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Liang C, Jiang F, Xu H, Zhang Z, Tian W, Sun H, Jing Y, Wang M, Zhuang Y, Li D, Liu J. Mechanism of Peppermint Extract-Induced Delay of 'Packham's Triumph' Pear ( Pyrus communis L.) Postharvest Ripening. Foods 2024; 13:657. [PMID: 38472770 DOI: 10.3390/foods13050657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Postharvest ripening is correlated to the quality and shelf life of European pear fruit. In this study, the effects of peppermint extract on fruit phenotype, related physiological activities, and aroma components during postharvest ripening of the European pear variety 'Packham's Triumph' were examined. Fruit treated with 2.0 g L-1 peppermint extract for 12 h showed delayed softening by 4 d compared with that of the untreated control group. The peak values of ethylene and respiratory rate in fruit were reduced to a certain extent after peppermint extract treatment; however, the peppermint extract did not delay the occurrence of the respiratory climacteric peak. Peppermint extract treatment also did not significantly increase the content of the characteristic peppermint aroma in pear fruit. Further, widely targeted metabolome analysis revealed 298 significantly different metabolites, with flavonoids (40%) and lipid compounds (15%) accounting for the highest proportion on the first day after treatment. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway result showed significant enrichment in the metabolic pathways of biosynthesis of flavonoid, isoflavonoid, flavone and flavonol, linoleic acid, and alpha-linolenic acid metabolism following peppermint extract treatment. The combined analysis of transcriptome and metabolome data showed significant enrichment in linoleic acid metabolism and alpha-linolenic acid metabolism on the first, third, and fifth days after peppermint extract treatment. This study indicates that peppermint extract mainly affects the pear fruit softening process in the early stage after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglin Liang
- Haidu College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Laiyang 265200, China
| | - Fudong Jiang
- Yantai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yantai 265500, China
| | - Hongpeng Xu
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Zan Zhang
- Haidu College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Laiyang 265200, China
| | - Wei Tian
- Haidu College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Laiyang 265200, China
| | - Haifeng Sun
- Haidu College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Laiyang 265200, China
| | - Yali Jing
- Haidu College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Laiyang 265200, China
| | - Mengzhen Wang
- Haidu College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Laiyang 265200, China
| | - Yingyu Zhuang
- Haidu College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Laiyang 265200, China
| | - Dingli Li
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Jianlong Liu
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
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Guo T, Li J, Guo M, Yang Q, Dai X, Qiao X, Song Z, Tian C, Li Y, Ge H, Cheng J, Liang M. Low temperature inhibits pectin degradation by PpCBFs to prolong peach storage time. J Food Sci 2023; 88:3725-3736. [PMID: 37548624 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Low-temperature storage is a widely used method for peach fruit storage. However, the impact of PpCBFs on pectin degradation during low-temperature storage is unclear. As such, in this study, we stored the melting-flesh peach cultivar "Fuli" at low temperature (LT, 6°C) and room temperature (RT, 25°C) to determine the effect of different temperatures on its physiological and biochemical changes. Low-temperature storage can inhibit the softening of "Fuli" peaches by maintaining the stability of the cell wall. It was found that the contents of water-soluble pectin and ionic-soluble pectin in peach fruit stored at RT were higher than those stored at LT. The enzyme activities of polygalacturonase (PG), pectate lyase (PL), and pectin methylesterase (PME) were all inhibited by LT. The expressions of PpPME3, PpPL2, and PpPG were closely related to fruit firmness, but PpCBF2 and PpCBF3 showed higher expression levels at LT than RT. The promoters of PpPL2 and PpPG contain the DER motif, which suggested that PpCBF2 and PpCBF3 might negatively regulate their expression by directly binding to their promoters. These results indicated that LT may maintain firmness by activating PpCBFs to repress pectin-degradation-related enzyme genes during storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Guo
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
- College of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Jianzhao Li
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Meiling Guo
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
- College of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Qi Yang
- Linyi Inspection and Testing Center, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaonan Dai
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
- College of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Xuqiang Qiao
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
- College of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Zhizhong Song
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Changping Tian
- Yantai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Yanju Li
- Yantai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Hang Ge
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jieshan Cheng
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Meixia Liang
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
- College of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
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Peng S, Liu Y, Xu Y, Zhao J, Gao P, Liu Q, Yan S, Xiao Y, Zuo SM, Kang H. Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies a Plant-Height-Associated Gene OsPG3 in a Population of Commercial Rice Varieties. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11454. [PMID: 37511211 PMCID: PMC10380248 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant height is one of the most crucial components of plant structure. However, due to its complexity, the genetic architecture of rice plant height has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to determine rice plant height using 178 commercial rice varieties and identified 37 loci associated with rice plant height (LAPH). Among these loci, in LAPH2, we identified a polygalacturonase gene, OsPG3, which was genetically and functionally associated with rice plant height. The rice plant exhibits a super dwarf phenotype when the knockout of the OsPG3 gene occurs via CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing technology. RNA-Seq analysis indicated that OsPG3 modulates the expression of genes involved in phytohormone metabolism and cell-wall-biosynthesis pathways. Our findings suggest that OsPG3 plays a vital role in controlling rice plant height by regulating cell wall biosynthesis. Given that rice architecture is one of the most critical phenotypes in rice breeding, OsPG3 has potential in rice's molecular design breeding toward an ideal plant height.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Peng
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yanchen Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuchen Xu
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianhua Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qi Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuangyong Yan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Breeding, Tianjin Crop Research Institute, Tianjin Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Tianjin 300112, China
| | - Yinghui Xiao
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Shi-Min Zuo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Houxiang Kang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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Xu Z, Dai J, Liang L, Zhang Y, He Y, Xing L, Ma J, Zhang D, Zhao C. Chitinase-Like Protein PpCTL1 Contributes to Maintaining Fruit Firmness by Affecting Cellulose Biosynthesis during Peach Development. Foods 2023; 12:2503. [PMID: 37444241 DOI: 10.3390/foods12132503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The firmness of the flesh fruit is a very important feature in the eating process. Peach fruit is very hard during development, but its firmness slightly decreases in the later stages of development. While there has been extensive research on changes in cell wall polysaccharides during fruit ripening, little is known about the changes that occur during growth and development. In this study, we investigated the modifications in cell wall components throughout the development and ripening of peach fruit, as well as its impact on firmness. Our findings revealed a significant positive correlation between fruit firmness and cellulose content at development stage. However, the correlation was lost during the softening process, suggesting that cellulose might be responsible for the fruit firmness during development. Members of the chitinase-like protein (CTL) group are of interest because of their possible role in plant cell wall biosynthesis. Here, two CTL homologous genes, PpCTL1 and PpCTL2, were identified in peach. Spatial and temporal expression patterns of PpCTLs revealed that PpCTL1 exhibited high expression abundance in the fruit and followed a similar trend to cellulose during fruit growth. Furthermore, silencing PpCTL1 expression resulted in reduced cellulose content at 5 DAI (days after injection), this change that would have a negative effect on fruit firmness. Our results indicate that PpCTL1 plays an important role in cellulose biosynthesis and the maintenance of peach firmness during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Xu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Jieyu Dai
