1
|
Magnetic Iron Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Surface Enhancements, and Biological Challenges. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10112282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the role of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), their physicochemical properties, their potential applications, and their association with the consequent toxicological effects in complex biologic systems. These MNPs have generated an accelerated development and research movement in the last two decades. They are solving a large portion of problems in several industries, including cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, diagnostics, water remediation, photoelectronics, and information storage, to name a few. As a result, more MNPs are put into contact with biological organisms, including humans, via interacting with their cellular structures. This situation will require a deeper understanding of these particles’ full impact in interacting with complex biological systems, and even though extensive studies have been carried out on different biological systems discussing toxicology aspects of MNP systems used in biomedical applications, they give mixed and inconclusive results. Chemical agencies, such as the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemical substances (REACH) legislation for registration, evaluation, and authorization of substances and materials from the European Chemical Agency (ECHA), have held meetings to discuss the issue. However, nanomaterials (NMs) are being categorized by composition alone, ignoring the physicochemical properties and possible risks that their size, stability, crystallinity, and morphology could bring to health. Although several initiatives are being discussed around the world for the correct management and disposal of these materials, thanks to the extensive work of researchers everywhere addressing the issue of related biological impacts and concerns, and a new nanoethics and nanosafety branch to help clarify and bring together information about the impact of nanoparticles, more questions than answers have arisen regarding the behavior of MNPs with a wide range of effects in the same tissue. The generation of a consolidative framework of these biological behaviors is necessary to allow future applications to be manageable.
Collapse
|
2
|
Romero-Fierro D, Bustamante-Torres M, Bravo-Plascencia F, Magaña H, Bucio E. Polymer-Magnetic Semiconductor Nanocomposites for Industrial Electronic Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122467. [PMID: 35746043 PMCID: PMC9228222 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanocomposite materials have acquired great importance, as have similar composite materials on a macroscopic scale, because the reinforcement complements the defects in the properties of the matrix, thus obtaining materials with better mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties, among others. At the same time, the importance and research of polymeric nanocomposites reinforced with nanoparticles of various types have grown. Among those that have stood out the most in the electronics industry are polymeric matrices reinforced with nanoparticles that present dual behavior, that is, both magnetic and semiconductor. This property has been very well used in developing electronic devices such as televisions, computers, and smartphones, which are part of everyday life. In this sense, this review presents a compilation of the synthetic methods to produce polymer nanocomposites with dual magnetic and semiconductor behavior and their potential applications within electronic fields and new relevant trends.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Romero-Fierro
- Departamento de Química de Radiaciones y Radioquímica, Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
- Correspondence: (D.R.-F.); (E.B.)
| | - Moises Bustamante-Torres
- Departamento de Química de Radiaciones y Radioquímica, Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| | - Francisco Bravo-Plascencia
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM, Toluca 50200, Mexico;
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacan 04510, Mexico
| | - Héctor Magaña
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Calzada Universidad 14418, Parque Industrial Internacional Tijuana, Tijuana 22390, Mexico;
| | - Emilio Bucio
- Departamento de Química de Radiaciones y Radioquímica, Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
- Correspondence: (D.R.-F.); (E.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bustamante-Torres M, Romero-Fierro D, Arcentales-Vera B, Pardo S, Bucio E. Interaction between Filler and Polymeric Matrix in Nanocomposites: Magnetic Approach and Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2998. [PMID: 34503038 PMCID: PMC8434030 DOI: 10.3390/polym13172998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, polymer nanocomposites produced by combining nanofillers and a polymeric matrix are emerging as interesting materials. Polymeric composites have a wide range of applications due to the outstanding and enhanced properties that are obtained thanks to the introduction of nanoparticles. Therefore, understanding the filler-matrix relationship is an important factor in the continued growth of this scientific area and the development of new materials with desired properties and specific applications. Due to their performance in response to a magnetic field magnetic nanocomposites represent an important class of functional nanocomposites. Due to their properties, magnetic nanocomposites have found numerous applications in biomedical applications such as drug delivery, theranostics, etc. This article aims to provide an overview of the filler-polymeric matrix relationship, with a special focus on magnetic nanocomposites and their potential applications in the biomedical field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moises Bustamante-Torres
