracic vertebrae and sternum of patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) and age-gender matched normal subjects. We further measured the ratios between the lengths of the sternum and thoracic vertebra of mice with deficiency of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3), which exhibit scoliosis. Three-week-old C57BL/6J mice were used to generate bipedal and sternal growth plate injury model. Radiographs and histological images were obtained to observe the presence of sternal and spinal deformity. Results There was a significant correlation between the severities of scoliosis and the ratios of the sternum to thoracic vertebral lengths. We also found that FGFR3 deficient mice showed smaller ratio of the sternum to thoracic vertebra lengths than that of the wild-type mice, which were similar with that of the AIS patients. Surgery-induced injuries of sternal growth plates can accelerate and aggravate the scoliosis in bipedal mice and imbalanced development of anterior and posterior thoracic occurred before the appearance of scoliosis. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the imbalanced growth between the thoracic vertebral column and the sternum is an important causative factor for the pathogenesis of scoliosis including AIS. The translational potential of this article Imbalanced growth between the thoracic vertebral column and the sternum is associated with scoliosis. Surgical or rehabilitation intervention for scoliosis should focus on all components involved in the pathogenesis of curvature to obtain better outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chen
- Laboratory for the Rehabilitation of Traumatic Injuries, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
- Department of Spine Surgery, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Qiaoyan Tan
- Laboratory for the Rehabilitation of Traumatic Injuries, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Hangang Chen
- Laboratory for the Rehabilitation of Traumatic Injuries, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Fengtao Luo
- Laboratory for the Rehabilitation of Traumatic Injuries, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Meng Xu
- Laboratory for the Rehabilitation of Traumatic Injuries, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Jianhua Zhao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Xianding Sun
- Laboratory for the Rehabilitation of Traumatic Injuries, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Nan Su
- Laboratory for the Rehabilitation of Traumatic Injuries, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Dali Zhang
- Laboratory for the Rehabilitation of Traumatic Injuries, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Weili Fan
- Department of Spine Surgery, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Mingyong Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Haiyang Huang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Zuqiang Wang
- Laboratory for the Rehabilitation of Traumatic Injuries, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Junlan Huang
- Laboratory for the Rehabilitation of Traumatic Injuries, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Ruobin Zhang
- Laboratory for the Rehabilitation of Traumatic Injuries, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Can Li
- Laboratory for the Rehabilitation of Traumatic Injuries, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Fangfang Li
- Laboratory for the Rehabilitation of Traumatic Injuries, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Zhenhong Ni
- Laboratory for the Rehabilitation of Traumatic Injuries, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Xiaolan Du
- Laboratory for the Rehabilitation of Traumatic Injuries, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Min Jin
- Laboratory for the Rehabilitation of Traumatic Injuries, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Laboratory for the Rehabilitation of Traumatic Injuries, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Yangli Xie
- Laboratory for the Rehabilitation of Traumatic Injuries, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
- Corresponding author. Laboratory for the Rehabilitation of Traumatic Injuries, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China.
| | - Lin Chen
- Laboratory for the Rehabilitation of Traumatic Injuries, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
- Corresponding author. Laboratory for the Rehabilitation of Traumatic Injuries, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China.