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Liping Liang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Yonglan Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Yaojun He
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Libo Xing
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Juanjuan Ma
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Caiping Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
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Wang Y, Fan Z, Zhai Y, Huang H, Vainstein A, Ma H. Polygalacturonase gene family analysis identifies FcPG12 as a key player in fig (Ficus carica L.) fruit softening. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:320. [PMID: 37316788 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04315-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fig (Ficus carica L.) tree has high economic value. However, its fruit have a short shelf life due to rapid softening. Polygalacturonases (PGs) are essential hydrolases, responsible for the pectin degradation that plays a key role in fruit softening. However, fig PG genes and their regulators have not yet been characterized. RESULTS In this study, 43 FcPGs were identified in the fig genome. They were non-uniformly distributed on 13 chromosomes, and tandem repeat PG gene clusters were found on chromosomes 4 and 5. Ka/Ks calculation and collinear analysis indicated negative selection as the main driver of FcPG family expansion. Fourteen FcPGs were found expressed in fig fruit with FPKM values > 10, of which seven were positively correlated, and three, negatively correlated with fruit softening. Eleven FcPGs were upregulated and two downregulated in response to ethephon treatment. FcPG12, a member of the tandem repeat cluster on chromosome 4, was selected for further analyses due to its sharp increment in transcript abundance during fruit softening and its response to ethephon treatment. Transient overexpression of FcPG12 led to decreased fig fruit firmness and increased PG enzyme activity in the tissue. Two ethylene response factor (ERF)-binding GCC-box sites were found on the FcPG12 promoter. Yeast one-hybrid and dual luciferase assays showed that FcERF5 binds directly to the FcPG12 promoter and upregulates its expression. Transient overexpression of FcERF5 upregulated FcPG12 expression, thereby increasing PG activity and fruit softening. CONCLUSIONS Our study identified FcPG12 as a key PG gene in fig fruit softening, and its direct positive regulation by FcERF5. The results provide new information on the molecular regulation of fig fruit softening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhiyi Fan
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yanlei Zhai
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hantang Huang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Alexander Vainstein
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Huiqin Ma
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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He P, Zhang J, Lv Z, Cui P, Xu X, George MS, Lu G. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the polygalacturonase gene family in sweetpotato. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:300. [PMID: 37270475 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04272-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polygalacturonase (PG), a crucial enzyme involved in pectin degradation, is associated with various plants' developmental and physiological processes such as seed germination, fruit ripening, fruit softening and plant organ abscission. However, the members of PG gene family in sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) have not been extensively identified. RESULTS In this study, there were 103 PG genes identified in sweetpotato genome, which were phylogenetically clustered into divergent six clades. The gene structure characteristics of each clade were basically conserved. Subsequently, we renamed these PGs according to their locations of the chromosomes. The investigation of collinearity between the PGs in sweetpotato and other four species, contained Arabidopsis thaliana, Solanum lycopersicum, Malus domestica and Ziziphus jujuba, revealed important clues about the potential evolution of the PG family in sweetpotato. Gene duplication analysis showed that IbPGs with collinearity relationships were all derived from segmental duplications, and these genes were under purifying selection. In addition, each promoter region of IbPG proteins contained cis-acting elements related to plant growth and development processes, environmental stress responses and hormone responses. Furthermore, the 103 IbPGs were differentially expressed in various tissues (leaf, stem, proximal end, distal end, root body, root stalk, initiative storage root and fibrous root) and under different abiotic stresses (salt, drought, cold, SA, MeJa and ABA treatment). IbPG038 and IbPG039 were down-regulated with salt, SA and MeJa treatment. According to the further investigation, we found that IbPG006, IbPG034 and IbPG099 had different patterns under the drought and salt stress in fibrous root of sweetpotato, which provided insights into functional differences among these genes. CONCLUSION A total of 103 IbPGs were identified and classified into six clades from sweetpotato genome. The results of RNA-Seq and qRT-PCR suggested that IbPG006, IbPG034 and IbPG099 might play a significant role in tissue specificity as well as drought and salt stress responses, which showed valuable information for further functional characterization and application of the IbPGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiwen He
- Institute of Root and Tuber Crops, The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Jingzhen Zhang
- Institute of Root and Tuber Crops, The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Zunfu Lv
- Institute of Root and Tuber Crops, The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Peng Cui
- Institute of Root and Tuber Crops, The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Ximing Xu
- Institute of Root and Tuber Crops, The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Melvin Sidikie George
- Crop Science Department, Njala University, Njala Campus. Private Mail bag, Freetown, 999127, Sierra Leone
| | - Guoquan Lu
- Institute of Root and Tuber Crops, The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
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Guo S, Ma R, Xu J, Zhang B, Yu M, Gao Z. Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Genes Associated with the Regulation of Peach Fruit Softening and Senescence during Storage. Foods 2023; 12:foods12081648. [PMID: 37107443 PMCID: PMC10137801 DOI: 10.3390/foods12081648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) is a highly desirable fruit that is consumed around the world. However, the peach fruit is highly perishable after harvest, a characteristic that limits the distribution and supply to the market and causes heavy economic losses. Thus, peach fruit softening and senescence after harvest urgently need to be addressed. In the current study, transcriptomic analysis was performed to identify candidate genes associated with peach fruit softening and senescence, comparing peach fruit from cultivars with different flesh textures, namely melting and stony hard (SH) flesh textures during storage at room temperature. The mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-plant and plant hormone signal transduction pathways were associated with peach fruit softening and senescence according to the Venn diagram analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis. The expression levels of seven genes, including Prupe.1G034300, Prupe.2G176900, Prupe.3G024700, Prupe.3G098100, Prupe.6G226100, Prupe.7G234800, and Prupe.7G247500, were higher in melting peach fruit than in SH peach fruit during storage. Furthermore, the SH peach fruit softened rapidly after 1-naphthylacetic acid treatment, during which the levels of expression of these seven genes, determined by a quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, were strongly induced and upregulated. Thus, these seven genes may play essential roles in regulating peach fruit softening and senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaolei Guo
- Institute of Pomology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing 210014, China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ruijuan Ma
- Institute of Pomology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jianlan Xu
- Institute of Pomology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Binbin Zhang
- Institute of Pomology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Mingliang Yu
- Institute of Pomology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Zhihong Gao
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Zhang Z, Jia L, Chen Q, Qiao Q, Huang X, Zhang S. Genome-wide identification of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK) in pear (Pyrus bretschneideri) and their functional analysis in response to black spot. PLANTA 2022; 257:5. [PMID: 36434152 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-04020-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Identification of MAPKKK genes in pear and functional characterization of PbrMAPKKK82 in response to pear black spot. Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK) is located upstream of the MAPK cascade pathway. This region senses extracellular stimuli via the signaling molecule or by themselves and is activated by phosphorylation. In this study, we identified 108 PbrMAPKKK genes from the pear genome. The genes were divided into three subfamilies and contained the conserved domain. Except for chromosome 7, there were 93 PbrMAPKKK genes randomly distributed on 16 out of the 17 chromosomes, while 15 PbrMAPKKK genes were detected on unknown chromosomes. They largely originated from whole-genome duplication (WGD) and dispersed events. In the expression analysis of PbrMAPKKK genes in seven pear tissue types by using a database, 20 PbrMAPKKK genes were selected to verify the expression associated with different resistance in two varieties by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The results showed that PbrMAPKKK12, PbrMAPKKK13, PbrMAPKKK53, PbrMAPKKK60, PbrMAPKKK65, PbrMAPKKK82, PbrMAPKKK83, and PbrMAPKKK96 were correlated with black spot resistance. PbrMAPKKK3, PbrMAPKKK9, PbrMAPKKK11, PbrMAPKKK34, PbrMAPKKK80, PbrMAPKKK81, PbrMAPKKK99, and PbrMAPKKK100 were correlated with black spot susceptibility, while the PbrMAPKKK gene positively responded to the life process of pear resistance to black spot. Furthermore, virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) indicated that the PbrMAPKKK82 gene enhanced resistance to pear black spot disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zan Zhang