- Departamento de Biología, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas e Ingeniería, Universidad de Investigación de Tecnología Experimental Yachay, Urcuquí 100650, Ecuador
- Departamento de Química de Radiaciones y Radioquímica, Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico;
| | - David Romero-Fierro
- Departamento de Química de Radiaciones y Radioquímica, Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico;
- Departamento de Química, Escuela de Ciencias Química e Ingeniería, Universidad de Investigación de Tecnología Experimental Yachay, Urcuquí 100650, Ecuador;
| | - Belén Arcentales-Vera
- Departamento de Química, Escuela de Ciencias Química e Ingeniería, Universidad de Investigación de Tecnología Experimental Yachay, Urcuquí 100650, Ecuador;
| | - Samantha Pardo
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Quito 170702, Ecuador;
| | - Emilio Bucio
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Quito 170702, Ecuador;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Krasia-Christoforou T, Socoliuc V, Knudsen KD, Tombácz E, Turcu R, Vékás L. From Single-Core Nanoparticles in Ferrofluids to Multi-Core Magnetic Nanocomposites: Assembly Strategies, Structure, and Magnetic Behavior. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E2178. [PMID: 33142887 PMCID: PMC7692798 DOI: 10.3390/nano10112178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Iron oxide nanoparticles are the basic components of the most promising magnetoresponsive nanoparticle systems for medical (diagnosis and therapy) and bio-related applications. Multi-core iron oxide nanoparticles with a high magnetic moment and well-defined size, shape, and functional coating are designed to fulfill the specific requirements of various biomedical applications, such as contrast agents, heating mediators, drug targeting, or magnetic bioseparation. This review article summarizes recent results in manufacturing multi-core magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) systems emphasizing the synthesis procedures, starting from ferrofluids (with single-core MNPs) as primary materials in various assembly methods to obtain multi-core magnetic particles. The synthesis and functionalization will be followed by the results of advanced physicochemical, structural, and magnetic characterization of multi-core particles, as well as single- and multi-core particle size distribution, morphology, internal structure, agglomerate formation processes, and constant and variable field magnetic properties. The review provides a comprehensive insight into the controlled synthesis and advanced structural and magnetic characterization of multi-core magnetic composites envisaged for nanomedicine and biotechnology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Krasia-Christoforou
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Cyprus, 75 Kallipoleos Avenue, P.O. Box 20537, Nicosia 1678, Cyprus;
| | - Vlad Socoliuc
- Laboratory of Magnetic Fluids, Center for Fundamental and Advanced Technical Research, Romanian Academy–Timisoara Branch, Mihai Viteazul Ave. 24, 300223 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Kenneth D. Knudsen
- Department for Neutron Materials Characterization, Institute for Energy Technology (IFE), 2027 Kjeller, Norway;
| | - Etelka Tombácz
- Soós Ernő Water Technology Research and Development Center, University of Pannonia, Zrínyi M. Str. 18., H-8800 Nagykanizsa, Hungary;
| | - Rodica Turcu
- Department of Physics of Nanostructured Systems, National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Donat Str. 67-103, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ladislau Vékás
- Laboratory of Magnetic Fluids, Center for Fundamental and Advanced Technical Research, Romanian Academy–Timisoara Branch, Mihai Viteazul Ave. 24, 300223 Timisoara, Romania;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kołodziej A, Wesełucha-Birczyńska A, Świętek M, Horák D, Błażewicz M. A 2D-Raman correlation spectroscopy analysis of the polymeric nanocomposites with magnetic nanoparticles. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
6
|
Kleinfeldt L, Gädke J, Biedendieck R, Krull R, Garnweitner G. Spray-Dried Hierarchical Aggregates of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Functionalization for Downstream Processing in Biotechnology. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:16300-16308. [PMID: 31616807 PMCID: PMC6787900 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the structuring of iron oxide nanoparticles via spray-drying (SD) of aqueous suspensions is investigated, leading to micrometer-sized aggregates with saturation magnetization comparable to that of the individual nanoparticles. Interestingly, the superparamagnetic behavior is retained despite the multicore structure. Modification of the aggregates via the addition of silica nanoparticles to the suspension allows for control of the resulting magnetization by adjusting the iron oxide content. Moreover, the morphology of the produced aggregates is gradually shifted from irregular inflated-like shapes in case of pure iron oxide aggregates to reach spherical structures when bringing the silica content to only 20%. The aggregates with different magnetization can be effectively separated in a simple column with an attached permanent magnet. Functionalization of pure iron oxide aggregates with a previously coupled ligand holding a nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA)-like moiety and subsequent loading with Ni2+ ions leads to the ability to bind 6-histidine (His6)-tagged target proteins via chelation complexes for magnetic separation. The application of the presented system for the purification of recombinant protein A in multiple cycles is shown. The recyclability of the separation system in combination with the high degree of magnetic separation is promising for future applications in the field of preparative in situ protein purification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Kleinfeldt