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16
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Zheng S, Zhou H, Gao B, Li Y, Liao Z, Zhou T, Lian C, Wu Z, Su D, Wang T, Su P, Xu C. Estrogen promotes the onset and development of idiopathic scoliosis via disproportionate endochondral ossification of the anterior and posterior column in a bipedal rat model. Exp Mol Med 2018; 50:1-11. [PMID: 30405118 PMCID: PMC6220154 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-018-0161-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to verify the effects of estrogen on the onset and development of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and the mechanisms associated with these effects by constructing a pubescent bipedal rat model. Experiments were conducted to investigate whether scoliosis progression was prevented by a Triptorelin treatment. One hundred twenty bipedal rats were divided into female, OVX (ovariectomy), OVX + E2, Triptorelin, sham, and male groups. According to a spinal radiographic analysis, the scoliosis rates and curve severity of the female and OVX + E2 groups were higher than those in the OVX, Triptorelin, and male groups. The measurements obtained from the sagittal plane of thoracic vertebrae CT confirmed a relatively slower growth of the anterior elements and a faster growth of the posterior elements between T11 and T13 in the female and OVX + E2 groups than in the OVX and Triptorelin groups. Histomorphometry and immunohistochemistry revealed a significantly longer hypertrophic zone of the vertebral cartilage growth plates that expressed more type X collagen and less type II collagen in the OVX and Triptorelin groups than in the female and OVX + E2 groups. Ki67 immunostaining confirmed an increase in the proliferation of vertebral growth plate chondrocytes in the OVX group compared with the female and OVX + E2 groups. In conclusion, estrogen obviously increased the incidence of scoliosis and curve severity in pubescent bipedal rats. The underlying mechanism may be a loss of coupling of the endochondral ossification between the anterior and posterior columns. Triptorelin decreased the incidence of scoliosis and curve magnitudes in bipedal female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhui Zheng
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hang Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Gao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongyong Li
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiheng Liao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Taifeng Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengjie Lian
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zizhao Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Deying Su
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peiqiang Su
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Caixia Xu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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17
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Verticality perception reveals a vestibular deficit in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis. Exp Brain Res 2018; 236:1725-1734. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-018-5256-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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18
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Tao L, Zhu Y. Melatonin regulates CRE-dependent gene transcription underlying osteoblast proliferation by activating Src and PKA in parallel. Am J Transl Res 2018; 10:86-100. [PMID: 29422996 PMCID: PMC5801349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have indicated a relationship between melatonin and idiopathic scoliosis, including our previous work which demonstrated that melatonin can inhibit osteoblast proliferation; however, the mechanism remains unclear. Here, we utilized a MTT assay to show that melatonin significantly reduces osteoblast proliferation in a concentration-and time-dependent manner. Through a combination of techniques, including real-time PCR, MTT assays, immunofluorescence, and luciferase assays, we confirmed that melatonin-induced changes in phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) reduced transcriptional activity in a melatonin receptor-dependent manner. Surprisingly, treatment of osteoblasts with the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor PD98059 up-regulated other cascades upstream of CREB. We next treated cells with PKA and Src inhibitors and observed that melatonin can also activate the protein kinase A (PKA) and Src pathways. To examine whether Src is upstream from the cAMP-PKA pathway, we measured cAMP levels in response to melatonin with and without a Src inhibitor (PP2) and found that PP2 had no additional effect. Therefore, the transcription-dependent mechanisms involved in CREB phosphorylation, along with melatonin, activated Src via a parallel signaling pathway that was separate from that of PKA. Finally, we transfected osteoblasts with lentiviral CREB short hairpin (sh) RNAs and found a decrease in the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and osteoblast proliferation. These results suggest that CREB and PCNA are downstream targets of melatonin signaling, and that the down-regulation of CREB, which is regulated via PKA and Src pathways, contributes to the melatonin-induced inhibition of osteoblast proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Tao
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Hospital, China Medical UniversityShenyang 110001, Liaoing, China
| | - Yue Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Hospital, China Medical UniversityShenyang 110001, Liaoing, China
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19
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Understanding Idiopathic Scoliosis: A New Zebrafish School of Thought. Trends Genet 2017; 33:183-196. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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20
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Zamecnik J, Krskova L, Hacek J, Stetkarova I, Krbec M. Etiopathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: Expression of melatonin receptors 1A/1B, calmodulin and estrogen receptor 2 in deep paravertebral muscles revisited. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:5719-5724. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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21
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Correction: wai, m.g.C., et Al. A review of pinealectomy-induced melatonin-deficient animal models for the study of etiopathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2014, 15, 16484-16499. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:3017-8. [PMID: 25642756 PMCID: PMC4346877 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16023017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors wish to make the following corrections to this paper [1]: The first name and surname of the authors were reversed. It should be corrected in the following format (with the surname in bold text):[...].
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