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Luting Jia
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Qiming Chen
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Qinghai Qiao
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaosan Huang
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Shaoling Zhang
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Holušová K, Čmejlová J, Suran P, Čmejla R, Sedlák J, Zelený L, Bartoš J. High-resolution genome-wide association study of a large Czech collection of sweet cherry ( Prunus avium L.) on fruit maturity and quality traits. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 10:uhac233. [PMID: 36643756 PMCID: PMC9832837 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.), quantitative trait loci have been identified for fruit maturity, colour, firmness, and size to develop markers for marker-assisted selection. However, resolution is usually too low in those analyses to directly target candidate genes, and some associations are missed. In contrast, genome-wide association studies are performed on broad collections of accessions, and assemblies of reference sequences from Tieton and Satonishiki cultivars enable identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms after whole-genome sequencing, providing high marker density. Two hundred and thirty-five sweet cherry accessions were sequenced and phenotyped for harvest time and fruit colour, firmness, and size. Genome-wide association studies were used to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with each trait, which were verified in breeding material consisting of 64 additional accessions. A total of 1 767 106 single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified. At that density, significant single nucleotide polymorphisms could be linked to co-inherited haplotype blocks (median size ~10 kb). Thus, markers were tightly associated with respective phenotypes, and individual allelic combinations of particular single nucleotide polymorphisms provided links to distinct phenotypes. In addition, yellow-fruit accessions were sequenced, and a ~ 90-kb-deletion on chromosome 3 that included five MYB10 transcription factors was associated with the phenotype. Overall, the study confirmed numerous quantitative trait loci from bi-parental populations using high-diversity accession populations, identified novel associations, and genome-wide association studies reduced the size of trait-associated loci from megabases to kilobases and to a few candidate genes per locus. Thus, a framework is provided to develop molecular markers and evaluate and characterize genes underlying important agronomic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Holušová
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Šlechtitelů 31, Olomouc, 779 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Čmejlová
- Research and Breeding Institute of Pomology Holovousy Ltd., Holovousy 129, Holovousy, 508 01, Czech Republic
| | - Pavol Suran
- Research and Breeding Institute of Pomology Holovousy Ltd., Holovousy 129, Holovousy, 508 01, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Čmejla
- Research and Breeding Institute of Pomology Holovousy Ltd., Holovousy 129, Holovousy, 508 01, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Sedlák
- Research and Breeding Institute of Pomology Holovousy Ltd., Holovousy 129, Holovousy, 508 01, Czech Republic
| | - Lubor Zelený
- Research and Breeding Institute of Pomology Holovousy Ltd., Holovousy 129, Holovousy, 508 01, Czech Republic
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10
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Yang L, Huang S, Liu Y, Zheng S, Liu H, Rensing C, Fan Z, Feng R. Selenate regulates the activity of cell wall enzymes to influence cell wall component concentration and thereby affects the uptake and translocation of Cd in the roots of Brassica rapa L. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 821:153156. [PMID: 35041952 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Selenium (Se) can be used to counteract cadmium (Cd) toxicity in plants. However, mechanisms underlying the alleviation of Cd toxicity by Se have not been completely elucidated, especially those by which Se reduces Cd translocation. A hydroponic experiment was performed to illustrate the regulatory mechanisms of Cd transport by selenate (Se (VI)) in pakchoi (Brassica rapa L., LvYou 102). The results showed that this plant had a high accumulation capacity for Cd, and Se(VI) addition restricted Cd translocation from roots to shoots. Se(VI) exposure stimulated the concentrations of pectins and hemicellulose II but reduced the concentration of hemicellulose I in the roots. In many cases, the enzymes pectin methylesterase, polygalacturonase, and β-galactosidase were dose-dependently triggered by Se(VI) under Cd exposure, but root calcium concentration was significantly lowered (p < 0.05). Xyloglucan endoglycosidase (hydrolase) was triggered by Se(VI) under 2 mg L-1 Cd exposure and cellulase was generally activated by Se(VI) under Cd stress. The above results suggest that Se(VI) up-regulates pectin methylesterase activity, stimulates synthesis of pectins, and down-regulates root Ca concentration to release free carboxyl groups to combine Cd. In this study, the relationships between enzyme activity (e.g., peroxidase, superoxidase and β-galactosidase), hydrogen peroxide, cell wall structure strengthening/loosening, and Cd toxicity affected by Se(VI) were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Institute of Environmental Microbiology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture & Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - ShuangQin Huang
- Institute of Environmental Microbiology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture & Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Agricultural College, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - ShunAn Zheng
- Rural Energy and Environment Agency, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100125, China.
| | - Hong Liu
- Institute of Environmental Microbiology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture & Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Christopher Rensing
- Institute of Environmental Microbiology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture & Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - ZhiLian Fan
- Rural Energy and Environment Agency, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100125, China
| | - RenWei Feng
- Institute of Environmental Microbiology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture & Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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11
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Wang F, Sun X, Liu B, Kong F, Pan X, Zhang H. A polygalacturonase gene PG031 regulates seed coat permeability with a pleiotropic effect on seed weight in soybean. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:1603-1618. [PMID: 35233649 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-022-04057-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE A QTL gene PG031 regulates the seed coat permeability and seed weight. The critical SNP that can explain the variation of permeability in soybean population can be used for seed improvement. Seed coat permeability is a critical trait for soybean and is tightly associated with seed storage longevity, germination, soy-food processing, and other commercially important traits. However, the molecular mechanism of such an important trait in soybean is largely unclear. In the present study, we uncovered a polygalacturonase (PG) gene, PG031, which controls seed coat permeability in soybean. PG031 exhibited tissue expression specificity in flowers while it was strongly induced in the seed coat and radical upon imbibition. Subcellular localization localized PG031 to the cell wall, suggesting its role specific to the cell wall of the seed coat. Natural variation analysis reveals three haplotypes (PG031289H, PG031289Y, and PG031Hap3) and the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variation for H289Y may explain the variation in permeability in cultivated soybean population. Overexpression of impermeable allele PG031289H significantly reduced the seed coat permeability and 100-seed weight in transgenic seeds through decreasing intracellular spaces of the osteosclereid layer and parenchyma of the seed coat to decline water accessing the seed. PG031 was also located within a quantitative trait locus (QTL) explaining ~ 15% of total phenotypic variation in permeability, nominating it the QTL gene controlling permeability. PG031289Y allele associated with high permeability and high seed weight is experiencing ongoing artificial selection. The results provide insight into the genetic mechanism of seed coat permeability and indicate its potential for the improvement of permeability-associated seed traits in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Xia Sun
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Baohui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Fanjiang Kong
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Xiangwen Pan
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150081, China.
| | - Hengyou Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150081, China.