- Institute for Particle
Technology, Technische Universität
Braunschweig, Volkmaroder Str. 5, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany
- Center
of Pharmaceutical Engineering—PVZ, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Franz-Liszt-Str. 35a, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Johannes Gädke
- Center
of Pharmaceutical Engineering—PVZ, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Franz-Liszt-Str. 35a, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 56, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rebekka Biedendieck
- Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität
Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Braunschweig
Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Rebenring 56, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rainer Krull
- Center
of Pharmaceutical Engineering—PVZ, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Franz-Liszt-Str. 35a, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 56, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Georg Garnweitner
- Institute for Particle
Technology, Technische Universität
Braunschweig, Volkmaroder Str. 5, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany
- Center
of Pharmaceutical Engineering—PVZ, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Franz-Liszt-Str. 35a, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Baresel C, Schaller V, Jonasson C, Johansson C, Bordes R, Chauhan V, Sugunan A, Sommertune J, Welling S. Functionalized magnetic particles for water treatment. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02325. [PMID: 31467994 PMCID: PMC6710533 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we have taken the concept of water treatment by functionalized magnetic particles one step forward by integrating the technology into a complete proof of concept, which included the preparation of surface modified beads, their use as highly selective absorbents for heavy metals ions (Zinc, Nickel), and their performance in terms of magnetic separation. The separation characteristics were studied both through experiments and by simulations. The data gathered from these experimental works enabled the elaboration of various scenarios for Life Cycle Analysis (LCA). The LCA showed that the environmental impact of the system is highly dependent on the recovery rate of the magnetic particles. The absolute impact on climate change varied significantly among the scenarios studied and the recovery rates. The results support the hypothesis that chelation specificity, magnetic separation and bead recovery should be optimized to specific targets and applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Baresel
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute AB, Box 210 60, Stockholm, 100 31, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Romain Bordes
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Vinay Chauhan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Abhilash Sugunan
- RISE Surface, Process and Formulation, Box 5607, Stockholm, SE-114 86, Sweden
| | - Jens Sommertune
- RISE Surface, Process and Formulation, Box 5607, Stockholm, SE-114 86, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Welling
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute AB, Box 210 60, Stockholm, 100 31, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Costo R, Heinke D, Grüttner C, Westphal F, Morales MP, Veintemillas-Verdaguer S, Gehrke N. Improving the reliability of the iron concentration quantification for iron oxide nanoparticle suspensions: a two-institutions study. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 411:1895-1903. [PMID: 30417264 PMCID: PMC6453861 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1463-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Most iron oxide nanoparticles applications, and in special biomedical applications, require the accurate determination of iron content as the determination of particle properties from measurements in dispersions is strongly dependent on it. Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) and spectrophotometry are two typical worldwide used analytical methods for iron concentration determination. In both techniques, precise determination of iron is not straightforward and nanoparticle digestion and dilution procedures are needed prior to analysis. The sample preparation protocol has been shown to be as important as the analytical method when accuracy is aimed as many puzzling reported results in magnetic, colloidal, and structural properties are simply attributable to inadequate dissolution procedures. Therefore, a standard sample preparation protocol is needed to ensure the adequate and complete iron oxide nanoparticle dissolution and to harmonize this procedure. In this work, an interlaboratory evaluation of an optimized iron oxide nanoparticle digestion/dilution protocol was carried out. The presented protocol is simple, inexpensive, and does not involve any special device (as microwave, ultrasound, or other high-priced digestion devices). Then, iron concentration was measured by ICP-OES (performed in ICMM/CSIC-Spain) and spectrophotometry (NanoPET-Germany) and the obtained concentration values were analyzed to determine the most probable error causes. Uncertainty values as low as 1.5% were achieved after the optimized method was applied. Moreover, this article provides a list of recommendations to significantly reduce uncertainty in both sample preparation and analysis procedures. Graphical abstract ![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Costo
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Heinke
- NanoPET Pharma GmbH, Robert-Koch-Platz 4, Luisencarrée, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cordula Grüttner