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12
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PpSAUR43, an Auxin-Responsive Gene, Is Involved in the Post-Ripening and Softening of Peaches. HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8050379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Auxin’s role in the post-ripening of peaches is widely recognized as important. However, little is known about the processes by which auxin regulates fruit post-ripening. As one of the early auxin-responsive genes, it is critical to understand the role of small auxin-up RNA (SAUR) genes in fruit post-ripening and softening. Herein, we identified 72 PpSAUR auxin-responsive factors in the peach genome and divided them into eight subfamilies based on phylogenetic analysis. Subsequently, the members related to peach post-ripening in the PpSAUR gene family were screened, and we targeted PpSAUR43. The expression of PpSAUR43 was decreased with fruit post-ripening in melting flesh (MF) fruit and was high in non-melting flesh (NMF) fruit. The overexpression of PpSAUR43 showed a slower rate of firmness decline, reduced ethylene production, and a delayed fruit post-ripening process. The MADS-box gene family plays an important regulatory role in fruit ripening. In this study, we showed with yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BIFC) experiments that PpSAUR43 can interact with the MADS-box transcription factor PpCMB1(PpMADS2), which indicates that PpSAUR43 may inhibit fruit ripening by suppressing the function of the PpCMB1 protein. Together, these results indicate that PpSAUR43 acts as a negative regulator involved in the peach post-ripening process.
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13
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Taher MA, Lo'ay AA, Gouda M, Limam SA, Abdelkader MFM, Osman SO, Fikry M, Ali EF, Mohamed SY, Khalil HA, El-Ansary DO, El-Gioushy SF, Ghazzawy HS, Ibrahim AM, Maklad MF, Abdein MA, Hikal DM. Impacts of Gum Arabic and Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) with Salicylic Acid on Peach Fruit ( Prunus persica) Shelf Life. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27082595. [PMID: 35458795 PMCID: PMC9025755 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Peaches are grown in many Egyptian orchards for local and global fresh market sales. The interior fruit tissue breakdown (IFTB), often resulting in decayed peaches, is a severe problem during marketing. Therefore, to minimize FTB of peaches, in this study, gum arabic (GA) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) were mixed with different concentrations of salicylic acid (SA) (0, 1, and 2 mM) and were applied as edible coating to extend the shelf life of peach fruits. Mature peaches were selected and harvested when peaches reached total soluble solid content (SSC: 8.5%) and fruit firmness of about 47 N. Fruits were coated and stored at room temperature (26 ± 1 °C and air humidity 51 ± 1%) for 10 days during two seasons: 2020 and 2021. Fruit coated with GA/PVP-SA 2 mM showed a significant (p < 0.05) inhibition in degrading enzyme activities (CWDEs), such as lipoxygenase (LOX), cellulase (CEL), and pectinase (PT), compared to uncoated and coated fruits during the shelf-life period. Hence, cell wall compartments were maintained. Consequently, there was a reduction in browning symptoms in fruits by inhibiting polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activities. Thus, the fruit skin browning index showed almost no symptoms. The lipid peroxidation process and ionic permeability declined as well. The result suggests that, by applying GA/PVP-SA 2 mM as an edible coating, fruit tissue breakdown can be minimized, and the shelf life of peach can be extended up to 10 days without symptoms of tissue breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Taher
- Agricultural Chemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, El-Mansoura 35336, Egypt
| | - A A Lo'ay
- Pomology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, El-Mansoura 35336, Egypt
| | - Mostafa Gouda
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12422, Egypt
| | - Safaa A Limam
- Food Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Mohamed F M Abdelkader
- Department of Plant Production, College of Food and Agriculture, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samah O Osman
- Horticulture Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12619, Egypt
| | - Mohammad Fikry
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh 13736, Egypt
| | - Esmat F Ali
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sayed Y Mohamed
- Horticulture Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12619, Egypt
| | - Hoda A Khalil
- Department of Pomology, Faculty of Agriculture (EL-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21545, Egypt
| | - Diaa O El-Ansary
- Precision Agriculture Laboratory, Pomology Department, Faculty of Agriculture (El-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21545, Egypt
| | - Sherif F El-Gioushy
- Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Moshtohor), Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh 13736, Egypt
| | - Hesham S Ghazzawy
- Date Palm Research Center of Excellence, King Faisal University, Hofuf 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Central Laboratory for Date Palm Research and Development, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12511, Egypt
| | - Aly M Ibrahim
- Horticulture Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12619, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud F Maklad
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Abdein
- Biology Department, Faculty of Arts and Science, Northern Border University, Rafha 91911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalia M Hikal
- Nutrition and Food Science, Home Economics Department, Faculty of Specific Education, Mansura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
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14
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Xu Z, Dai J, Kang T, Shah K, Li Q, Liu K, Xing L, Ma J, Zhang D, Zhao C. PpePL1 and PpePL15 Are the Core Members of the Pectate Lyase Gene Family Involved in Peach Fruit Ripening and Softening. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:844055. [PMID: 35401624 PMCID: PMC8990770 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.844055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pectin is the major component in the primary cell wall and middle lamella, maintaining the physical stability and mechanical strength of the cell wall. Pectate lyase (PL), a cell wall modification enzyme, has a major influence on the structure of pectin. However, little information and no comprehensive analysis is available on the PL gene family in peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch). In this study, 20 PpePL genes were identified in peach. We characterized their physicochemical characteristics, sequence alignments, chromosomal locations, and gene structures. The PpePL family members were classified into five groups based on their phylogenetic relationships. Among those, PpePL1, 9, 10, 15, and 18 had the higher expression abundance in ripe fruit, and PpePL1, 15, and 18 were upregulated during storage. Detailed RT-qPCR analysis revealed that PpePL1 and PpePL15 were responsive to ETH treatment (1 g L-1 ethephon) with an abundant transcript accumulation, which suggested these genes were involved in peach ripening and softening. In addition, virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) technology was used to identify the roles of PpePL1 and PpePL15. Compared to controls, the RNAi fruit maintained greater firmness in the early storage stage, increased acid-soluble pectin (ASP), and reduced water-soluble pectin (WSP). Moreover, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that cell wall degradation was reduced in the fruit of RNAi-1 and RNAi-15, which indicated that softening of the RNAi fruit has been delayed. Our results indicated that PpePL1 and PpePL15 play an important role in peach softening by depolymerizing pectin and degrading cell wall.
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15
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Zhai Z, Feng C, Wang Y, Sun Y, Peng X, Xiao Y, Zhang X, Zhou X, Jiao J, Wang W, Du B, Wang C, Liu Y, Li T. Genome-Wide Identification of the Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/Hydrolase ( XTH) and Polygalacturonase ( PG) Genes and Characterization of Their Role in Fruit Softening of Sweet Cherry. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212331. [PMID: 34830211 PMCID: PMC8621145 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fruit firmness is an important economical trait in sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) where the change of this trait is related to cell wall degradation. Xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase (XTH) and polygalacturonases (PGs) are critical cell-wall-modifying enzymes that occupy a crucial position in fruit ripening and softening. Herein, we identified 18 XTHs and 45 PGs designated PavXTH1-18 and PavPG1-45 based on their locations in the genome of sweet cherry. We provided a systematical overview of PavXTHs and PavPGs, including phylogenetic relationships, conserved motifs, and expression profiling of these genes. The results showed that PavXTH14, PavXTH15 and PavPG38 were most likely to participated in fruit softening owing to the substantial increment in expression during fruit development and ripening. Furthermore, the phytohormone ABA, MeJA, and ethephon significantly elevated the expression of PavPG38 and PavXTH15, and thus promoted fruit softening. Importantly, transient expression PavXTH14, PavXTH15 and PavPG38 in cherry fruits significantly reduced the fruit firmness, and the content of various cell wall components including hemicellulose and pectin significantly changed correspondingly in the transgenic fruit. Taken together, these results present an extensive analysis of XTHs and PGs in sweet cherry and provide potential targets for breeding softening-resistant sweet cherry cultivars via manipulating cell wall-associated genes.
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16
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Molecular Insights of Fruit Quality Traits in Peaches, Prunus persica. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10102191. [PMID: 34686000 PMCID: PMC8541108 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Fleshy fruits are the most demanded fruits because of their organoleptic qualities and nutritional values. The genus Prunus is a rich source of diversified stone/drupe fruits such as almonds, apricots, plums, sweet cherries, peaches, and nectarines. The fruit-ripening process in Prunus involves coordinated biochemical and physiological changes resulting in changes in fruit texture, aroma gain, color change in the pericarp, sugar/organic acid balance, fruit growth, and weight gain. There are different varieties of peaches with unique palatable qualities and gaining knowledge in the genetics behind these quality traits helps in seedling selection for breeding programs. In addition, peaches have shorter post-harvest life due to excessive softening, resulting in fruit quality reduction and market loss. Many studies have been executed to understand the softening process at the molecular level to find the genetic basis. To summarize, this review focused on the molecular aspects of peach fruit quality attributes and their related genetics to understand the underlying mechanisms.
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17
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Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of Polygalacturonase Gene Family in Maize ( Zea mays L.). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910722. [PMID: 34639068 PMCID: PMC8509529 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Polygalacturonase (PG, EC 3.2.1.15) is a crucial enzyme for pectin degradation and is involved in various developmental processes such as fruit ripening, pollen development, cell expansion, and organ abscission. However, information on the PG gene family in the maize (Zea mays L.) genome and the specific members involved in maize anther development are still lacking. In this study, we identified 55 PG family genes from the maize genome and further characterized their evolutionary relationship and expression patterns. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that ZmPGs are grouped into six Clades, and gene structures of the same Clade are highly conserved, suggesting their functional conservation. The ZmPGs are randomly distributed across maize chromosomes, and collinearity analysis showed that many ZmPGs might be derived from tandem duplications and segmental duplications, and these genes are under purifying selection. Furthermore, gene expression analysis provided insights into possible functional divergence among ZmPGs. Based on the RNA-seq data analysis, we found that many ZmPGs are expressed in various tissues while 18 ZmPGs are highly expressed in maize anther, and their detailed expression profiles in different anther developmental stages were further investigated by using RT-qPCR analysis. These results provide valuable information for further functional characterization and application of the ZmPGs in maize.
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18
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Qian M, Xu Z, Zhang Z, Li Q, Yan X, Liu H, Han M, Li F, Zheng J, Zhang D, Zhao C. The downregulation of PpPG21 and PpPG22 influences peach fruit texture and softening. PLANTA 2021; 254:22. [PMID: 34218358 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03673-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The downregulation of PpPG21 and PpPG22 expression in melting-flesh peach delays fruit softening and hinders texture changes by influencing pectin solubilization and depolymerization. The polygalacturonase (PG)-catalyzed solubilization and depolymerization of pectin plays a central role in the softening and texture formation processes in peach fruit. In this study, the expression characteristics of 15 PpPG members in peach fruits belonging to the melting flesh (MF) and non-melting flesh (NMF) types were analyzed, and virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) technology was used to identify the roles of PpPG21 (ppa006839m) and PpPG22 (ppa006857m) in peach fruit softening and texture changes. In both MF and NMF peaches, the expression of PpPG1, 10, 12, 23, and 25 was upregulated, whereas that of PpPG14, 24, 35, 38, and 39 was relatively stable or downregulated during shelf life. PpPG1 was highly expressed in NMF fruit, whereas PpPG21 and 22 were highly expressed in MF peaches. Suppressing the expression of PpPG21 and 22 by VIGS in MF peaches significantly reduced PG enzyme activity, maintained the firmness of the fruit during the late shelf life stage, and suppressed the occurrence of the "melting" stage compared with the control fruits. Moreover, the downregulation of PpPG21 and 22 expression also reduced the water-soluble pectin (WSP) content, increased the contents of ionic-soluble pectin (ISP) and covalent-soluble pectin (CSP) and affected the expression levels of ethylene synthesis- and pectin depolymerization-related genes in the late shelf life stage. These results indicate that PpPG21 and 22 play a major role in the development of the melting texture trait of peaches by depolymerizing cell wall pectin. Our results provide direct evidence showing that PG regulates peach fruit softening and texture changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Qian
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ze Xu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zehua Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Qin Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiangyan Yan
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Hangkong Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Mingyu Han
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Furui Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jicheng Zheng
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Caiping Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.
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19
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Li C, Yuan S, Xie Y, Guo Y, Cheng Y, Yu H, Qian H, Yao W. Transformation of fluopyram during enzymatic hydrolysis of apple and its effect on polygalacturonase and apple juice yield. Food Chem 2021; 357:129842. [PMID: 33930695 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
China is one of the largest apple-growing areas in the world. Fluopyram (FLP) is a novel pesticide that has been widely used in agriculture. This work investigated the behavior of pesticides during enzymatic hydrolysis of apple juice and its effect on polygalacturonase (PG), apple juice yield, and flavor. The study findings revealed that 27.5% to 34.2% FLP was degraded during the enzymatic hydrolysis of apple. The three degradation products (P1, P2, and P3) were identified by a hybrid ion trap-orbitrap mass spectrometer. Based on toxicity assessment, it was found that carcinogenicity was higher for P2 and P3 than for FLP. Furthermore, FLP affected the yield and flavor of apple juice. FLP reduced yield by 4.8%, because FLP inhibited the activity of PG. Through molecular docking, it was found that there was an interaction between the active center of PG and FLP, resulting in a reduction in catalytic ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No. 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No. 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Shaofeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No. 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No. 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Yunfei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No. 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No. 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Yahui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No. 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No. 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Yuliang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No. 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No. 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Hang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No. 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No. 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - He Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No. 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No. 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Weirong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No. 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No. 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China.