- Micromod Partikeltechnologie GmbH, Friedrich-Barnewitz-Str. 4, 18119, Rostock, Germany
| | - Fritz Westphal
- Micromod Partikeltechnologie GmbH, Friedrich-Barnewitz-Str. 4, 18119, Rostock, Germany
| | - M Puerto Morales
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - S Veintemillas-Verdaguer
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Nicole Gehrke
- NanoPET Pharma GmbH, Robert-Koch-Platz 4, Luisencarrée, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Farhanian D, De Crescenzo G, Tavares JR. Large-Scale Encapsulation of Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles via Syngas Photo-Initiated Chemical Vapor Deposition. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12223. [PMID: 30111772 PMCID: PMC6093859 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30802-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Photo-initiated chemical vapor deposition (PICVD) has been adapted for use in a jet-assisted fluidized bed configuration, allowing for the encapsulation of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles on a larger scale than ever reported (5 g). This new methodology leads to a functional coating with a thickness of 1.4–10 nm, confirmed by HRTEM and TGA. XPS and TOF-SIMS characterization confirm that the coating is composed of both aliphatic and polymerized carbon chains, with incorporated organometallic bonds and oxygen-containing moieties. UV-Vis absorbance spectra show that the coating improved dispersion in non-polar solvents, such as n-dodecane. This process represents a first step towards the large-scale, solvent-free post-synthesis processing of nanoparticles to impart a functional coating.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donya Farhanian
- CREPEC, Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, P.O. Box 6079, Station Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Gregory De Crescenzo
- CREPEC, Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, P.O. Box 6079, Station Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Jason R Tavares
- CREPEC, Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, P.O. Box 6079, Station Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3A7, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bender P, Bogart LK, Posth O, Szczerba W, Rogers SE, Castro A, Nilsson L, Zeng LJ, Sugunan A, Sommertune J, Fornara A, González-Alonso D, Barquín LF, Johansson C. Structural and magnetic properties of multi-core nanoparticles analysed using a generalised numerical inversion method. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45990. [PMID: 28397851 PMCID: PMC5387715 DOI: 10.1038/srep45990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural and magnetic properties of magnetic multi-core particles were determined by numerical inversion of small angle scattering and isothermal magnetisation data. The investigated particles consist of iron oxide nanoparticle cores (9 nm) embedded in poly(styrene) spheres (160 nm). A thorough physical characterisation of the particles included transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation. Their structure was ultimately disclosed by an indirect Fourier transform of static light scattering, small angle X-ray scattering and small angle neutron scattering data of the colloidal dispersion. The extracted pair distance distribution functions clearly indicated that the cores were mostly accumulated in the outer surface layers of the poly(styrene) spheres. To investigate the magnetic properties, the isothermal magnetisation curves of the multi-core particles (immobilised and dispersed in water) were analysed. The study stands out by applying the same numerical approach to extract the apparent moment distributions of the particles as for the indirect Fourier transform. It could be shown that the main peak of the apparent moment distributions correlated to the expected intrinsic moment distribution of the cores. Additional peaks were observed which signaled deviations of the isothermal magnetisation behavior from the non-interacting case, indicating weak dipolar interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P. Bender
- Department CITIMAC, Faculty of Science, University of Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain
| | - L. K. Bogart
- Healthcare Biomagnetics Laboratory, University College London, 21 Albemarle Street, London, W1S 4BS, UK
| | - O. Posth
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Abbestr. 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - W. Szczerba
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
- Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - S. E. Rogers
- ISIS-STFC Neutron Scattering Facility, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OXON, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - A. Castro
- SOLVE Research and Consultancy AB, Lund, Sweden
| | - L. Nilsson
- SOLVE Research and Consultancy AB, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Centre for Field-Flow Fractionation, Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund University, Sweden
| | - L. J. Zeng
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - A. Sugunan
- SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Chemistry, Materials and Surfaces Unit, 11486 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J. Sommertune
- SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Chemistry, Materials and Surfaces Unit, 11486 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A. Fornara
- SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Chemistry, Materials and Surfaces Unit, 11486 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - D. González-Alonso
- Department CITIMAC, Faculty of Science, University of Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain
| | - L. Fernández Barquín
- Department CITIMAC, Faculty of Science, University of Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|