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20
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Nilo-Poyanco R, Moraga C, Benedetto G, Orellana A, Almeida AM. Shotgun proteomics of peach fruit reveals major metabolic pathways associated to ripening. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:17. [PMID: 33413072 PMCID: PMC7788829 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07299-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fruit ripening in Prunus persica melting varieties involves several physiological changes that have a direct impact on the fruit organoleptic quality and storage potential. By studying the proteomic differences between the mesocarp of mature and ripe fruit, it would be possible to highlight critical molecular processes involved in the fruit ripening. RESULTS To accomplish this goal, the proteome from mature and ripe fruit was assessed from the variety O'Henry through shotgun proteomics using 1D-gel (PAGE-SDS) as fractionation method followed by LC/MS-MS analysis. Data from the 131,435 spectra could be matched to 2740 proteins, using the peach genome reference v1. After data pre-treatment, 1663 proteins could be used for comparison with datasets assessed using transcriptomic approaches and for quantitative protein accumulation analysis. Close to 26% of the genes that code for the proteins assessed displayed higher expression at ripe fruit compared to other fruit developmental stages, based on published transcriptomic data. Differential accumulation analysis between mature and ripe fruit revealed that 15% of the proteins identified were modulated by the ripening process, with glycogen and isocitrate metabolism, and protein localization overrepresented in mature fruit, as well as cell wall modification in ripe fruit. Potential biomarkers for the ripening process, due to their differential accumulation and gene expression pattern, included a pectin methylesterase inhibitor, a gibbellerin 2-beta-dioxygenase, an omega-6 fatty acid desaturase, a homeobox-leucine zipper protein and an ACC oxidase. Transcription factors enriched in NAC and Myb protein domains would target preferentially the genes encoding proteins more abundant in mature and ripe fruit, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Shotgun proteomics is an unbiased approach to get deeper into the proteome allowing to detect differences in protein abundance between samples. This technique provided a resolution so that individual gene products could be identified. Many proteins likely involved in cell wall and sugar metabolism, aroma and color, change their abundance during the transition from mature to ripe fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Nilo-Poyanco
- Escuela de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide, 5750, Huechuraba, Chile
| | - Carol Moraga
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
- Inria Grenoble Rhône-Alpes, 38334, Montbonnot, France
| | - Gianfranco Benedetto
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, República 330, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ariel Orellana
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, República 330, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Genome Regulation, Blanco Encalada, 2085, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea Miyasaka Almeida
- Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide, 5750, Huechuraba, Chile.
- Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide, 5750, Huechuraba, Chile.
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Huang W, Chen M, Zhao T, Han F, Zhang Q, Liu X, Jiang C, Zhong C. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of Polygalacturonase Gene Family in Kiwifruit ( Actinidia chinensis) during Fruit Softening. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E327. [PMID: 32143507 PMCID: PMC7154832 DOI: 10.3390/plants9030327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Polygalacturonase (PG) is an essential hydrolytic enzyme responsible for pectin degradation and thus plays an important role in fruit softening and other cell separation processes. PG protein is encoded by a multigene family, however, the members of PG gene family in kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) have not been extensively identified. In this study, a total of 51 AcPG genes in kiwifruit genome were identified. They are phylogenetically clustered into seven clades, and of them AcPG4 and AcPG18 with other known PG genes involved in fruit softening from peach, pear, papaya and melon form a small cluster together. The members of kiwifruit PG gene family consist of three to nine exons and two to eight introns, and their exon/intron structures are generally conserved in all clades except the clade D and E. During fruit softening of kiwifruit 'Donghong' under ambient temperature, cell wall modifying enzymes, including PG, PL (pectate and pectin lyases), and PE (pectinesterase, also known as pectin methylesterase, PME) showed a different activity profile, and of them, PG and PE activities largely correlated with the change of pectin content and firmness. Moreover, only 11 AcPG genes were highly or moderately expressed in softening fruit, and of which three AcPG genes (AcPG4, AcPG18, and AcPG8, especially the former two) has been found to strongly correlate with the profile of PG activity and pectin content, as well as fruit firmness, suggesting that they maybe play an important role in fruit softening. Thus, our findings not only benefit the functional characterization of kiwifruit PG genes, but also provide a subset of potential PG candidate genes for further genetic manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; (W.H.); (M.C.); (T.Z.); (F.H.); (Q.Z.); (C.J.)
- Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Engineering Laboratory for Kiwifruit Industrial Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Meiyan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; (W.H.); (M.C.); (T.Z.); (F.H.); (Q.Z.); (C.J.)
- Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Engineering Laboratory for Kiwifruit Industrial Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; (W.H.); (M.C.); (T.Z.); (F.H.); (Q.Z.); (C.J.)
- Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Engineering Laboratory for Kiwifruit Industrial Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Fei Han
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; (W.H.); (M.C.); (T.Z.); (F.H.); (Q.Z.); (C.J.)
- Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Engineering Laboratory for Kiwifruit Industrial Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; (W.H.); (M.C.); (T.Z.); (F.H.); (Q.Z.); (C.J.)
- Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Engineering Laboratory for Kiwifruit Industrial Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; (W.H.); (M.C.); (T.Z.); (F.H.); (Q.Z.); (C.J.)
- Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Engineering Laboratory for Kiwifruit Industrial Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Changying Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; (W.H.); (M.C.); (T.Z.); (F.H.); (Q.Z.); (C.J.)
- Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Caihong Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; (W.H.); (M.C.); (T.Z.); (F.H.); (Q.Z.); (C.J.)
- Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Engineering Laboratory for Kiwifruit Industrial Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
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Zhang S, Ma M, Zhang H, Zhang S, Qian M, Zhang Z, Luo W, Fan J, Liu Z, Wang L. Genome-wide analysis of polygalacturonase gene family from pear genome and identification of the member involved in pear softening. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:587. [PMID: 31881836 PMCID: PMC6935220 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2168-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polygalacturonase (PG), as an important hydrolase participating in the degradation of pectin, plays an important role in softening process of fruit. However, information on PG gene family in pear genome and the specific member involved in fruit softening is still rudimentary. RESULTS In this study, a total of 61 PG genes, which could be divided into six subclasses, were identified from the pear genome with diverse chromosome locations, gene structures, motifs and cis-acting elements. Most PbrPGs were derived from WGD/segmental duplication blocks, and purifying selection was the main driving force for their expansion. The expression profiles of PbrPGs in pear were tissue/development-stage/cultivar-dependent. During 'Housui' pear storage, associated with the reduction of firmness was the accumulation of PG activity. Totally, 28 PbrPGs were expressed during fruit storage, which could be classified into five categories based on different expression patterns; most demonstrated an increased trend. Of these, PbrPG6 were proposed to account for pear softening in combination of the phylogenetic and correlation analysis among firmness, PG activity and PbrPGs. By constructing the silencing vector, a higher firmness was observed in PbrPG6-silenced fruit when compared with that of the control (empty vector). In a further study, we found that the expression of PbrPG6 was regulated by postharvest 1-MCP/ethrel treatment, and several PbrERFs might function in this process. CONCLUSIONS We identified 61 PbrPG genes from pear genome; of these, PbrPG6 was involved in fruit softening process; furthermore, the expression of PbrPG6 might be under the control of PbrERF. This study provides a foundation for future work aimed at elucidating the molecular mechanism underlying pear softening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suling Zhang
- Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Ma
- Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huping Zhang
- Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shaoling Zhang
- Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ming Qian
- Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weiqi Luo
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, 2001 S. Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL, 34945, USA
| | - Jinbu Fan
- Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Libin Wang
- Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China.
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23
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Zheng L, Yang Y, Gao C, Ma J, Shah K, Zhang D, Zhao C, Xing L, Han M, An N, Ren X. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals New Insights into MdBAK1-Mediated Plant Growth in Malus domestica. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:9757-9771. [PMID: 31373492 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BAK1 effects on plant stress responses have been well documented, but little is known regarding its effects on plant growth. In this study, we functionally characterized MdBAK1. Overexpressing MdBAK1 in Arabidopsis thaliana and apple trees promoted growth. Longitudinal stem cells were longer in transgenic plants than in wild-type plants. The size and number of cells and the area of the transverse stem were greater in the transgenic lines than in the wild-type plants. Moreover, transgenic A. thaliana and apple plants were more sensitive to an exogenous brassinosteroid. A transcriptome analysis of wild-type and transgenic apple revealed that MdBAK1 overexpression activated the brassinosteroid and ethylene signals, xylem production, and stress responses. Trend and Venn analyses indicated that carbohydrate, energy, and hormone metabolic activities were greater in transgenic plants during different periods. Moreover, a weighted gene coexpression network analysis proved that carbohydrate, hormone, and xylem metabolism as well as cell growth may be critical for MdBAK1-mediated apple tree growth and development. Compared with the corresponding levels in wild-type plants, the endogenous brassinosteroid, cytokinin, starch, sucrose, trehalose, glucose, fructose, and total sugar contents were considerably different in transgenic plants. Our results imply that MdBAK1 helps to regulate the growth of apple tree through the above-mentioned pathways. These findings provide new information regarding the effects of MdBAK1 onplant growth and development.
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24
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Dautt-Castro M, López-Virgen AG, Ochoa-Leyva A, Contreras-Vergara CA, Sortillón-Sortillón AP, Martínez-Téllez MA, González-Aguilar GA, Casas-Flores JS, Sañudo-Barajas A, Kuhn DN, Islas-Osuna MA. Genome-Wide Identification of Mango ( Mangifera indica L.) Polygalacturonases: Expression Analysis of Family Members and Total Enzyme Activity During Fruit Ripening. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:969. [PMID: 31417586 PMCID: PMC6682704 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is an important commercial fruit that shows a noticeable loss of firmness during ripening. Polygalacturonase (PG, E.C. 3.2.1.15) is a crucial enzyme for cell wall loosening during fruit ripening since it solubilizes pectin and its activity correlates with fruit softening. Mango PGs were mapped to a genome draft using seventeen PGs found in mango transcriptomes and 48 bonafide PGs were identified. The phylogenetic analysis suggests that they are related to Citrus sinensis, which may indicate a recent evolutive divergence and related functions with orthologs in the tree. Gene expression analysis for nine PGs showed differential expression for them during post-harvest fruit ripening, MiPG21-1, MiPG14, MiPG69-1, MiPG17, MiPG49, MiPG23-3, MiPG22-7, and MiPG16 were highly up-regulated. PG enzymatic activity also increased during maturation and these results correlate with the loss of firmness observed in mango during post-harvest ripening, between the ethylene production burst and the climacteric peak. The analysis of PGs promoter regions identified regulatory sequences associated to ripening such as MADS-box, ethylene regulation like ethylene insensitive 3 (EIN3) factors, APETALA2-like and ethylene response element factors. During mango fruit ripening the action of at least these nine PGs contribute to softening, and their expression is regulated at the transcriptional level. The prediction of the tridimensional structure of some PGs showed a conserved parallel beta-helical fold related to polysaccharide hydrolysis and a modular architecture, where exons correspond to structural elements. Further biotechnological approaches could target specific softening-related PGs to extend mango post-harvest shelf life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitzuko Dautt-Castro
- Laboratorio de Genética y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD), Hermosillo, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional y Comparativa, División de Biología Molecular, IPICYT, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Andrés G. López-Virgen
- Laboratorio de Genética y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD), Hermosillo, Mexico
| | - Adrian Ochoa-Leyva
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Carmen A. Contreras-Vergara
- Laboratorio de Genética y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD), Hermosillo, Mexico
| | - Ana P. Sortillón-Sortillón
- Laboratorio de Genética y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD), Hermosillo, Mexico
| | - Miguel A. Martínez-Téllez
- Laboratorio de Genética y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD), Hermosillo, Mexico
| | - Gustavo A. González-Aguilar
- Laboratorio de Genética y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD), Hermosillo, Mexico
| | - J. Sergio Casas-Flores
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional y Comparativa, División de Biología Molecular, IPICYT, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Adriana Sañudo-Barajas
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD), Unidad Culiacán, Culiacán, Mexico
| | - David N. Kuhn
- Agricultural Research Service, Subtropical Horticulture Research Station, United States Department of Agriculture, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Maria A. Islas-Osuna
- Laboratorio de Genética y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD), Hermosillo, Mexico
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25
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Carrasco-Valenzuela T, Muñoz-Espinoza C, Riveros A, Pedreschi R, Arús P, Campos-Vargas R, Meneses C. Expression QTL (eQTLs) Analyses Reveal Candidate Genes Associated With Fruit Flesh Softening Rate in Peach [ Prunus persica (L.) Batsch]. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1581. [PMID: 31850046 PMCID: PMC6901599 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Significant differences in softening rate have been reported between melting flesh in peach and nectarine varieties. This trait seems to be controlled by several genes. We aimed to identify candidate genes involved in fruit softening rate by integrating quantitative trait loci (QTL) and expression QTL (eQTL) analyses, comparing siblings with contrasting softening rates. We used a segregating population derived from nectarine cv. 'Venus' selfing, which was phenotyped for softening rate during three seasons. Six siblings with high (HSR) and six with low softening rate (LSR) were sequenced using RNA-Seq. A group of 5,041 differentially expressed genes was identified. Also, we found a QTL with a LOD (logarithm of odds) score of 9.7 on LG4 in all analyzed seasons. Furthermore, we detected 1,062 eQTLs, of which 133 were found co-localizing with the identified QTL. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis showed 'Response to auxin' as one the main over-represented categories. Our findings suggest over-expression of auxin biosynthetic related genes in the HSR group, which implies a higher expression and/or accumulation of auxin, thereby triggering fast softening. Conversely, the LSR phenotype might be explained by an altered auxin-homeostasis associated with low auxin levels. This work will contribute to unraveling the genetic mechanisms responsible for the softening rate in peaches and nectarines and lead to the development of molecular markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Carrasco-Valenzuela
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Muñoz-Espinoza
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aníbal Riveros
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Romina Pedreschi
- Escuela de Agronomía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Quillota, Chile
| | - Pere Arús
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Agrigenòmica (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Reinaldo Campos-Vargas
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Meneses
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Claudio Meneses,
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26
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Genome re-sequencing reveals the evolutionary history of peach fruit edibility. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5404. [PMID: 30573726 PMCID: PMC6302090 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07744-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Peach (Prunus persica) is an economically important fruit crop and a well-characterized model for studying Prunus species. Here we explore the evolutionary history of peach using a large-scale SNP data set generated from 58 high-coverage genomes of cultivated peach and closely related relatives, including 44 newly re-sequenced accessions and 14 accessions from a previous study. Our analyses suggest that peach originated about 2.47 Mya in southwest China in glacial refugia generated by the uplift of the Tibetan plateau. Our exploration of genomic selection signatures and demographic history supports the hypothesis that frugivore-mediated selection occurred several million years before the eventual human-mediated domestication of peach. We also identify a large set of SNPs and/or CNVs, and candidate genes associated with fruit texture, taste, size, and skin color, with implications for genomic-selection breeding in peach. Collectively, this study provides valuable information for understanding the evolution and domestication of perennial fruit tree crops. Peach is an economically important fruit crop. Here, the authors carry out a large-scale population genomics analysis of peach, describing its demographic history as well as genes associated with domestication and edibility traits.
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27
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Wang Y, Zhang X, Yang S, Yuan Y. Lignin Involvement in Programmed Changes in Peach-Fruit Texture Indicated by Metabolite and Transcriptome Analyses. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:12627-12640. [PMID: 30350986 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Texture is an important component of peach-fruit quality. In the present study, an analysis of metabolite and transcriptome profiles during storage of a nonmelting-flesh cultivar, 'Baili', and a melting-flesh cultivar, 'Hongli', was conducted to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying different fruit textures in peach. Results indicated that higher levels of anthocyanins were present in 'Hongli' peach, whereas lignin monomers and ethylene precursors were higher in 'Baili'. A transcriptome analysis indicated that genes associated with lignin synthesis were more highly expressed in 'Baili' than in 'Hongli', especially Pp4CL2, Pp4CL3, and PpCOMT2. Texture differences between the two varieties may be the result of differential expression of two branches of the phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway. One branch regulates flavonoid metabolism and was highly active in 'Hongli' fruit, whereas the other branch regulates lignin synthesis and was more highly active in 'Baili' fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, College of Horticulture , Qingdao Agricultural University , Number 700 Changcheng Road , Chengyang, Qingdao City 266109 , Shandong Province , China
| | - Xinfu Zhang
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, College of Horticulture , Qingdao Agricultural University , Number 700 Changcheng Road , Chengyang, Qingdao City 266109 , Shandong Province , China
| | - Shaolan Yang
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, College of Horticulture , Qingdao Agricultural University , Number 700 Changcheng Road , Chengyang, Qingdao City 266109 , Shandong Province , China
| | - Yongbing Yuan
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, College of Horticulture , Qingdao Agricultural University , Number 700 Changcheng Road , Chengyang, Qingdao City 266109 , Shandong Province , China
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28
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Liu H, Qian M, Song C, Li J, Zhao C, Li G, Wang A, Han M. Down-Regulation of PpBGAL10 and PpBGAL16 Delays Fruit Softening in Peach by Reducing Polygalacturonase and Pectin Methylesterase Activity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1015. [PMID: 30050556 PMCID: PMC6050397 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
β-galactosidases are cell wall hydrolases that play an important role in fruit softening. However, PpBGALs mechanism impacting on ethylene-dependent peach fruit softening was still unclear. In this study, we found that PpBGAL4, -6, -8, -10, -16, and -17 may be required for ethylene-dependent peach softening and PpBGAL10, -16 may make a main contribution to it among 17 PpBGALs. Utilization of virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) showed that fruits were firmer than those of the control at 4 and 6 days after harvest (DAH) when PpBGAL10 and PpBGAL16 expression was down-regulated. Suppression of PpBGAL10 and PpBGAL16 expression also reduced PpPG21 and PpPME3 transcription, and polygalacturonase (PG) and pectinmethylesterases (PME) activity. Overall, total cell wall material and protopectin slowly declined, water-soluble pectin slowly increased, and cellulose and hemicellulose was altered significantly at 4 DAH, relative to control fruit. In addition, PpACO1 expression and ethylene production were also suppressed at 4 DAH because of inhibiting PpBGAL10 and PpBGAL16 expression. These results suggested that down-regulation of PpBGAL10 and PpBGAL16 expression delays peach fruit softening by decreasing PG and PME activity, which inhibits cell wall degradation and ethylene production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangkong Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Ming Qian
- Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunhui Song
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jinjin Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Caiping Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Guofang Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Anzhu Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Mingyu Han
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Jing L, Li J, Song Y, Zhang J, Chen Q, Han Q. Characterization of a Potential Ripening Regulator, SlNAC3, from Solanum Lycopersicum. Open Life Sci 2018; 13:518-526. [PMID: 33817122 PMCID: PMC7874718 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2018-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
NAC (for NAM, ATAF1-2, and CUC2) proteins are one of the largest transcription factor families in plants. They have various functions and are closely related to developmental processes of fruits. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is a model plant for studies of fruit growth patterns. In this study, the functional characteristics and action mechanisms of a new NAC-type transcription factor, SlNAC3 (SGN-U568609), were examined to determine its role in tomato development and ripening. The SlNAC3 protein was produced by prokaryotic expression and used to immunize New Zealand white rabbits to obtain a specific polyclonal antibody against SlNAC3. By co-immunoprecipitation and MALDI-TOF-MS assays, we showed that there was an interaction between the SlNAC3 protein and Polygalacturonase-2 (PG-2), which is related to the ripening and softening of fruit. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed the genome of the highly stress-tolerant Solanum pennellii chromosome 10 (sequence ID, HG975449.1), further demonstrating that SlNAC3 is a negative regulator of drought and salinity stress resistance in tomato, consistent with previous reports. These results indicate that SlNAC3 is not only involved in abiotic stress, but also plays a necessary role in mediating tomato ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Jing
- Engineering Research Center for Molecular Diagnosis, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming650500, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Li
- Engineering Research Center for Molecular Diagnosis, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming650500, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuzhu Song
- Engineering Research Center for Molecular Diagnosis, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming650500, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinyang Zhang
- Engineering Research Center for Molecular Diagnosis, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming650500, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Engineering Research Center for Molecular Diagnosis, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming650500, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qinqin Han
- Engineering Research Center for Molecular Diagnosis, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming650500, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
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